Background: The external ear plays a significant role in clinical, surgical, and forensic sciences. Anthropometric data are essential for surgeries, hearing aid design, and forensic identification. Ethnic diversity influences auricular morphology, emphasizing the need for population-specific data. This study provides data on the Okrika tribe, exploring sexual dimorphism and applications in clinical and forensic practice. Aim: To establish anthropometric auricular parameters for the Okrika tribe, with potential applications in clinical and forensic contexts. Materials and Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited 450 Okirika indigenes (245 males, 205 females) aged 18+ years with no ear abnormalities or previous surgeries. Digital vernier calipers measured ear length, width, lobular length, and lobular width on both ears. Measurements were taken with subjects sitting upright and head in Frankfort horizontal plane. Data were analyzed using R programming environment, with sex differences assessed via independent sample T-test and correlations with stature via Pearson's/Spearman's correlation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study enrolled 450 Okirika participants (245 males, 205 females). Males were significantly taller, while females had higher BMI and greater central obesity. Males had larger right lobule width (17.3mm vs 16.3mm) and left ear width (31.1mm vs 30.3mm). Ear width measurements showed prominent sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism was most pronounced in ear width measurements, with males having larger dimensions. External ear dimensions didn't correlate with stature in males and females. Ear size and height are independent traits, making ear measurements unreliable for predicting stature. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into Okrika tribe's external ear morphology, highlighting significant sexual dimorphism in auricular width dimensions. The findings offer a valuable reference for clinicians and forensic experts, guiding reconstructive surgery and sex estimation. The study contributes to external ear morphometry knowledge, emphasizing the need for population-specific research in diverse populations.

Breast cancer represents the most prevalent cancer type among women in Saudi Arabia. Despite the availability of early detection programs via mammography, participation rates remain suboptimal due to limited awareness and prevalent misconceptions regarding the screening process. This review aims to consolidate and critically analyze published studies examining the impact of health education on women’s awareness and knowledge of mammogram screening. Evidence indicates that structured health education interventions delivered in healthcare settings or through community campaigns and digital media significantly enhance women’s knowledge and encourage early detection practices. The findings underscore the necessity of sustained educational programs and active involvement of healthcare professionals, particularly radiologic technologists and nurses, to optimize breast cancer prevention and early detection.

Detailed sedimentary facies and depositional environment studies were carried out on clastic deposits outcropping around Opi and its environswithin the Ajali and Nsukka Formation of the Anambra Basin. This defines the depositional facies, and sandstone hydrodynamics. The results revealed sixlithofacies which are systematically recognized into four genetically connected facies associations based on the textural parameters and diverse sedimentary structures derived from the hydrodynamic controls. The sedimentary facies include Structureless sandstone facies, Heterolith facies, Mudstone facies, Wave ripple facies, Parallel laminated sandstone facies and Planar Cross bedded Sandstone facies with its respective structural elements pivotal in the qualitative and quantification of the lithofacies and facies association description. The facies associations systematic paleo-environment diagnosis reveals depositional in fluvial, upper shoreface to lower shoreface depositional settings. The sandstones are predominantly medium to coarse grained and poorly sorted, indicating high-energy depositional conditions. Furthermore, their symmetrical skewness suggests the depositing medium operated at a steady velocity over a prolonged period, a characteristic feature of fluvial systems.

What is the economic impact of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) on Ghana’s exports? Using a synthetic control method, a quasi- experimental approach, and a panel dataset for the periods 1965 through to 2018, this study examines the effects of AGOA on Ghana’s exports as a share of GDP. The findings show that AGOA has transitory positive effects in the initial stages but negative effects in the medium run. The positive impacts are largely attributed to sound macroeconomic environment and the discovery of oil while the negative impact is mostly due to the fall in US demands for exports from Africa in the wake of 2008-2009 financial crisis. AGOA does not automatically improve exports as a share of GDP of its member countries, which suggests the need for complementary government policies. However, the AGOA looks promising for Ghana if it is embarked by good policies.

This work is about comparing trends of population growth and number of legislative laws adopted. Number legislative laws adopted per year reflect growing aspirations of a growing population of a people centric society. A deviation from the population growth trajectory could be mostly due to internal issues affecting legislation of laws; which needs to be studied.

