Nutrient metabolism is a basic biochemical paradigm to which cells draw energy and produce biosynthetic precursors, as well as maintain homeostasis. At the molecular scale, the integrative processing of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are regulated by highly regulated enzymatic systems that dynamically react to cellular energy requirements, nutrient levels and physiological conditions. This review presents the existing knowledge of the molecular biochemistry in nutrient metabolism, with the focus being on the integrated character of metabolic pathways, as opposed to the reactions occurring in isolation. The process of carbohydrate metabolism is a fast and flexible energy source by glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pentose phosphate pathway which connects the production of ATP and the maintenance of redox homeostasis with anabolic needs. The long-term energy storage and structural components in lipid metabolism are based on fatty acid production, 2-oxidation as well as complex lipid remodeling and they are the centre of focus in the membrane dynamics as well as signaling processes. Protein metabolism provides functional macromolecules as well as metabolic intermediates, which the catabolism of amino acids connects to the relationships of central carbon metabolism and nitrogen homeostasis. In addition to the classics of pathway descriptions, this review identifies the regulatory processes that provide the flexibility of their metabolic reactions, such as allosteric enzyme regulation, post-translational changes, and intracellular compartmentalization. The interaction between carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism allows the cells to quickly adjust to changes in nutrient levels without compromising the metabolic effectiveness. These molecular processes are critical in explaining the biochemical basis of growth and development and disease because metabolic dysregulation causes many pathological conditions. The article offers a conceptual framework of future studies aimed at optimizing metabolism, therapeutic intervention, and system-level metabolic engineering by offering a single and sequential description of how nutrient metabolism works on the molecular level.

The antimicrobial properties of bacterial synthesized silver nanoparticles of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli origin were tested against five isolates namely: Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Salomonella sp, Shigella sp and Escherichia coli. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized from 10 Mm of AgNO3 and the bacterial culture supernatant. Optimum physiological conditions of bacterial nanoparticles’ synthesis were determined using the Box behnken design with three factors and three levels which include pH (6, 7, 8), time (24, 48, 72hrs) and temperature (25, 30, 32°C). The different significance of the physiological factors was determined. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles were determined as pH 6.9, Temp. 25°C and Time 72 hrs for Escherichia colinanoparticles(ENP) and pH 7.79, Temp. 25oC and Time of 72 hrs for Bacillus subtilis nanoparticles (BNP). The antimicrobial activity of the microbial synthesized silver nanoparticles was determined using the kill kinetics and the Kirby bauer well-in-agar diffusion method. ENP had better activity than BNP on Shigellasp, while the reverse was the case when tested against Salmonella sp. Time kill kinetics shows that BNP and ENP inhibited the growth of Salmonellasp, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp and E. coli at 12 hrs and 20 hrs, 28 hrs and 32 hrs, 36 hrs and 32 hrs, 24 hrs and 16 hrs and 32 hrs and 16 hrs respectively. All nanoparticles recorded lower activity than the control drug, Ciprofloxacin.

The increasing prevalence of fraud in Nigeria and globally highlights the necessity of forensic accounting for fraud investigations, particularly in Nigeria, which has resulted in mismanagement and inefficiencies in both corporate and public fund management. With an emphasis on three antigraft agencies, this paper examines the role forensic accounting plays in identifying wrongdoing in Nigeria's public sector. The study used a structured questionnaire to gather data and used a descriptive survey research design. Four hundred and five (405) respondents who were relevant employees of the antigraft agencies were chosen for the study using a purposive sampling technique and Taro Yamane's formula. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were employed in the data analysis method which was based on 386 questionnaire responses from the participants. Findings of the study revealed that the level of awareness of forensic accounting application had positive significantly relationship with public sector corruption in Nigeria, demonstrating that the application of forensic accounting techniques is helpful in identifying corruption in the public sector and that the services of forensic accountants can be used to recover money lost due to financial malpractices, accounting fraud, bribery, and embezzlement. The study recommends that more awareness needs to be created by forensic accountants and government to the public office holders on the application of forensic accounting techniques so that the antigraft agencies can continue to utilize them for the detection of public sector corruption.

