The breeding behaviour of Grey Jungle Fowl (Gallas sonneretti)) was studied in village Bari of district Doda of Jammu and Kashmir near agricultural fields during the month of June of 2024. During the course of observation it was observed that female lays 8 eggs in a nest on the ground near agricultural fields. The incubuton period is 21 days. But surprisingly on 15th day of incubation all the eggs were found to be disappeared from nest.

Early prediction of nurses’ turnover and turnover intention is essential to enhancing staff retention, ensuring job satisfaction, and maintaining the quality of patient care. This systematic review evaluated studies that used machine learning techniques to predict either actual nurse turnover or turnover intention, with the goal of identifying key predictive variables and assessing model performance. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar, following PRISMA guidelines. Out of 596 records screened, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies were appraised using the CASP Clinical Prediction Rule Checklist. The most frequently reported predictors were salary and age. While several models, such as Decision Tree and Random Forest, demonstrated high internal predictive accuracy, external validation was lacking across all studies, limiting generalizability. Future research should focus on validating models in diverse populations and healthcare settings and on improving standardization in outcome measures and reporting practices to enhance the applicability of predictive models in nursing workforce planning.

This thesis aims to explore the intricate interactions, reactions, and counteractions of vitamins within the human body. Vitamins are essential organic compounds required in small quantities for the proper functioning of various physiological processes. While each vitamin plays a unique role, their interdependencies and potential for interactions are crucial to understand. This thesis examines the mechanisms behind vitamin interactions, including absorption, metabolism, and potential antagonistic or synergistic effects. By delving into these complexities, this research seeks to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of how vitamins interact, react, and counteract with each other, and their implications for human health

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) remains a crucial environmental and public health concern in most of the fastest urbanizing areas, even in Nepal. An exploration of public opinion and economic feasibility of MSWM using sustainable strategies in Gaindakot Municipality, an expanding urban municipality of the Nawalparasi (East) District, is carried out. Employing a mixed-methods study design that comprises household surveys, interviews with stakeholders, field observation, and qualitative waste composition analysis, the current study presents an integrated analysis of the waste management system in the municipality. The findings indicate that despite 82% of the residents citing solid waste as the major problem, organized waste management practices are not consistently followed. Although 65% of the households utilize the municipal waste collection service, 16% still follow hazardous practices such as open dumping. This behavior pattern is also sustained by infrastructural deficits, such as the absence of engineered landfill facilities and composting facilities. Field surveys indicate that the city generates approximately 16.14 metric tons of waste daily, of which more than 60% is organic in composition, representing a gigantic potential for composting as well as energy production. The estimated daily revenue from recyclable waste material is NPR 63,760, i.e., it is economically worth implementing a circular model of waste management. There are, however, institutional problems like an absent master plan for integrated waste management, no technical capacity, and poor coordination among the stakeholders. In order to fill these ambiguities, the study makes the following practical suggestions: implementation of source segregation, facilitation of public-private partnerships, provision of economic incentives, and institutional capacity building through tailor-made training and policy support. The research provides policymakers, planners, and development agencies critical findings centered on the necessity for a socially inclusive, economically feasible, and environmentally sound MSWM system responsive to the condition of secondary cities in the Global South.

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has seen a surge in popularity in Kenya, with athletes from various backgrounds participating in the sport. However, with this growth comes an increased risk of performance-enhancing substances (PES) use. The intense physical demands of MMA may drive athletes to seek an edge through these substances, leading to significant concerns about health risks and sports integrity. The aim of this study is to assess the practices regarding PES, traditional herbs (TH), and food supplements (FS) among Kenyan MMA athletes. Additionally, the study explores the sources of PES, the factors motivating their use, and the efficacy of current anti-doping testing practices. To conduct the study, a cross-sectional survey design was employed, sampling 800 athletes from a target population of 4,000 across six MMA federations. Data were collected using structured questionnaires adapted from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) with pre-testing to ensure reliability. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and One- and Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 22. The results indicate that the majority of MMA participants are male (79.9%), with a median age of 25 years and a mean age of 26.8±4.1 years. Over half of the athletes perceived PES as a problem, but less than one-third viewed traditional herbs as a concern. Food supplements were used by nearly a fifth of the athletes, with bodybuilders showing the highest usage rate (44.4%). Coaches, team doctors, and physiotherapists were primary sources of these substances, while some athletes reported chemists and medical practitioners as suppliers of PES. The study found that the primary reasons for using PES and FS were to boost economic status through prize money, with additional pressures from coaches, family, and colleagues. Anti-doping testing revealed that 20.6% of athletes had been tested out of competition, while 34.4% believed they could provide a sample that wasn't theirs, indicating flaws in the testing process. The study concludes that while many MMA athletes recognize the risks associated with PES, there is a lack of consistent understanding regarding the risk of taking traditional herbs and food supplements. This inconsistency, combined with external pressures, may lead to risky behavior, compromising the athletes' health and the sport's integrity. To address these issues, the study recommends implementing comprehensive education programs for MMA athletes, coaches, and support personnel to raise awareness of PES risks. Strengthening anti-doping regulations and monitoring sources of PES and FS is also crucial. Additionally, promoting ethical coaching practices and addressing external pressures can foster a safer environment and uphold the values of fair competition in Kenyan MMA.