This study presents a forward-leaning approach to constructing hybrid organic–inorganic nanomaterials through a photoelectrocatalytic pathway tailored for sustainable energy generation and selective CO₂ conversion. The work integrates light-driven charge activation with surface-engineered catalytic interfaces, allowing the material to operate under mild conditions while maintaining high stability. By combining organic donor groups with inorganic semiconductor frameworks, the system ensures efficient charge mobility, stronger adsorption of CO₂, and controlled intermediate formation. This synergy enables faster reaction kinetics and enhances product selectivity without relying on harsh chemical inputs. Experimental results show that the hybrid structures exhibit notable improvements in photocurrent density, quantum efficiency, and carbon-based product yield when compared with conventional single-phase catalysts. The material’s architecture also supports extended operational durability, mitigating surface deactivation and maintaining consistent performance across repeated cycles. Mechanistic analysis indicates that the coexistence of organic functionalities and inorganic lattice sites opens new reaction channels, creating a balanced environment for electron transfer and catalytic turnover. This approach demonstrates a practical and scalable route toward low-energy CO₂ transformation technologies, offering a blueprint for advancing renewable-driven chemical production. The findings underscore the potential of photoelectrocatalytic hybrid materials as versatile platforms capable of bridging energy conversion and carbon-management applications. The study ultimately lays a clear foundation for next-generation catalysts engineered to operate at the crossroads of sustainability, efficiency, and molecular precision.

Sports performance in high-intensity, intermittent games like Kho-Kho rely heavily on cardiovascular endurance, speed, agility, and movement efficiency. Structured training programs that target these components are essential for optimizing player performance. This study investigated the effects of speed endurance training, saq (speed, agility, and quickness) training, and combined training on cardiovascular endurance among collegiate male Kho-Kho players. A total of 60 participants, aged 18–25 years and with prior intercollegiate competitive experience, were randomly assigned to four groups: Speed Endurance Training (Group I), SAQ Training (Group II), Combined Training (Group III), and a Control Group (Group IV) that did not receive any specific training intervention. The intervention lasted 12 weeks, with three 60-minute sessions per week conducted on alternate days in the evening to ensure consistency in environmental conditions. A randomized pre-test–post-test control group design was employed, with cardiovascular endurance measured using standardized assessments before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis using paired t-tests, ANCOVA, and Scheffe’s post hoc test revealed significant improvements in cardiovascular endurance in all experimental groups compared to the control group. Among the training programs, the Combined Training Group exhibited the greatest overall improvement, indicating that integrating Speed Endurance and SAQ training produces superior cardiovascular adaptations. These findings underscore the importance of multidimensional, sport-specific training strategies in enhancing the physiological and performance capacities necessary for competitive Kho-Kho players.

In Pakistan, land subsidence has become a serious geohazard, with the major factors being rapid urbanization, overextraction of groundwater, overloading of infrastructural facilities, and natural compaction. Conventional terrestrial methods of monitoring, such as leveling and GNSS, are highly accurate but spatially sparse, costly, and cannot monitor deformation over a regional scale. Here, satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) especially Persistent Scatterer InSAR, provides a stable and economical method of long-standing subsidence monitoring on extensive and uneven surfaces. The paper demonstrates an attempt to integrate PSInSAR with multi-temporal SAR data to map and analyze subsidence trends of the area land of selected urban and peri-urban areas of Pakistan. The PSInSAR method allows the stable radar target of interest to be identified and allows the time series of millimeter-scale surface deformation to be extracted, which is likely to reduce the atmospheric disturbance and time-correlation effects of traditional InSAR methods. This study will measure spatial variability, temporal change, and subsidence hotspots of anthropogenic and geological nature by using the high-resolution SAR datasets. The paper also compares the patterns of deformation that are observed with the root causes that include: groundwater depletion, land-use change, and expansion of infrastructure. The results present important information about the processes of subsidence in data-sparse areas of Pakistan and indicate that PSInSAR is a valid instrument of monitoring hazard control, urban development and sustainable resources utilization. This study helps to enhance geospatial decision-support systems and provides a scientific foundation of risk-based policymaking in the regions with subsidence risks.