Background: Peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular disorders are major causes of neurological morbidity and nerve conduction studies (NCS) are central to their evaluation. Data on electrophysiological patterns in Bangladesh are limited. This study aimed to describe the demographic profiles and patterns of neuropathy among patients undergoing nerve conduction studies in a tertiary neurocare hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the Neurophysiology Laboratory of the National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from September 2024 to August 2025. This study reviewed the neuroelectrophysiological records of 1,500 patients. Demographic data, type of investigation and final electrophysiological diagnoses were extracted and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The majority of patients were aged 21–40 years (43.7%), with near-equal sex distribution. NCS alone was the most frequently performed investigation (76.8%). Normal electrophysiological findings were observed in 32.5% of the patients. Carpal tunnel syndrome was the most common abnormal diagnosis (28.0%), followed by Guillain–Barré syndrome (14.2%) and mononeuropathy (9.3%), respectively. Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome was slightly more frequent than unilateral disease, with mild severity. Among Guillain–Barré syndrome cases, acute motor axonal neuropathy was the most common subtype. Conclusion: Nerve conduction studies reveal a wide spectrum of neuropathies in routine clinical practice, with carpal tunnel syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome predominating. These findings provide valuable baseline data for understanding neuropathy patterns and optimizing neurophysiological services in Bangladesh.

Apparel manufacturing is based on rapid and quick-response supply chains; with such a context, it becomes highly challenging to manage dynamic demand, greater lead times, global sourcing networks, and short product life cycles. The importance of the digital supply chain in recent years’ digital technologies have become instrumental in driving efficiencies and competitive advantage throughout the extended enterprise. This paper focus on the potential contributions of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and digital Supply Chain Management (SCM) platforms to increase supply chain efficiency in apparel manufacturing, especially in Bangladesh’s Ready-Made Garments industry. The research employs a qualitative approach based on literature and systematically reviews academic papers, industry reports and recorded cases concerning the digital supply chain transformation. The results show that ERP systems increase process integration and inventory control, AI increases demand forecasting and decision-making accuracy, IoT provides for real-time visibility and monitoring and digital Supply Chain Management (SCM) platforms support the end-to-end coordination and cooperation between supply chain partners. Together these technologies lead to shorter lead times, minimized inventory levels, enhanced delivery performance and greater supply chain flexibility. However, barriers such as the high cost of implementing such technologies, and quality issues around data along with a lack of digital skills and infrastructure continue to be major concerns for many businesses particularly smaller manufactures. The paper finds that strategic use of digital technologies with organizational readiness and policy interventions can be an important enabler for sustainable supply chain efficiency in the apparel manufacturing.

Epulis fissuratum is a benign reactive fibrous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa resulting from chronic mechanical irritation caused by ill-fitting denture flanges. This condition predominantly affects middle-aged and elderly denture wearers, with a higher prevalence in females. The clinical presentation typically features single or multiple tissue folds in the vestibular sulcus or alveolar ridge, often appearing firm and fibrous with intact or ulcerated mucosa. Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical examination correlating tissue overgrowth with denture configuration, although histopathological confirmation remains essential to exclude malignant transformation. Contemporary management encompasses both conservative tissue conditioning approaches for early lesions and surgical excision using conventional scalpels, electrosurgery, or laser modalities, coupled with mandatory prosthetic rehabilitation to prevent disease recurrence.

Oral cancer remains a significant public health concern globally, with varying prevalence rates across regions; however, its epidemiological profile in Saudi Arabia has not been comprehensively synthesized. This study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes the existing evidence to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of oral cancer in Saudi Arabia, thereby addressing a critical gap in the literature. We conducted a rigorous synthesis of available studies, employing random-effects models to account for heterogeneity and deriving pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between demographic and risk factors and oral cancer, with an overall effect size of 1.02 (SE = 0.25, 95% CI [0.53, 1.51], z=4.11, p<1e^(-5)), indicating a substantial impact of these variables on disease prevalence. The findings highlight the importance of targeted public health interventions, particularly for high-risk populations, and underscore the need for further research to elucidate regional variations and temporal trends. This study provides a robust evidence base for policymakers and clinicians, emphasizing the urgency of early detection and prevention strategies in Saudi Arabia.

The present study focuses on the method development and validation for detection of selective elemental impurities in Clarithromycin active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Elemental impurities, originating from catalysts, raw materials, or manufacturing processes, can adversely affect product safety and efficacy. Hence, a sensitive and precise analytical method was developed in accordance with ICH Q3D, USP <232>, and <233> guidelines. The optimized ICP-MS parameters ensured accurate quantification of 23 elemental impurities, including Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Co, Ni, V, Pd, Pt, Ir, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Mo, Sb, Cu, Sn, Cr, Ba, Li, Tl, and Au, in a single analytical run without the need for internal standards. The developed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The method exhibited strong linear correlation (r² ≥ 0.99), recovery within 70–150%, and relative standard deviation (RSD) <20%, satisfying USP acceptance criteria. The Kinetic Energy Discrimination (KED) mode minimized polyatomic interference, improving signal stability and reducing analysis time. This validated method proved to be simple, rapid, rugged, cost-effective, and suitable for routine quality control analysis of Clarithromycin API to ensure compliance with elemental impurity regulations and pharmaceutical safety standards.