Background: The use of performance-enhancing substances (PES), food supplements (FS), and traditional herbs (TH) has become increasingly common among athletes worldwide, often leading to inadvertent doping violations and health risks. In Kenya, mixed martial arts (MMA) disciplines such as boxing, wrestling, Taekwondo, karate, weightlifting, and bodybuilding have seen rapid growth. However, limited data exists regarding athletes’ knowledge of PES, FS, and TH and the methods employed in their application. Objective: To investigate the levels of knowledge on performance-enhancing substances, food supplements, traditional herbs, and methods of administration among mixed martial arts athletes in Kenya. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 771 registered MMA athletes across 23 counties in Kenya. Stratified proportionate random sampling was used to select participants from six disciplines. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with 16 knowledge-related items. Descriptive statistics were computed, and one-way ANOVA and independent samples t-tests were used to examine differences in knowledge levels across sports disciplines and gender. Results: Knowledge scores varied significantly across disciplines (F(5, 765) = 9.87, p < .001). Wrestlers had the highest mean knowledge score (M = 14.05, SD = 2.41), while bodybuilders and Taekwondo athletes recorded the lowest scores (M = 10.93 and 11.10, respectively). Male and female athletes did not differ significantly in knowledge scores. Misconceptions were common, with more than 60% of respondents incorrectly believing that banned substances would be listed on supplement labels and only 37.2% aware that the Anti-Doping Agency of Kenya (ADAK) does not approve nutritional supplements. Conclusion: The study reveals substantial knowledge gaps regarding PES, FS, and TH among Kenyan MMA athletes. While some disciplines demonstrate higher awareness, others remain vulnerable to misinformation and potential doping violations due to limited access to accurate information. Recommendation: Targeted anti-doping education programs should be implemented with an emphasis on disciplines showing low knowledge levels. ADAK and sports federations should develop sport-specific and accessible learning resources and increase the frequency of workshops to improve athletes’ knowledge and safeguard their health and careers.

The paper focuses on the need assessment on science education enhancing the challenges of science teacher in secondary school of Taraba State. The paper took a look at the history of Taraba State, the science teacher in promoting the challenges of teaching in secondary schools. The programs that enable one to become a science teacher. This program enhances the aspiring teacher with pedagogical skills and scientific knowledge to effectively teach science concepts to students with different background and learning styles such programs like NCE, Degree Program for science teachers and secondary school objectives are also discuss such as academic-excellence, personal development, social and emotional growth, critical thinking and problem solving and lifelong learning as the cardinal objectives of secondary school. The paper also defined Needs Assessment, purposes Needs Assessment, Benefits of Needs Assessment, and the Impact of Needs Assessment on Science Teachers challenges such as enhancing teaching practices, improving students outcomes, addressing resource gaps, enhancing teachers confidence and motivation etc.the steps in implementing secondary school curriculum to need assessment like setting objectives, determine subject areas, books and materials, unit planning, lesson plan, teaching and evaluation were discussed. Lastly, conclusion and recommendation were given to meet science education teachers in our schools.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpesviridae family, is believed to play a role in the development of cervical carcinoma in women. About 50–85% of people worldwide are infected with CMV by early adulthood. Objective: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of CMV in Medani, Gezira State, among women who had cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: The study involved 50 women in total. Participants' blood samples (5 mL each) were drawn and transferred into sterile, plain blood containers. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze the serum for CMV IgG and IgM antibodies after it was collected by centrifugation at 3000 g for five minutes (Snibe Maglumi X3). Results: According to the findings, 32 (64%) of the 50 women tested positive for CMV antibodies, while 18 (36%) tested negative. Two (6%) of the 32 positive patients had IgM antibodies, which indicated a recent infection, whereas 30 (94%) had IgG antibodies, which indicated a previous or latent infection. According to the distribution of CMV frequency by age group, older women had a greater frequency: 3% of women aged 20–30, 22% of women aged 31–40, and 75% of women aged 40 and above. Furthermore, women with a managed menstrual cycle had a higher frequency (26%) than those with an uncontrolled cycle (20%). In addition, women who married young were more likely to do so (38%) than those who married later (26%). Conclusions: According to the study's findings, women in Gezira State with cervical cancer had a notably high frequency of CMV, especially those who were older. To confirm these results and investigate the part CMV plays in cervical carcinogenesis, more studies with larger sample numbers and more sophisticated diagnostic methods are advised.

