Downward Longwave Radiation (DLR) plays a crucial role in sustaining the temperature of the Earth’s surface and is vital for maintaining the planet’s energy equilibrium. In this study, eight different emissivity equations were utilized to estimate DLR models and to investigate which is more suitable for evaluating DLR in Ikeja, when statistically tested using five validation indices of Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Percentage Error (MPE), t-statistic and Index of Agreement (IA). The impact of some meteorological parameters on DLR was investigated. The data used were obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for a period of 39 years (1984 to 2022), the meteorological parameters are monthly average temperature, relative humidity (RH), DLR and Global Solar Radiation (GSR). Findings indicated that Ikeja recorded its highest value of DLR in April with 425.6915 Wm-2, and its lowest value was in January with 406.2774 Wm-2. The Kruk et al. model was found more accurate for evaluating DLR in Ikeja, indicating that in the absence of measured DLR data, Kruk et al. model is highly recommended for estimating DLR in Ikeja. As the temperature is low during the rainy season, the DLR is high and as the temperature is high during the dry season, the DLR is low. The DLR and RH are high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. The average DLR and GSR values obtained were found to be 418.1707 Wm-2 and 195.5164 Wm-2 respectively, this indicate that the DLR values are twice as much as the GSR during the period under investigation.

Kebbi state is a region in Northern Nigeria blessed with reasonable resources potentials of both solar and wind energy, but faced with lot of crises of energy supply and distributions due to improper distribution network as results of systems collapse and inadequate utilization of the renewable energy resources such as wind and Solar. This study assesses wind and solar resources in three selected locations of Kebbi state (Argungu, Jega, and Yauri) from the three different senatorial districts across the state using NASA POWER data from 2000 to 2022 and the HOMER optimisation tool, a hybrid renewable system was created for a rural community. The goal was to keep the Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) as low as possible while keeping the capacity deficit below 1%. The solar resource assessment shows a lot of promise. The average global horizontal irradiance ranges from 4.80 to 5.68 kWh/m²/day in Yauri and from 5.30 to 5.88 kWh/m2/day in Argungu and Jega 5.30 to 5.88 kWh/m²/day in Argungu and Jega. The wind resources are not too good, average speeds at 50 m height are between 2.83 and 3.17 m/s for all the selected locations. The results of the optimisation show that a PV-battery-converter hybrid system being the best option for all the selected locations. Wind turbines aren’t the best because they don’t work well in low wind speeds. The study revealed that solar PV-battery systems are a technically feasible and cost-effective way to deploy electricity to rural areas in Kebbi State. This gives policymakers and investors a data-driven way to use decentralized renewable energy as compliment to the national grid.

The formulation of advanced metalworking fluids (MWFs) relies heavily on the precise selection and integration of organic friction modifiers to optimize the tribological performance of machining operations. This paper investigates the complex structure-property relationships governing organic friction modifiers, focusing on their chemical architecture and subsequent boundary film formation across diverse metallurgical substrates. By synthesizing insights from experimental tribology and advanced data-driven modeling techniques, this study proposes a comprehensive, hypothetical framework designed to evaluate and predict the frictional behavior of various fluid formulations on distinct metal surfaces. The structural components of the modifiers, notably their polar anchoring groups and non-polar aliphatic chains, are analyzed in the context of their competitive adsorption and reaction dynamics. Ultimately, this research bridges the gap between empirical friction studies and autonomous, machine-learning-driven materials discovery, offering a predictive methodology to tailor MWFs for specific ferrous and non-ferrous applications while mitigating traditional trial-and-error bottlenecks.

Despite the punishment meted on rape offenders and the creation of sexual offenders’ register in some states of the federation in Nigeria, most accused persons damn the consequences of their actions by continuously committing the offence with impunity without considering the deleterious effect of their sinister action on their victims, and the society at large. Rape is the most serious sexual offence that is characterised with unpleasant experiences such as stigmatisation, anxiety, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted disease, trauma, depression and even death. This study examined the concept of rape, factors responsible for the offence of rape in Nigeria, legal framework on rape in Nigeria and alternatives punishment for rape offenders. This study found that castration is the most appropriate punishment that deters the offender and the public from engaging in the heinous crime called rape. The study adopted doctrinal research methodology, it was descriptive and analytical in nature. It relied on primary sources of data such as statutes, case law, conventions and secondary sources of data such as textbooks, articles in journals, periodicals, online materials among others. The study concluded that rape has done no good to the victims and society and there is a need to frantically tackle same in Nigeria by finding effective solution that would serve as effective deterrence to future offenders. The study recommended castration as alternative punishment to life imprisonment for rape offenders in Nigeria.

