Virtual and augmented reality are key components of mixed reality, enabling users to interact seamlessly with real or simulated environments based on clinical needs. Integrating mixed reality into dental loupes holds promise for enhancing clinical efficiency by reducing treatment times and minimizing the need for practitioners to divert their attention from patients to external computer monitors. This study evaluates the impact of mixed reality adoption by analyzing digital screen usage during oral surgical procedures and examining whether its necessity varies by treatment type. The retrospective analysis involves two oral surgeons performing procedures on their regularly scheduled patients in a clinical setting. To assess the feasibility of incorporating mixed reality into dental loupes, data was collected on the frequency and duration of digital computer interactions, categorized by procedure type. For bone graft procedures, statistical analysis focused on the influence of intravenous (IV) sedation on computer usage and treatment duration, given the additional monitoring required for vital signs. A two-sample t-test showed a statistically significant 95.9% increase in computer usage with IV sedation compared to local anesthesia, though no significant difference in treatment duration was observed. An ANOVA test revealed significant differences in computer usage across various oral surgery procedures, indicating that the potential benefits of mixed reality integration may vary by procedure. These findings suggest that incorporating mixed reality into dental loupes could enhance workflow efficiency and reduce reliance on external screens in oral surgery practices.

This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of graduate students enrolled in the “Assessment of Mathematics Education” course at An-Najah National University. The research sought to understand how these students developed achievement tests as part of the course requirements, the challenges they encountered during this process, and their suggestions for improving future instruction in test construction. An exploratory qualitative methodology was adopted, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with ten students registered in the course. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) model. The findings revealed that the course significantly enhanced students’ awareness of test construction principles and assessment competencies. However, certain practical challenges persisted—particularly in crafting higher-order thinking questions and formulating precise test items. Students emphasized the importance of hands-on activities in reinforcing their learning and recommended increased opportunities for practical training and stronger connections between course content and real classroom contexts, The study recommends redesigning assessment-related courses in teacher education programs—particularly for future mathematics teachers—to be more interactive and practice-oriented, with individualized support tailored to students’ needs. It also calls for future quantitative studies to examine the impact of such courses on students’ assessment competencies during later stages of their professional training.

In Ngandanjika (Democratic Republic of Congo), there has been a decline in sweet potato root yields, explained on the one hand by the lack of propagation materials, which are vines, and on the other hand by the old age of these cuttings, which have not undergone any varietal improvement for several years. The average yield there varies from 6 to 14 tons per hectare, whereas in research stations such as Yangambi, yields easily reach 40 tons. With a view to increasing crop yields, the Mbuaya variety, one of the most widely grown varieties, was selected and the effect of the length of the cuttings (vines) on growth and yield during the 2022-2023 growing season was evaluated. The trial was conducted at the MPASU Site on a randomised complete block design with three replicates, each of which was in turn divided into five elementary plots representing the experimental treatments. The treatments consisted of cuttings 20 cm long (T1), 25 cm (T2), 30 cm (T3), 35 cm (T4) and 40 cm (T5). The results show a higher yield (14.7 tons per hectare) of roots with 40 cm long cuttings, followed by 12.7 tons per hectare obtained with 35 cm long cuttings. The lowest average is 4.5 tons per hectare for 20 cm long cuttings.

Introduction: Bartholin gland cysts are common benign vulvar lesions in women of reproductive age. Large or recurrent cysts can be challenging to treat, particularly when they impact quality of life or body image. This case highlights the surgical management of a giant Bartholin cyst in a postmenopausal woman, with a focus on functional and aesthetic outcomes. Case Presentation: A 47-year-old woman presented with a large right labial mass progressively increasing over several months, associated with discomfort during walking and sitting. Clinical examination revealed a tense, fluctuant cyst arising from the right Bartholin gland. Surgical excision was performed through a concealed mucosal incision on the medial aspect of the labia majora. After removal, excess skin resulting from tissue distension was excised, and a layered closure with absorbable sutures was performed to restore vulvar symmetry. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with excellent aesthetic and functional results at one month. Discussion: Bartholin cysts exceeding 4–5 cm are rare, particularly in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women. Although marsupialization remains a standard approach, complete excision may be preferred for large or symptomatic cysts. In this case, a targeted aesthetic approach was used by concealing the incision and removing redundant skin to restore anatomical symmetry. The case underlines the importance of individualized surgical planning, particularly in patients concerned about body image and aesthetics. Few reports describe the aesthetic consideration in Bartholin gland surgery, making this case a unique contribution. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that with careful surgical planning, large Bartholin cysts can be effectively treated with attention to both function and vulvar aesthetics. Aesthetic outcomes are increasingly relevant in vulvar surgery and deserve greater attention in the literature.