Background: In the past decade, the median overall survival for breast cancer has improved from 11 months to a 5-year survival rate of 17.8%. This is largely feasible solely thanks to molecular oncology. The metabolic characteristics of cancer cells contrast with those of normal cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important breast cancer-related gene, which can promote the progress of breast cancer. It has been proved in clinical and basic research that over-expressed and constitutively activated STAT3 is involved in the progress, proliferation, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of breast cancer. Flavonoids exhibit antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. These inexpensive pharmaceutical compounds exhibit considerable biological activities and are advantageous for various chronic conditions, including cancer. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the novel herbal STAT 3 inhibitor targeting Breast cancer through in-silico molecular docking. Method: STAT 3 was chosen as the target proteins in the current investigation. The bond was found using the Auto Dock software using a grid-based docking method. Compounds' 2D structures were generated, converted to 3D, and subsequently energetically lowered up to an arms gradient of 0.01 using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). Result: Structural based flavones derivatives (Chrysin, Apigenin, Luteolin & Scultellarein) found to be effective anti-lung cancer component and effectively binds to be target protein STAT 3 with binding energy-5.89, -5.6, -5.96 &-5.96 kcal/mol for Chrysin, Apigenin, Luteolin & Scultellarein respectively and showed potent inhibitory action on STAT 3. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation demonstrated that the chosen lead molecules had significant inhibitory effects on the target STAT 3 enzyme, consequently disrupting mitosis and genomic integrity in cancer cells. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated significant binding energy.

Background: Postpartum depression (PDD) is a psychological condition that commonly occurs after childbirth and can adversely affect maternal health and child development. Factors such as education level and family support may influence the risk of postpartum depression. Education affects a mother’s ability to cope with emotional stress, while family support is essential for maintaining psychological well-being. Aim: To determine the relationship between education level and family support with the risk of postpartum depression in Kupang City. Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study involved 70 postpartum mothers selected through purposive sampling from the working areas of Oebobo and Sikumana Public Health Centers. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Postpartum Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ) were used. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square), and multivariate (binary logistic regression) analyses. Results: Most respondents had secondary education (50%) and good family support (81.4%). No significant association was found between education level and Postpartum depression risk (p=0.801). Family support showed a significant association with PPD risk (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated family support as the dominant factor (p=0.001; Exp(B)=12.039), while education level was not significant (p=0.315; Exp(B)=1.530). Conclusion: Education level was not associated with PPD risk, whereas family support was significantly associated and served as a dominant protective factor.

Background: Stigma maydis are becoming more popular as a healthy substitute for people with lifestyle disorders. They offer dietary fiber, polyphenols, minerals, vitamins, protein, and antioxidants. The evidence that is now available indicates that the leading causes of sickness, disability, and death in India are chronic obstructive and mental disorders, hypertension, cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, diabetes, lung disease, chronic renal disease, trauma, and stroke. When it comes to treating the illness and its repercussions, allopathic medications are not very effective. However, how the Stigma maydis-derived chemical compounds work in treating diabetes remains unclarified. Herein, we integrate molecular docking and network pharmacology to elucidate the active constituents and potential mechanisms of Stigma maydis against diabetes. Purpose: This study aimed to validate the antidiabetic effect of Stigma maydis silk lead molecule through in-silico molecular docking. Method: α-amylase was chosen as the target proteins in the current investigation of antidiabetic effect respectively. The bond was found using the Auto Dock software using a grid-based docking method. Compounds' 2D structures were generated, converted to 3D, and subsequently energetically lowered up to an arms gradient of 0.01 using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). Result: Maysin and isoorientin found to be effective component for anti-diabetic potential and effectively binds to be target protein α-amylase with binding energy-8.11 & -5.96 kcal/mol respectively and showed potent inhibitory action on target proteins. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation demonstrated that the chosen lead molecule (Maysin and isoorientin) had significant inhibitory effects on the selected target proteins, consequently showed potent antidiabetic efficacy. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated significant binding energy.