Man has always sought to understand his own place with the scheme of creation and purpose of life itself. Al- Quran the main source of guidance and faith is a book for all mankind. It is a book with complete code of life and instruction for all mankind and is last and final revelation of God. To attribute the presence of scientific facts in the Quran is to coincidence would be again common sense and a true scientific approach. The scientific origin of Quran clearly proves its Divine origin. It is fact that no human being could have produced a book fourteen hundred years ago, that would contain scientific facts to be discovered and observed by mankind centuries later.

The study aimed to evaluate teachers' utilisation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. The study employed a descriptive design. The population consisted of 1,700 basic school teachers in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly of the Western Region in Ghana. A sample size of 313 teachers based on the Krejcie and Morgan Table, and the sampling was done through the use of stratified and simple random techniques. A questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. The research questions were answered using means and standard deviations. The hypothesis was analysed with MANOVA. The study's findings showed that teachers generally possessed a high level of ICT competency, as indicated by the overall mean score (M = 2.97, SD = 0.874). The study revealed that teachers generally possessed a moderate positive attitude toward the use of ICT in teaching and learning (M = 2.53, SD = .579). Furthermore, the study revealed a statistically significant difference in teachers’ ICT competency and attitudes based on their class of teaching. The study recommends that teacher education institutions should strengthen ICT-related courses in their training programmes to ensure that pre-service teachers acquire adequate technological pedagogical skills before entering the teaching profession.

A 25-year-old male presented with spacing between the maxillary anterior teeth and a compromised crown on tooth 21 following trauma 5 years prior. Clinical examination revealed an Ellis Class II fracture in tooth 11 and a full-coverage crown on tooth 21 with vital pulp in both teeth. Considering the patient’s esthetic concerns, an indirect restorative approach was planned, involving endodontic treatment of tooth 21, followed by placement of a lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) crown on tooth 21 and a veneer on tooth 11. Treatment included conservative crown removal, root canal therapy, tooth preparation, digital impression, laboratory fabrication, and adhesive cementation of the restorations. The procedure resulted in planned, involving endodontic treatment of tooth 21, followed by placement of a lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) crown on tooth 21 and a veneer on tooth 11. Treatment included conservative crown removal, root canal therapy, tooth preparation, digital impression, laboratory fabrication, and adhesive cementation of the restorations. The procedure resulted in optimal esthetics, proper occlusion, and patient satisfaction. This case highlights the predictable use of lithium disilicate restorations for esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth following trauma.

Any witness called to testify in a case is usually required to give his or her evidence on oaths or affirmation, the reason for which is to tell the truth. Judicial trials aim at unravelling the truth in each case to enable courts determine the appropriate punishments or remedies available to each party. A witness who lies on oath commits perjury. This Seminar Paper examines the use of oaths or affirmations in the judicial process. It seeks to answer the question of delay in administering criminal justice resulting from witnesses giving false evidence while testifying in criminal cases before the courts. It compares the English-type oaths with African Traditional Oaths. The doctrinal research methodology was used to collate and critically analyse relevant provisions of the Oaths Act, the Evidence Act, the ACJA 2015, judicial authorities, learned textbooks and articles. The Seminar Paper found out that witnesses usually resort to giving false evidence on oath because they are hardly tried and punished for perjury. It, also, found that witnesses or defendants who swear to African Traditional Oaths speak the truth for fear of consequences attending the oaths. It, therefore, recommends, among others, that witnesses should be committed for trials for perjury to serve as deterrence to other witnesses who might intend to mislead the trial courts by giving false evidence.

