The research investigates ways to improve farming incomes within sustainable development in agriculture, moving from a focus on production to a focus on income when thinking about agricultural policy. The way in which farm income is treated in the study is as one combined measurement, including returns from crops, livestock, allied activities, and non-cash components (e.g. family labour and self-consumed). The study used descriptive and analytical methods with secondary data from government reports, international organisations, and academic literature to assess the components of farm income, measuring methods, cost structures, and indicators. The study identified an array of significant constraints to farm income including the rising costs of production; inefficient markets; lack of access to credit; climate risk; and inadequately measured farm income. The results of the study demonstrated that enhancing farm income requires a multi-faceted approach that includes: diversification; cost savings; value adding; improved marketing systems; irrigation development; adoption of technology; crop insurance; financial inclusion; and extension services. The study also illustrates the importance of accurate measurement of farm incomes and the strategic enhancement of farm incomes through integrated policy interventions and institutional support as critical to creating profitable, resilient, and sustainable agricultural production and for achieving inclusive rural development and sustainable agriculture over the long-term.