Child, Early and Forced marriages have been common practices among many ethnic groups in the world. However, marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and milestone in adult life. Sadly, the practice of force and early marriages gives no such cause for celebration especially when the groom and most especially the bride are compelled to get married without their consent. This has been the case with most of the Muslim Communities in Cameroon. The phenomenon of forced and child or early marriages have being so rampant among the Muslim communities in Pre and Post Independent Cameroon. Most Muslim parents in Cameroon hide behind Muslim or Sharia law as pretext for sending their girls children to married early. In the three Northern Regions of Cameroon as well as the other Regions down South, the Western Region and the Anglophone Regions, where there is high concentration of Muslims, force and child or early marriages are still being practice, despite the sensitization done by government, NGOs and some foreign partners against those practices. This has constantly ragged or retarded the socio-economic development of the girl child in particular and the Muslim Community in Cameroon at large. The analyses employed critical discourse analysis (CDA) framework. Data gathered both from the primary and secondary sources were analyzed through the chronological, descriptive and analytical methods. Based on the sources used, we arrived at the conclusion that most victims of forced and child or early marriages in the Muslim Communities in Cameroon are victims of customs and not Muslim or Islamic law. It is now left on the government and Muslim authorities to do a lot of sensitizations and carry out, why not repressive measures to make sure that the phenomenon of forced and child or early marriages among the Muslim Communities came to an end.

Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the water supply system as well as hygiene and sanitation measures in schools. Materials and methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in ten schools in the commune of Mangobo from October 5 to November 5, 2024. Direct observation was used to collect data based on an observation and interview grid. Entered in Excel, the data were imported into STATA 15 for statistical analyses. Results: The schools in the private and official networks were dominant. The majority had fewer than 1500 students, fewer than 20 teachers, and more than 20 classrooms. The schoolyards were enclosed with temporary materials. A large number of schools do not have puddles of water in the courtyard and are not littered with waste. However, an average level of classroom maintenance and overall sanitation was observed. All schools had a source of drinking water from the water distribution authority, available in the courtyard in 3/5 of the cases. The establishments had latrines in 3/5 of the cases, the vast majority of which were separated by category with a locking system. Disinfection materials were less available. The overall condition of the latrines was good in the vast majority of cases. Six out of ten schools had handwashing facilities, but water and soap were consistently available in three out of five cases. Conclusion: It is important to take into account the need and functioning of hygiene and sanitation facilities to ensure sanitary conditions in schools.

Background: Dengue fever, a viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes, significantly increases morbidity and mortality rates, and its incidence has risen rapidly globally over the past two decades, posing severe public health challenges. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dengue fever among patients with clinically suspected acute febrile illness at Kalkaal Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: This retrospective study involved patients who attended outpatient clinics at Kalkaal Hospital in Mogadishu (Somalia) between November 2022 and December 2023 to determine the prevalence of dengue fever among patients with clinically suspected acute febrile illness. Logistic regression data analysis was used. Findings: A total of 199,779 patients attended Kalkaal Hospital outpatient clinics during the study period. Of the 4,507 patients who showed dengue symptoms, 264 (5.9%) were positive. This study showed that patients aged <18 years were three times more likely to have dengue fever when compared with those aged ≥18 years (odds ratio: 3.33, 95% confidence interval: 2.57–4.31, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study reveals a 6% dengue fever burden among study subjects, with males and those under 18 years old showing higher infection susceptibility. However, this is a single-center study, and future research involving more regions and hospitals may yield more conclusive results. Therefore, we recommend promoting dengue vector control surveillance.

Herpes zoster or shingles is a re activation of the Varicella zoster that entered the cutaneous nerve endings during an earlier episode of chicken pox, travelled to the dorsal root ganglia, and remained in a latent form. Nerves most commonly involved are C3, T5, L1, L2 and first division of trigeminal nerve. The condition is characterized by occurrence of multiple, painful, unilateral vesicles and ulceration which shows a typical single dermatome involvement. In this case report, we present a patient with herpes zoster involving unilateral ulcers over the right side of the hard palate.