Introduction: On July 10, 2024, a brutal and complex homicide case came to light in Korba District, Chhattisgarh, when dismembered human body parts were discovered in bags and sacks near a dam. The absence of an identifiable torso and the decomposed condition of the remains posed significant forensic and investigative challenges. Methodology: A multidisciplinary team comprising the District Scene of Crime Mobile Unit, Korba Police, and Cyber Cell undertook a scientific site inspection. Visual examination of the scene, systematic underwater searches with local divers, and meticulous documentation of body part distribution were performed. Forensic profiling, including analysis of clothing, cutting patterns, and associated evidence (passport, Aadhaar card, gold chain receipt, and airline tickets), was conducted. Cyber forensic tools were employed to trace the victim’s communication and location history, and CCTV footage was reviewed to identify the suspects and reconstruct the sequence of events. Results: A total of 33 dismembered body parts were recovered, showing signs of cuts made using both a heavy sharp-edged weapon and a saw. Through identification documents found in the victim’s clothing and corroboration via family and cyber evidence, the deceased was identified as a Muslim youth who had returned from abroad days prior. Further investigation revealed a motive rooted in deception and betrayal involving a love affair, ultimately leading to the arrest of the perpetrators who attempted to conceal the crime by dismembering and disposing of the body. Conclusion: The case underscores the critical role of interdisciplinary forensic methods in solving blind murder cases, especially when traditional identification methods are hindered.

Advancing patient-centered diabetes care through interprofessional collaboration is increasingly recognized as a vital approach to improving outcomes for individuals living with this chronic condition. This model emphasizes a holistic, tailored strategy that integrates the expertise of diverse healthcare professionals—such as physicians, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and social workers—to address the multifaceted needs of patients. By fostering effective communication and coordinated care, interprofessional teams can better manage glucose control, prevent complications, and enhance patients’ quality of life. This collaborative framework also empowers patients by actively involving them in decision-making processes, tailoring treatment plans to their preferences, lifestyle, and social determinants of health, which ultimately promotes adherence and self-management, Moreover, interprofessional collaboration in diabetes care facilitates comprehensive education and support that extend beyond medical treatment. Team members work together to identify barriers, such as psychological stress or socioeconomic challenges, that might impede a patient’s progress and address these issues through shared resources and community connections. This integrated approach not only improves clinical outcomes but also enhances patient satisfaction and engagement by creating a supportive care environment rooted in respect, empathy, and mutual understanding. As healthcare moves towards value-based models, strengthening interprofessional collaboration is key to delivering cost-effective, personalized diabetes care that aligns with the evolving needs and goals of patients.

Background: Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common convulsive events in early childhood, affecting 2–5 % of children between 6 and 60 months, with up to one-third experiencing recurrence. Although generally benign, recurrent FS cause significant caregiver anxiety and prompt consideration of pharmacological prophylaxis in high-risk cases. Over the last two decades, newer benzodiazepines, second-generation antiseizure medications, and neurohormonal agents have been investigated as alternatives to traditional regimens. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2025 evaluating pharmacological strategies to prevent recurrent FS in children. Eligible designs included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and systematic reviews reporting recurrence outcomes. Two independent reviewers screened, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2 and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: Seven studies (n = 577; 3 RCTs, 2 open-label RCTs, 2 cohorts) met inclusion criteria. Intermittent benzodiazepines significantly reduced FS recurrence compared to no prophylaxis. Across three trials, clobazam demonstrated superior efficacy and comparable tolerability to diazepam. Pilot and comparative studies of intermittent levetiracetam (LEV) reported recurrence rates <10 % with fewer behavioral adverse effects relative to clobazam. A single blinded RCT found melatonin non-inferior to diazepam while markedly reducing sedation. No post-2000 evidence supported continuous phenobarbital or valproate prophylaxis. Conclusions: Intermittent clobazam remains the best-supported agent for recurrent FS prevention, while LEV and melatonin are promising, safer alternatives requiring validation in large, multicenter, blinded RCTs. Current evidence supports a selective, individualized approach focused on high-risk children, with caregiver education and rescue strategies as the foundation of management.