This paper examines how linear regression in machine learning enables the prediction of air-ground path loss through environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure measurements. The paper demonstrates that temperature plays the most significant role in determining path loss, while humidity and atmospheric pressure contribute at a lower level. A high level of accuracy defines the linear regression model, which demonstrated efficient path loss prediction through a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.2995. The model demonstrates effective capabilities for system improvements during changing atmospheric conditions because the trend line shows the smooth progression of predicted and actual values. A hybrid model produced enhanced prediction accuracy when particle swarm optimization and gradient-boosting regressor parameters were optimized to establish the new model system. The optimized model substantially declined MAE to 0.0435, which verified its improved predictive capacity regarding absolute path loss values. A performance-maximized model resulted from tuning relevant parameters to set n_estimators equal to 56, learning rate to 0.1, and max_depth to 9. The optimized model accurately predicts path loss in communication networks, preparing it for on-site deployment. This research serves as a basis for further investigation, integrating other environmental elements, including wind speed, rainfall and elevation levels, and testing alternative state-of-the-art machine learning methods. Future improvements in these procedures can boost the flexibility and reliability of networks with an emphasis on air-ground systems. Research findings indicate that PSO-GBR hybrid models possess a high potential for path loss prediction, creating new possibilities for future air-ground communication systems and emerging technologies such as low-altitude satellites, air taxis, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

Bisection/bicuspidization is the separation of mesial and distal roots of mandibular molars along with its crown portion, where both segments are then retained individually. A multidisciplinary treatment procedure for such clinical situations that includes restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics, and prosthodontics is necessary to preserve the teeth in whole or in part. These teeth can act as independent single units of mastication or as abutments in simple fixed bridges. In this case report in contrast to the common option of extracting the natural tooth, an alternative treatment option is selected for molars with extensive decay that threatens tooth loss. Therefore, this option should be discussed with patients when deciding on a course of treatment, and it may be a good substitute for extraction and implant therapy, particularly in cases of advanced endo-perio lesions.

Ectopic varices represent 1–5% of variceal bleeding and carry a high mortality rate. Duodenal varices are more frequent in extrahepatic portal hypertension, often related to prior abdominal surgery. Diagnosis requires high suspicion and use of imaging when endoscopy is inconclusive. Treatment involves endoscopy, interventional radiology, or surgery, depending on the case. We report the case of a 37-year-old woman who presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to ectopic duodenal varices, revealing extrahepatic portal hypertension with a portal cavernoma. Diagnosis was made through endoscopy and imaging. Despite endoscopic and surgical treatment, the outcome was fatal. This case highlights the severity and management challenges of ectopic varices. This case illustrates the severity and diagnostic difficulty of ectopic varices and the need for a multidisciplinary, tailored approach to improve outcomes. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are critical to reduce mortality.

Implementing curriculum goals at tertiary institutions is a complex and challenging task. However, by understanding the challenges and complexities involved one can proffer solution to it. Therefore the paper examined the word curriculum, curriculum goals, characterisitics of good curriculum in achieving its goals, which were discussed of a good curriculum, prerequisite for effective curriculum goals, university and its curriculum goals, colleges/institute of education and their curriculum goals, science and technology educational institutions and their curriculum goals. The paper discuses constructive curriculum to attain it curriculum goals, the principles of curriculum goals construction, curriculum implementation were also discussed, the needs for curriculum goals, its implementation for Nigerian Tertiary Institutions, complexity of curriculum goals implementation, challenges of curriculum goals implementation at tertiary institutions and solutions/recommendations of curriculum goals implementation to were proffered like, developing strategies to overcome these obstacles and ensure that their graduate are equipped with the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to succeed in an increasingly complex and rapidly changing world.