Background: Location of placement of the graft either dorsally, dorsolaterally or ventrally for the treatment of long segment anterior urethral stricture has become an issue with different series reporting different outcomes. Regarding dorsolateral and dorsal onlay technique, there are various published articles worldwide. In Bangladesh, there are limited study regarding the issue though there are lots of patients suffering from urethral stricture disease. Objective: Objective of the study is to compare the outcomes of these two techniques. Method: Present Quasi experimental study was conducted in the department of Urology, Rangpur Medical College Hospital & KMMCH, Rangpur, Bangladesh, during the period of October 2022 to September 2024. Total 50 patients with long segment (>2 cm) anterior urethral stricture were included in present study. Among them 25 patients underwent dorsolateral (group-A) and another 25 patients underwent dorsal onlay (group-B) urethroplasty. Patients were followed up for 06 months. Result: Mean ± SD age of group-A and Group-B were 43.72 ± 7.64 and 44.08 ± 7.56 years respectively (p >0.05). Mean ± SD of length of stricture of group-A and Group-B were 4.25±1.28 and 4.22±1.31 cm respectively (p >0.05). In Group-A and Group-B preoperative mean Peak urine flow rate on uroflowmetry (Qmax) were 6.68±1.35 and 7.00±1.46 ml/sec respectively (p >0.05). Mean post-operative Qmax were 20.00±3.20 & 20.52±4.38 ml/sec in Group-A, and 19.39±3.13 & 19.19±4.93 ml/sec in Group-B, on 1st and 2nd follow up respectively (p >0.05). There was statistically significant difference of mean Qmax in the same group before and after BMG urethroplasty. Success was defined as peak urine flow rate on uroflowmetry ≥15ml/sec with no stricture diagnosed on RGU & VCUG and urethroscopy, and no need of any post-operative urethral intervention. Re-stricture developed in 2 (8.0%) cases in Group-A and 4 (16.0%) cases in Group-B which needed urethral intervention. Success rate was 23(92%) cases and 21(84%) cases in group A and group B respectively (p >0.05). 02(8.0%) cases in Group-A and 03(12%) cases in Group-B had wound infection, 1(4.0%) case in Group-A and 3 (12%) cases in Group-B had chordee. Urethrocutenous fistula developed in 1 (4.0%) case in Group-A and 3 (12.0%) cases in Group-B; results between the two groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Outcome of dorsolateral buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty was comparable with dorsal onlay urethroplasty in present study. Well controlled randomized study with adequate sample size and follow up may reveal more divergent outcomes.

Background: Proximal femur fractures, particularly intertrochanteric fractures, are common causes of morbidity among elderly patients. Surgical fixation using either a Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) or a Trochanteric Plate (TP) is the standard of care, although evidence comparing their functional outcomes remains inconclusive. This study aimed to compare the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes of proximal femur fracture fixation using DHS and TP. Methods: This comparative observational study was conducted at the Department of Orthopedics, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2023 to December 2024. A total of 30 patients were equally divided into the DHS (n=15) and TP (n=15) groups. Patient demographics, intraoperative variables, complications, radiological union, and functional outcomes were assessed. Harris Hip Score (HHS) was used to evaluate function at 6 months postoperatively. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25.0, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean operative time was significantly shorter in the TP group (58 ± 12 min) than in the DHS group (65 ± 15 min, p<0.001). Radiological union at 12 weeks was slightly higher in the TP group (86.6% vs. 73.3%, p=0.37). Mean HHS was comparable (TP: 90.2 ± 7.5 vs. DHS: 87.5 ± 8.2, p=0.35). The complication rates were low and not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: Both DHS and TP fixation methods are effective in treating proximal femur fractures. TP fixation may offer minor advantages in terms of operative time and early union, but the functional outcomes at six months are similar.

Background: Salivary gland lesions encompass various non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions with overlapping clinical presentations, posing diagnostic challenges. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) serves as a minimally invasive, cost-effective technique for the preliminary assessment of such lesions. Still, its accuracy must be validated against histopathological examination, the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cytomorphological patterns of salivary gland lesions diagnosed through FNAC and to correlate these findings with corresponding histopathological results. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Histopathology and Cytopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Dhaka Cantonment, from January 2014 to September 2015. A total of 55 cases with both FNAC and histopathological reports were analyzed. Data were statistically evaluated using SPSS version 11.0. Results: Among the 55 cases, submandibular gland lesions were most common (45.45%), followed by parotid (38.18%) and minor salivary glands (16.36%). FNAC identified 23 non-neoplastic (41.82%) and 32 neoplastic lesions (58.18%), including 19 benign and 13 malignant tumors. Histopathology confirmed 22 non-neoplastic and 33 neoplastic cases. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent benign tumor, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignancy. Concordance between FNAC and histology was observed in 72.7% (40/55) of cases. FNAC demonstrated 92.9% sensitivity, 97.6% specificity, and high overall diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: FNAC is a valuable first-line diagnostic tool in evaluating salivary gland lesions, with high sensitivity and specificity. However, certain limitations—particularly in distinguishing low-grade malignancies and some benign lesions—underscore the importance of histopathological confirmation in inconclusive or suspicious cases.