The global financial system is changing, and this is directly challenging the long-standing dominance of the U.S. dollar. Rather than one world leader being replaced by another, we are witnessing the development of a heterogeneous multipolar architecture. This paper argues that a unitary currency will not take control of the next stage of this new monetary order. Rather, it is turning into a stratified ecosystem. The dollar remains strong but is gradually losing its relative significance. In the meantime, it is no longer just about the dollar, euro, and Yuan, but the world is warming up to a new form of competition: central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are being experimented with, and investors and governments around the world are considering gold as a safe investment that is not confined to the politics of a single nation. Although this shift can help decrease dependence on a single currency, it increases the dangers of fragmentation and a decrease in coordination. These dangers are the reasons why more effective global monetary governance is necessary, which implies cooperation and institution-building to ensure systemic stability.

Background: Uterine rupture is a life-threatening obstetric emergency associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Changing obstetric practices have altered its etiological profile, particularly with the rising rate of caesarean section. This study aimed to compare maternal and fetal consequences of uterine rupture in scarred versus unscarred uterus. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from March to September 2012. Forty-two cases of surgically confirmed uterine rupture were analyzed with respect to demographic characteristics, risk factors, clinical presentation, surgical management and outcomes. Results: The incidence of uterine rupture was 0.96% (1 in 104 deliveries). Scarred uterus rupture accounted for 71% of cases. Most patients were aged 20–25 years, multiparous, of low socioeconomic status and unbooked for antenatal care. Repair of rupture was the most common surgical procedure (61.9%). Maternal mortality was 7.1%, while perinatal mortality was 85.7%. Conclusion: Uterine rupture is increasingly associated with previous caesarean section. Although maternal survival has improved, fetal outcomes remain poor. Strengthening antenatal care, rationalizing caesarean section practices and ensuring skilled intrapartum management are critical to prevention.

The increasing demand for concrete, coupled with the environmental burden associated with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production and natural aggregate depletion, has intensified the search for sustainable alternative materials. Waste glass, generated in large quantities worldwide and often landfilled due to recycling constraints, has emerged as a promising resource for cementitious composites when processed as powdered waste glass (PWG) or crushed waste glass. This review critically examines the utilization of waste glass as a sustainable binder and aggregate replacement, with particular emphasis on microstructural evolution, durability performance, and service-life implications. The pozzolanic reactivity of finely ground waste glass, driven by its high amorphous silica content, leads to secondary calcium silicate hydrate formation, portlandite consumption, and pore refinement. These microstructural modifications result in improved later-age mechanical strength, reduced permeability, enhanced resistance to chloride ingress and chemical attack, and effective mitigation of alkali–silica reaction when appropriate fineness and replacement levels are adopted. The review synthesizes quantitative data from recent studies to establish performance trends, identify optimal replacement ranges, and clarify durability mechanisms governing long-term behavior. Remaining challenges, including variability in glass composition, standardization of test methods, and limited long-term field data, are highlighted. Overall, the findings demonstrate that waste glass, when properly processed and proportioned, can contribute significantly to durable, low-carbon cementitious composites and support circular-economy-based infrastructure development.

Antioxidants are bioactive molecules that safeguard cells against oxidative stress, a condition that induces cellular injury and is implicated in the development of various chronic diseases. Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder marked by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of the methanolic leaf extract of C. pentandra using an experimental model of Drosophila melanogaster subjected to a high-sucrose diet. The antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated using several assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), lipid peroxidation inhibition, reducing power capacity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) quantification. The antidiabetic activity of the plant was assessed through in vitro α-amylase inhibition and in vivo analysis using D. melanogaster exposed to a high-sucrose diet. A total of thirty-five (35) D. melanogaster were utilized, divided into five experimental groups. Metformin (16 mg) was employed as the reference drug, while C. pentandra extract was administered at concentrations of 2 and 4 mg. The experiment was conducted over a ten-day period, after which the flies were analyzed for glucose and total protein levels. The in vitro antioxidant evaluation of C. pentandra methanolic extract demonstrated substantial activity across all assays, with notably higher lipid peroxidation inhibition (84.73%) and reducing power (20.52%) compared to the standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (50.13% and 17.26%, respectively) at 500 µg/mL. The extract exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in α-amylase inhibitory activity (21.83%, 22.55%, and 23.60%), although the values remained lower than those of the standard drug, acarbose (52.76%, 54.20%, and 68.04%) at 500, 750, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the extract’s ability to modulate glucose metabolism may improve with increasing concentrations. In in vivo assays, metformin produced the lowest glucose concentration (40 mg/dL), while the 4 mg C. pentandra extract-treated group showed reduced glucose levels (60 mg/dL) compared to the 2 mg group (150 mg/dL). Protein concentration analysis revealed no significant differences (P < 0.05) among the extract-treated groups, whereas both the normal (non-diabetic) and metformin-treated controls exhibited similar protein levels (80 mg/dL). Overall, C. pentandra methanolic extract demonstrated potent lipid peroxidation inhibition and superior reducing power, indicating its potential to mitigate oxidative stress. Furthermore, its glucose-lowering effect suggests a promising antidiabetic activity, possibly through enhanced insulin sensitivity.