The accelerating depletion of fossil fuel reserves, increasing anthropogenic carbon emissions, and growing industrial demand for sustainable chemical manufacturing have intensified global efforts toward the development of highly efficient catalytic systems and renewable energy technologies. Conventional catalytic materials frequently suffer from poor atom utilization efficiency, limited active-site accessibility, catalyst deactivation, and inadequate long-term stability under harsh operational environments, thereby restricting their applicability in environmentally benign synthesis and advanced energy conversion systems. In this context, functional nanomaterials have emerged as transformative catalytic platforms owing to their tunable electronic structures, exceptionally high surface-to-volume ratios, quantum confinement effects, defect-rich architectures, and synergistic interfacial properties. These unique physicochemical characteristics enable superior catalytic activity, enhanced selectivity, accelerated charge-transfer kinetics, and minimized energy consumption in diverse green synthetic processes and sustainable energy applications. Recent advances in nanostructured catalysts, including heteroatom-doped carbon frameworks, metal-organic frameworks, single-atom catalysts, plasmonic nanostructures, layered transition-metal dichalcogenides, perovskite-derived composites, and hybrid semiconductor interfaces, have significantly improved atom economy and reaction efficiency in photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and thermocatalytic transformations. Furthermore, the integration of multifunctional nanocatalysts into hydrogen evolution systems, oxygen reduction reactions, carbon dioxide reduction technologies, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, and next-generation solar energy devices has opened new pathways toward carbon-neutral energy infrastructures (Faazal et al., 2023). Emerging fabrication strategies involving defect engineering, surface functionalization, hierarchical nanoarchitectures, and machine-learning-assisted catalyst design are further accelerating the discovery of highly durable and scalable catalytic materials. This review highlights the novelty of integrating multifunctional nanocatalysts with sustainable energy technologies through atom-efficient reaction engineering and environmentally compatible synthesis pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on the structure–property–performance relationships governing catalytic efficiency and energy-device integration. This article aims to critically analyze recent progress, unresolved scientific challenges, and future opportunities associated with functional nanomaterials for sustainable catalytic chemistry and advanced clean-energy systems.

Background/Introduction: Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease is frequent despite therapeutic advances. Early ileocolonoscopy, evaluated using the Rutgeerts score, is the reference standard for detecting endoscopic recurrence, which strongly correlates with the risk of clinical relapse [1]. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients with Crohn's disease followed up between 2012 and 2025 who underwent an ileocecal or ileocolonic resection. Endoscopic recurrence was defined as a Rutgeerts score ≥ i2 during an ileocolonoscopy performed between 6 and 12 months postoperatively [1,2]. Results: Endoscopic recurrence was observed exclusively in patients who did not receive postoperative prophylactic treatment. No cases of recurrence were observed in patients treated with azathioprine or infliximab. Conclusion: The absence of postoperative prophylactic treatment appears to be a major risk factor for early endoscopic recurrence [2–4].

Background: Facial angioedema is a challenging for the medical profession, particularly in patients received cosmetic dermal fillers. Case presentation: A 43 years old fmale presented with one-year history of recurrent facial swelling after receiving unlabeled dermal fillers given by unlicensed esthetician. Her symptom improved with systemic steroid prescribed at private clinic. Dermatologic examination revealed nodular lesions on both cheeks measured 1-3 cm in diameter. Foreign body reaction to injectable filler was highlighted by plastic surgeon and surgical biopsy was advised. Upon allergy review, she reported associated symptoms of mild throat discomfort and occasional difficulty of swallowing. A diagnosis of idiopathic angioedema was raised. However, patient strongly believed that her facial swellings were related to her dermal fillers and reluctant to start antihistamines. Immunologic work up for idiopathic and congenital angioedema was unremarkable. She was labeled allergic to Chlorpheniramine in the past. This however, was excluded by supervised oral graded challenge performed in the allergy clinic. The patient was shortly admitted for of an episode of angioedema, upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was performed for other complaints of heart burn and mild difficulty of swallowing. Not surprisingly, laryngeal edema was pictured during the procedure, rapid urease test for (H. pylori) was positive. These finding have further supported the diagnosis of idiopathic angioedema. Patient has completed (H. Pylori) eradication therapy. Afterward, she was commenced on a combination H1 and H2 antihistamines, this has resulted in significant improvement of her facial angioedema and throat discomfort. Conclusion: Facial angioedema in patients received injectable dermal fillers may not necessarily be due to local adverse reaction, in certain clinical setting a diagnosis of idiopathic angioedema should be suggested. Therefore, consulting allergy specialist is essential in evaluating such patients.

Throughout history, taboos have been considered social rules rooted in people's fears of things seen as dangerous, contaminated, or sacred. Across different cultural settings, prohibitions related to sexuality, bodily practices, ritual conduct, death, food, and sacred spaces have played an important role in organising collective life and preserving symbolic boundaries. Rather than treating taboos solely as religious restrictions or irrational customs, this paper approaches them as culturally transmitted systems shaped by emotional response, symbolic classification, and social reinforcement. Drawing upon perspectives from symbolic anthropology, cognitive anthropology, and moral psychology, the discussion reveals how fears concerning impurity, contamination, and uncertainty become attached to systems of prohibition and gradually acquire moral and sacred authority. Particular attention is given to the relationship between ritual practice, emotional reinforcement, and the preservation of communal order. Examples including menstrual restrictions, ritual abstinence before hunting, food prohibitions, and avoidance practices associated with death reflect how taboo systems regulate both social behaviour and collective perceptions of purity and danger. Contemporary forms of moral policing, symbolic contamination, and public condemnation within digital culture also demonstrate the continuing relevance of taboo-like structures in modern society. By examining the interconnections among fear, contamination, and sacred prohibition, this study suggests how taboo systems persist and acquire long-term cultural authority across historical and social contexts.