The ancient sages provided extensive information about the causes of ailments and even detailed the possibility of hereditary transmission channels and methods for curing them. Ayurveda is a natural medicine system that was developed in India over 5,000 years ago and uses herbs and other materials to treat health issues. Examining the contributions of ancient Indian medical scientists Sushruta, Charaka, and Patanjali is the study's main goal. Method: The study is descriptive in nature and is mostly based on information gathered from books and other secondary sources like journals, Hindu scriptures, and online search engines like e-libraries, e-books, e-articles, and different website-based information, reference materials, wikipedia, Buddhist writings, medical related ancient books, stories of Greek travelers to India, ancient scriptures, etc. Results: Indian medical knowledge travelled over the world and was retained in certain regions where it was used in a modified form while maintaining its originality. In conclusion, Sushruta, Charaka, and Patanjali had a major influence on India's medical systems in antiquity. Their important findings and innovative theories still have an impact on how we advance medical procedures.

Geographical Indications (GIs) play a crucial role in safeguarding the unique qualities and reputation of products closely tied to their place of origin, extending beyond mere economic considerations to encompass cultural preservation and the maintenance of traditional production methods. Indonesia's current legal framework faces significant challenges and requires review and potential reconstruction to optimize the system and address complex issues such as the potential conflict between exclusive GI rights and trademark rights. This study employs an empirical juridical approach, utilizing field research based on interviews with key informants, and relies on both primary and secondary materials as its foundational sources. The results show that GIs function as powerful tools for product differentiation in both domestic and global markets, helping to highlight the uniqueness of a product, support local economic sustainability, and provide legal protection for a product's authenticity and reputation. However, Indonesia's efforts to achieve food self-sufficiency and strengthen its GI portfolio are hindered by the complex registration process, lack of legal certainty, and low legal awareness among local communities. Legal reform should aim to align with the socio-economic realities of communities involved in GI production, enabling GIs to serve as both legal identifiers of origin and economic tools that boost the market value of local products in domestic and international trade.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) remains a prevalent hereditary disorder in various regions, including Saudi Arabia. Among its numerous systemic complications, sickle cell nephropathy (SCN) represents a major contributor to both morbidity and mortality. While the clinical manifestations of SCN have been well-documented, detailed histopathological descriptions are limited and dispersed across isolated case reports and small series. Notably, certain histologic alterations, although subtle, may carry important diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the histopathological features associated with SCN, correlating them with underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical presentation to enhance diagnostic accuracy and guide clinical management.

Background: Accidental haemorrhage (abruptio placentae) is a significant obstetric complication contributing to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of accidental haemorrhage among women admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2002 to June 2003. This study included 50 cases of accidental haemorrhage among 9,078 obstetric admissions at Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Results: The incidence of accidental haemorrhage was 0.91%. Most patients were aged 20–29 years (68.0%) and from a low socioeconomic background (76.0%). Parity distribution revealed that 48.0% had parity of four or more. Clinically, 40.0% of patients presented with a pulse rate between 90–110 bpm, and the most common systolic blood pressure was 80 mmHg (40.0%). Anaemia was moderate in 40.0% of patients, and the majority (52.0%) had haemoglobin levels between 51–60%. A significant proportion (40.0%) received no antenatal care. Mixed-type haemorrhage was the most common presentation (50.0%), while Grade II haemorrhage predominated (44.0%). Preeclamptic toxaemia with pregnancy-induced hypertension was identified as the leading risk factor (50.0%). Conclusion: Accidental haemorrhage remains an important clinical challenge in obstetrics, particularly among multiparous women with low socioeconomic status and inadequate antenatal care. Early detection and comprehensive antenatal screening are essential to reduce morbidity and mitigate risk factors.