This study evaluates the compressive strength performance of Nipa Palm Fibre Reinforced Concrete (NPFRC) as a sustainable alternative for low- to medium-strength construction. Using Central Composite Design, the research examined how varying fibre content and length influence compressive strength. NPFRC compressive strength ranged from 9.17 to 21.96 MPa, compared to 26.12 MPa for conventional concrete. Higher fibre content and length generally reduced strength due to poor workability, compaction, and increased porosity. Fibre dosage had a more significant impact than fibre length. Interaction plots revealed that fibre content and length had interdependent, not additive, effects on strength. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized the mix design, identifying 0.5% fibre content and 34.25 mm fibre length as ideal, yielding a predicted strength of 20.98 MPa with 92.30% desirability. A confirmatory test recorded 19.87 MPa, a 5.58% deviation from the prediction, within acceptable limits. Although the optimized compressive strength does not meet structural-grade standards (ASTM and EN 206), the results demonstrate NPFRC’s potential for non-load-bearing and light structural applications. The study highlights the importance of fibre treatment, optimal proportioning, and quality control, reinforcing NPFRC’s viability in eco-friendly construction where moderate strength and sustainability are prioritized.

Introduction: The term behaviour encompasses other aspects outside the actions of the human mind and conscious behaviour. 1 There is a major departure from the usual in the pattern of behaviour that individuals exhibit. There are a variety of things that might have an impact on a child, including physical sickness, changes in the educational environment, changes in the family circle, peer pressure, and socioeconomic situation. In today's complicated culture, the family unit is the most important institution. The development of a child & social intelligence is significantly influenced by the members of the child's family. Aim: The study compares the behavioral patterns of single children and children with siblings aged 6-12 years in selected areas of Mohali, Punjab. Methodology: The research involved 120 children selected through disproportionate stratified random sampling. A modified Child Behavioral Rating Scale was utilized. Results: The study compared behavioural patterns of 50 single-child women and 50 children with siblings. Among single children, 41 (82%) showed an average level of behaviour, 6 (12%) good, and 3 (6%) poor. Similarly, 41 (82%) children with siblings had an average level, 5 (10%) good, and 3 (6%) poor. An unpaired ‘t’ test compared behavioural scores between the two groups in the 6–12 years age group. The mean score for children with siblings was 30.36 ± 7.179, while for single children it was 28.74 ± 7.464. The p-value was 0.271, indicating no significant difference between the two groups.

Ali ibn Isa Al-Kahhal, a medieval Muslim ophthalmologist, remains an underappreciated yet pivotal figure in medical history. His seminal treatise, Tadhkirat al-Kahhalin (The Notebook of the Oculists), is one of the earliest and most comprehensive works on ophthalmology, detailing ocular anatomy, pathology, and surgical techniques. This paper critically examines existing literature on Ali ibn Isa, analyzing his contributions, methodological approaches, and the factors contributing to his relative obscurity in modern historiography. The review highlights his systematic classification of over 130 eye diseases, including pioneering descriptions of cataracts, trachoma, and optic nerve disorders. His surgical innovations, such as the couching technique for cataract removal, were groundbreaking for their time and laid the foundation for future advancements. Moreover, his emphasis on empirical observation and case-based diagnosis anticipated modern clinical methodologies. Despite these achievements, Ali ibn Isa’s legacy has been largely overshadowed by figures like Ibn Sina and Al-Razi. His limited recognition stems from Eurocentric biases in medical history, the fragmentation of Arabic medical manuscripts, and the specialized nature of his work, which may have constrained its broader impact. By re-evaluating his contributions, this study underscores the necessity of integrating non-Western medical traditions into global medical historiography. This paper argues that Ali ibn Isa’s work deserves greater scholarly attention for its historical significance and role in transmitting medical knowledge across cultures and periods. A more inclusive reassessment of medical history offers a richer understanding of the diverse intellectual traditions that have shaped contemporary medical practice.