Resistant bacterial infections are a major public health problem, requiring the search for new therapeutic alternatives. This study aims to evaluate in vitro the antibacterial activity of essential oil extracted from Drypetes gilgiana leaves on strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Kisangani (DR Congo). The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and then characterized organoleptically and physicochemically. Its antibacterial activity was analyzed using the agar diffusion method and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The extraction yield was low (0.086%), but the essential oil had physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics favorable to its biological activity. The oil showed very strong antibacterial activity against E. coli (inhibition diameter 78 mm) and moderate activity against S. aureus (9 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) confirmed a higher sensitivity for E. coli (40%) than for S. aureus (80%). These results suggest that D. gilgiana essential oil could be a promising source of antimicrobial agents, warranting future studies to isolate the active compounds and evaluate their mechanism of action.

Despite remarkable progress in genetics, neuroscience, and pharmacology, modern medicine still cannot explain or cure thousands of rare and refractory diseases, including numerous psychiatric, neurological, dermatological, metabolic, and oncological conditions that remain resistant to all conventional treatments. However, an accumulating body of documented clinical recovery cases, together with direct observation of the spiritual realm through the Dharma Eye of Dharma Master Jun Hong Lu and the systematic practice of the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door, clearly demonstrates that human existence comprises both a physical body and an immortal soul. The majority of treatment-resistant illnesses stem from either partial loss or dissociation of the soul, or from occupation of the body by external souls (deceased humans or animals, i.e., spirits). This paper therefore presents rigorous, verifiable evidence for the objective existence of the soul and the spirit world; elucidates the precise karmic and spirit mechanisms behind many diseases currently classified as “incurable” by modern medicine; and demonstrates that the Five Golden Buddhist Practices of Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door-making great vows, reciting Buddhist scriptures, performing life liberation, reading Buddhism in Plain Terms, and repenting of wrongdoings and refraining from doing them-provide a reproducible, effective pathway to partial or complete recovery. All these extraordinary outcomes rest upon the recognition of the soul’s existence. Accordingly, Buddhism is not merely a belief system, but the ultimate science of life, health, and the true nature of consciousness.

Background: Full-coverage crowns are a common restorative treatment option; yet, their placement may influence gingival health and tissue response. This study aims to assess the changes in gum health around crowns after placement and at one-year follow-up. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangladesh Medical University, from January 2002 to December 2003. Thirty patients requiring full coverage crowns were included and followed. Clinical parameters like plaque adhesion, probing depth, gingival bleeding, gum recession, and metal margin exposure were recorded at 15 days and one year after cementation. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26 with statistical significance at p<0.05. Results: In 30 patients (53.3% male, 46.6% female), no plaque was observed immediately following the placement of the crown, but 33.3% of them exhibited plaque deposition at one-year follow-up (p=0.100). Probing depth, which was 1-1.5 mm in 100% of cases at 15 days, rose to 66.66% with 1-1.5 mm depth and 33.33% with <2 mm depth at one year. Gum recession was not observed initially, but was present in 60% of cases at one year. Metal margin exposure was increased from 0% to 50% at one-year follow-up. Conclusion: The study confirms that gingival tissues accommodate by developing changes after full coverage crown placement, where greater plaque build-up, gum recession, and metal margin exposure were observed at one-year follow-up. Ongoing vigilance and upkeep are unavoidable if the long-term success of crown restorations is to be ensured.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the study of extremophilic microorganisms, which include halophiles and halotolerants. These microorganisms, able to survive and thrive optimally in a wide range of environmental extremes, are polyextremophiles. In this context, one of the main reasons for studying them is to understand their adaptive mechanisms to stress caused by extreme living conditions. The present study investigated the halotolerance and metabolic responses of five Eurotium species (E. amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. cristatum, E. montevidense, and E. proliferans) under varying sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0–25%). Fungal growth, medium pH, pigment production (visible light absorbance at 512 nm), fluorescence (254 and 366 nm), organic matter, total nitrogen content, and antimicrobial activity against bacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) and fungal (Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans) strains were evaluated. All isolates exhibited halotolerant behavior, with maximal growth, organic matter, nitrogen content, fluorescence, and pigment accumulation at moderate salinity (15% NaCl). Antimicrobial activity was strongest at low to moderate NaCl concentrations (0–10%) and absent at ≥15% NaCl, reflecting the inhibitory effect of extreme salinity on secondary metabolite production. The pH of the culture media varied with salinity, generally decreasing under moderate salt stress and increasing at the highest NaCl levels. These patterns indicate that mild osmotic stress promotes both primary and secondary metabolism, whereas severe salinity suppresses growth and bioactive compound synthesis. The study highlights the ecological adaptability of Eurotium species to saline environments and their potential as sources of halotolerant enzymes, pigments, and antimicrobial compounds