Involuntary hospitalization for the treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders is a necessity in modern scientific psychiatric practice. Hospitalization, in general, of the mentally ill is an important and complex issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of nurses working in the psychiatric field regarding involuntary hospitalization. In order to achieve this, a questionnaire on "Attitudes and perceptions of nursing staff working in psychiatric clinics and psychosocial rehabilitation structures regarding involuntary hospitalization" was created as a research tool. Results were analyzed with the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25.0. The results showed that the opinions of the respondents are consistent with those resulting from surveys, both in Greece and abroad. The majority agree with the process of involuntary hospitalization, while staff in psychiatric units are knowledgeable about the legislation governing this type of hospitalization. In conclusion, it is necessary to investigate the legal framework that governs involuntary hospitalization in Greece, as well as the conditions that prevail in the hospitals that accept such cases.

In the present study, a eco-friendly, low cost and biocompatible route to synthesize the NiNPs, has been proposed using the Pyrus calleryana (Callery pear) leaves extract, which is comprised of polyphenols, flavonoids and reducing sugar, which act as an excellent reducing and stabilizing agent. The as prepared NiNPs were characterized by various methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIF), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD proved crystalline tetragonal structure of NiNPs and SEM and AFM showed the homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles with particlesized ranging between 18.75 - 32.43 nm. Functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl and aromatic rings) essential in nanoparticle stabilization were characterized with FTIR, whereas UV-Vis, evidenced an absorption peak at ∼380 nm, corresponding to NiNP formation. The phytochemical composition of the P. calleryana extract was an important factor for nanoparticle synthesis as polyphenols and flavonoids served to nucleate and prevent aggregation. This research featured the potential of plant-assisted synthesis as a green approach for nano-synthesis and provided structural and functional attributes of bio-mediated NiNPs for environmental and industrial applications.

To investigate the nature of job commitment among Human Resource Manager according to job experience, and type of job. A cross-sectional survey design was employed with a purposive sample of 100 managers. Job commitment were measured using the Organizational Commitment Scale (Mooday, Steer & Porter, 1979). The results of one-way ANOVA tests revealed significant differences in job commitment scores by human resource manages job type and job experience. However, significant job commitment were found based on job type ((F = 66.587; P < .01)), and job experience (F = 3.914; P < .01). Regression analysis further indicated that human resource manager’s job type and job experience were modest but significant predictors, explaining 39.5% (R² = .395, p = .001), and 14.2% (R² = .142, p = .001) of the variance in job commitment scores, respectively. Organizational commitment in human resource management was the main focus of this study. Despite the fact that this idea has been extensively researched in many academic settings, no study has been conducted in Bangladeshi private institutions as of yet.

This paper uses the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm to optimize essential antenna parameters for maximum communication system performance. The research concentrated on improving antenna performance through performance indicator enhancement, including energy concentration and gain, while optimizing return loss, beamwidth, and efficiency to support reliable distant communications, especially under difficult operating conditions. The optimized parameters of the VHF air-to-ground antenna system reached 76.73 MHz frequency along with 45.00 dB gain, 10.00 degrees beamwidth and 0.92 efficiency, which demonstrates broad operational coverage while preserving low power dissipation. The impedance matching is effective because a return loss measurement shows 5.00 dB. The investigation applied the optimization structure to optimize a 5G millimetre-wave (mmWave) antenna system for dealing with propagation issues caused by high frequencies. The system achieved optimized parameters at 33.00 GHz frequency with 29.61 dB gain and 5.00 degrees beamwidth while maintaining 0.98 efficiency, proving its ability to handle dense deployments through minimal interference mechanisms and maximum spatial utilization capacity. The antenna's high return loss value of 28.14 dB demonstrates the signal integrity performance. A DE algorithm optimization succeeded with a validity cost of 1.173050, which confirmed its precision in calculations and demonstrated a steady MAE reduction, which proved the algorithm had reached its correct solution path. Findings from the research show that the DE algorithm optimizes antenna design problems in VHF frequencies and future 5G systems with both efficiency and robustness. The developed research findings deliver practical and methodological contributions to antenna optimization, enhancing energy efficiency and system performance for upcoming wireless communication networks.