The orthodontic landscape is evolving beyond occlusion and aesthetics, expanding into realms that intersect with systemic health most notably, the airway. This review explores a compelling paradigm shift: the growing body of evidence that links malocclusion with sleep-disordered breathing, particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). No longer viewed in isolation, craniofacial architecture and dental arch relationships are now recognized as potential contributors to compromised airway volume and function. We synthesize current literature to unravel how sagittal and vertical dysmorphologies—such as retrognathic mandibles, narrow maxillary arches, and deep bites correlate with reduced upper airway dimensions and increased risk of airway obstruction during sleep. Furthermore, this review investigates how orthodontic interventions, including maxillary expansion, mandibular advancement, and functional appliance therapy, may influence airway patency. Rather than presenting orthodontics as a cure for OSA, we critically evaluate the extent to which treatment timing, modality, and individual growth patterns determine outcomes. We also spotlight the need for interdisciplinary synergy between orthodontists, sleep physicians, and ENT specialists, advocating for a patient-centred, airway-conscious approach in diagnosis and treatment planning. While the evidence is promising, we emphasize the gaps that persist especially in longitudinal outcomes and standardization of airway assessment protocols. In rethinking malocclusion through the lens of airway health, this review calls for a new orthodontic responsibility: not merely aligning teeth, but potentially aiding in breath, sleep, and systemic wellness. The implications are profound not only for orthodontic strategy but also for the very definition of oral health.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is crucial for diagnosing and managing glaucoma. The Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) is the gold standard for IOP measurement, and while the Pulsair non-contact tonometer (NCT) has shortcomings, it appears to offer certain advantages and therefore is a viable option. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability of NCT as a reliable alternative to GAT for assessing IOP in adult glaucoma patients. This cross-sectional study assessed 200 eyes of 101 patients at a tertiary hospital in Northern Nigeria. We measured IOP with both GAT and NCT. The mean age of the participants was 56 ± 13.2 years. The right eyes had mean IOP values of 16.44mmHg and 14.96mmHg (p<0.05) with GAT and NCT, respectively, while those of the left were 17.59mmHg and 17.01mmHg (p < 0.05). The pachymetrically corrected IOP values in the right eyes were 19.31mmHg and 18.20 mmHg (p<0.05) for GAT and NCT, respectively, while those in the left were 20.05mmHg and 19.22 mmHg (p>0.05). Pachymetrically corrected NCT and GAT showed a positive correlation of 0.861 (p<0.0001). Bland-Altman analysis showed good agreement, especially for pachymetrically corrected data of NCT and GAT, with a considerable majority of subjects (76% for right eyes, 80% for left eyes) showing differences of 1-3 mmHg, while an average of 14% of all eyes had no difference. In conclusion, the NCT provided reliable IOP measurements; however, CCT corrections may be required, as NCT results appear to be more subject to CCT variations.

This article is devoted to the Iraqi legal framework for extradition (passive and active). It is compared to foreign and international laws on this most important and difficult modality of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The research examines the peculiarities of both treaty-based and extra-treaty extradition from and to Iraq. It reveals the major weaknesses of Iraqi law on extradition and offers tentative recommendations to overcome them by improving legislation and through practical work.