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication linked to higher perinatal risks for mother and baby. Elevated serum uric acid levels can contribute to insulin resistance by inhibiting the insulin-mediated release of endothelial nitric oxide and directly impacting the adipocytes. During the first trimester, serum uric acid levels are similar to pre-conception levels, so increased levels may signal a higher GDM risk. Objective: Our study was conducted to analyse the relationship between first-trimester serum uric acid levels and the development of GDM. Additionally, we sought to evaluate the potential of elevated serum uric acid as an early predictor of GDM. Methods: This prospective observational study recruited eligible antenatal women with live singleton pregnancies and a gestational age of less than 15 weeks who attended the outpatient clinic using convenience sampling. Pregnant women with a gestational age above 15 weeks, overt diabetes mellitus, those taking steroids in any form, or consuming drugs known to increase serum uric acid levels, as well as women with gout, other endocrine disorders, chronic renal disease, liver disease, cardiovascular disorders, or who smoked, were excluded. Blood tests were conducted, and serum uric acid levels exceeding 3.5 mg/dL were regarded as elevated. The study participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. GDM was diagnosed according to the criteria of the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India (DIPSI). A statistical analysis was performed, including measures of diagnostic performance. Results: One hundred and eight antenatal women participated in the study, with a mean age of 23.6 (± 4.08) years. Most women (46.3%) were aged 21 to 25, and the majority (56.5%) were primigravida. The prevalence of GDM in this group was 19.4% (21/108). A univariate analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid levels and various factors. Women with first-trimester serum uric acid levels exceeding 3.5 mg/dL demonstrated a significant (p < 0.001) correlation with abnormal OGTT results. The diagnostic performance tests for elevated first-trimester serum uric acid levels in predicting GDM revealed a sensitivity of 90.5% and a negative predictive value of 97.1%. Conclusion: We concluded that elevated serum uric acid in the first trimester is linked to a higher risk of developing GDM and may serve as a screening tool for early identification.

This study aims to examine the influence of achievement motivation and the quality of human resources on employee performance, both directly and indirectly through the mediating role of organizational commitment. The research was conducted as a case study at the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency of Pemalang Regency. The population consisted of all 51 employees of the agency, with a saturated sampling technique employed, thereby involving the entire population as the research sample. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method. The findings reveal that both achievement motivation and human resource quality have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Additionally, achievement motivation and human resource quality each positively and significantly influence organizational commitment. Organizational commitment, in turn, has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Furthermore, organizational commitment is found to mediate the relationship between achievement motivation and employee performance, as well as between human resource quality and employee performance.

Background/aim: The PMS2 gene was evaluated for its role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer by analyzing its expression in blood samples obtained from healthy postmenopausal women, newly diagnosed breast cancer patients, and the same patients following surgical and therapeutic treatment. Materials and Methods: A total of 47 blood samples were analyzed, including 7 from healthy controls, 20 from newly diagnosed breast cancer patients (disease group), and 20 from the same patients’ post- treatment (cure group, 4 months’ post-surgery or therapy). RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and RT-PCR analysis were performed on blood samples to determine the expression levels of the PMS2 gene across groups, providing insight into the genetic changes associated with breast cancer progression and the impact of clinical interventions. SPSS was used for statistical analysis, including correlation and paired-sample t-tests. Results: PMS2 expression exhibited a highly significant difference between group 1 (healthy control), which showed no expression, and group 2 (disease group), which demonstrated upregulation of the PMS2 gene (P < 0.001, paired sample t-test) with a 99% confidence interval. A downregulation of gene expression was observed in group 3 (cure group) after treatment, and the comparison between the disease and cure groups revealed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.042, paired t-test) with a 95% confidence interval. The majority of patients aged 50–60 were diagnosed with stage 2 invasive ductal carcinoma. This systematic regulation of PMS2 expression highlights its role in disease development, progression, and therapeutic response. Conclusion: The data confirmed the involvement of the PMS2 gene in breast cancer aggressiveness and progression.

This article identifies the critical legal and sociolegal issues of marital rape in Islamic countries, and calls for immediate reform. Despite recent achievements in promoting women's rights and facilitating access to justice, marital rape remains legally and socially undefined in many Islamic countries. This article employs a comprehensive comparative analysis of statutory law, case laws, and judgements in Islamic countries such as Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia, comparing this to developed Western jurisdictions, including the UK, the US, and Australia. The analysis draws upon statutory law, landmark cases, and scholarly literature to identify the significant gaps produced by traditional interpretations of marital acquiescence. These results highlight the need for substantial legislative reforms, and encourage policymakers and human rights to advocate the adoption of progressive and consent-based approaches in line with universal human rights principles. More importantly, this study provides practical recommendations for bringing about real policy changes and for enhancing the protection of women's rights and dignity in marriages in Islamic-majority countries.

The research investigates ways to improve farming incomes within sustainable development in agriculture, moving from a focus on production to a focus on income when thinking about agricultural policy. The way in which farm income is treated in the study is as one combined measurement, including returns from crops, livestock, allied activities, and non-cash components (e.g. family labour and self-consumed). The study used descriptive and analytical methods with secondary data from government reports, international organisations, and academic literature to assess the components of farm income, measuring methods, cost structures, and indicators. The study identified an array of significant constraints to farm income including the rising costs of production; inefficient markets; lack of access to credit; climate risk; and inadequately measured farm income. The results of the study demonstrated that enhancing farm income requires a multi-faceted approach that includes: diversification; cost savings; value adding; improved marketing systems; irrigation development; adoption of technology; crop insurance; financial inclusion; and extension services. The study also illustrates the importance of accurate measurement of farm incomes and the strategic enhancement of farm incomes through integrated policy interventions and institutional support as critical to creating profitable, resilient, and sustainable agricultural production and for achieving inclusive rural development and sustainable agriculture over the long-term.

All of forms life needs water to survive. Therefore provision of clean water for consumers either for drinking or for irrigation purpose is necessary. But nowadays the quality of water is deteriorating day by day due to exposure of several contaminants like domestic and industrial solid waste and effluents, different microbial pathogens and toxic chemicals which frequently cause waterborne pathogenesis and diseases in Pakistan. In current study, the water samples from tehsils of district Kasur were collected which is considered as an industrial hub and center of agriculture and much populated too. That is why; different physiochemical and microbial parameters of water samples of tap, filter plants, tube well and canals of Kasur region were examined. In these parameters the pH, turbidity, hardness, acidity of water, alkalinity of water, total dissolved solids, microbial contamination, level of bioaccumulation and many other factors were observed. A hospital based survey was also performed to gather information about the waterborne diseases. The obtained results showed that the values of some parameters were within permissible limit whereas some of them were not according to the WHO standard. It was concluded that the water of district Kasur is not good for drinking and irrigation purposes. In this regard a proper guideline should be provided to the general public by government and private sector concerned departments to improve public health of selected region.

Cancer is still one of the top causes of deaths in the world, taking almost 10 million human lives in 2020. While great strides are being made in the management of this disease, traditional tumour treatments still grapple with immense systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and the failure of drugs to precisely target complex tumour environments. Nanotechnology may overcome these issues, and a nanostructure robot for targeting drug delivery nanobots is increasingly considered one of the groundbreaking approaches in oncology. The present review covers the development, mechanisms, and applications of nanobots in cancer therapy, focusing on their potential to improve treatment efficacy with reduced adverse effects. Smart, stimuli-responsive nanobots can release their content based on tumour-specific factors like pH or temperature, enhancing therapy precision. Applications range from immunotherapy and gene therapy to overcoming obstacles in the form of the blood-brain barrier, demonstrating the versatility of nanobots in the treatment of aggressive cancers. More recently, AI and organ-on-a-chip models are combined to further perfect the design of nanobots and forecast the results of therapeutics, moving toward personalized treatments of cancer. Challenges are yet incomplete: biocompatibility, immunogenicity, and scalability remain relevant, besides regulatory and ethical concerns. Overcoming such limitations requires both interdisciplinary collaboration and technical development. The present review underlines the transformative potential of nanobots in the field of drug targeting and cancer therapy, a position whereby nanobots are a cornerstone of next-generation precision medicine. Nanobots overcome current limitations, hence promising safer, more effective, and personalized solutions for cancer treatment.

Patient safety has become a central concern in healthcare systems worldwide due to its direct impact on healthcare quality, patient outcomes, and overall public health. It encompasses not only the delivery of clinical care but also the creation of a patient safety culture within healthcare organizations. Patient safety culture refers to the collective attitudes, behaviors, reporting, auditing, values, and beliefs that influence safety-related practices in healthcare institutions [1]. A strong safety culture is crucial because it shapes how healthcare professionals approach safety, address potential hazards, and collaborate in preventing errors. This literature review explores recent developments in the implementation of patient safety culture within the healthcare system in Saudi, highlighting successful strategies, challenges encountered, and gaps in existing research.