Background: Yoga has gained considerable importance in sports training due to its positive effects on physical fitness, postural control, and mental concentration. Balance and coordination are essential motor abilities for athletic performance, yet limited studies have examined the specific impact of yoga practices on these abilities among competitive athletes. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of yoga practices on the balance and coordination of athletes in the Bankura district. Methods: For this purpose of the present study total forty (n=40) male athletes were selected from various clubs in Bankura District who had participated at least at the state or inter-collegiate level tournaments. The participants were selected through purposive random sampling. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 25 years. All participants were free from injuries during the data collection period and did not consume any ergogenic aids or nutritional supplements. An eight-week yoga training programme was implemented, consisting of three sessions per week, with each session lasting 60 minutes. The programme included 10 minutes of pranayama emphasizing breathing exercises, 35 minutes of asanas emphasizing flexibility, followed by 15 minutes of cool-down, mindfulness, and relaxation practices. Pre-test and post-test assessments were conducted before and after the intervention programme. Balance was assessed using the stork balance stand test, while coordination was measured through the alternate hand wall toss test. The collected data were analysed using the descriptive and analytical statistics viz. mean, standard deviation, and paired ‘t’ test. Results: The findings revealed a significant improvement in balance performance, as the calculated ‘t’ value (6.098) exceeded the tabulated value (2.022). However, coordination did not show a statistically significant improvement, with the calculated ‘t’ value (1.703) was lower than the tabulated value (2.022). Discussion: The study found that yoga practices are effective in enhancing balance among athletes by improving postural stability, muscular control, and proprioceptive awareness. However, the intervention was not sufficient to produce significant improvement in coordination, possibly due to the limited duration of training and the sport-specific nature of coordination abilities. Conclusion: Yoga may be considered an effective supplementary training method for improving balance in athletes.

Students are the future pillars of society and play a crucial role in the development and progress of a nation. The quality of a nation's human resources largely depends on the education and guidance provided to its younger generation. In this context, teachers serve as key agents in shaping students' intellectual, emotional, social, and moral development. Among the various characteristics of effective teaching, a positive attitude and constructive mindset of teachers are particularly important in fostering student growth and success. A positive teacher not only imparts knowledge but also inspires, motivates, and guides students toward achieving their full potential. Positive teachers create supportive, inclusive, and engaging learning environments where students feel valued, respected, and encouraged to participate actively in the learning process. Through empathy, patience, and effective communication, they help learners overcome academic and personal challenges while developing confidence and self-esteem. Such teachers promote curiosity, creativity, critical thinking, and a lifelong love for learning. Their encouragement and recognition of students’ achievements, regardless of their size, contribute significantly to enhancing motivation and academic performance. Furthermore, positive teaching practices play an essential role in the holistic development of students. Modern education extends beyond the acquisition of academic knowledge and aims to nurture individuals who are innovative, responsible, ethical, and socially conscious. Positive teachers foster these qualities by serving as role models and by cultivating values such as cooperation, respect, discipline, and accountability within the classroom. Their influence contributes to the development of productive citizens who are capable of making meaningful contributions to society and national advancement. In an era characterized by rapid social, technological, and educational changes, the role of positive teachers has become increasingly significant. Their ability to establish healthy teacher-student relationships and create motivating learning experiences directly influences student engagement, well-being, and overall development. Therefore, positive teachers are indispensable in transforming students into competent human capital and in supporting the broader goals of educational excellence, social progress, and sustainable national development.

Buildings account for a substantial share of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, creating an urgent need for design strategies that simultaneously address operational performance, occupant comfort, and life-cycle environmental impacts. While simulation-based optimization has become increasingly common in building performance research, relatively few studies evaluate energy use, thermal comfort, and embodied carbon within a unified tri-objective framework. This study presents a simulation-based tri-objective Pareto optimization of residential buildings in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Dubai, United Arab Emirates, using DesignBuilder, EnergyPlus, and the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). A standardized four-story residential apartment prototype comprising 16 thermal zones and 2239.82 m² of conditioned floor area was developed and simulated under identical geometric, operational, and HVAC assumptions. Window-to-wall ratio, glazing type, external shading depth, and cooling setpoint temperature were optimized to minimize annual site energy consumption, ASHRAE 55 thermal discomfort hours, and embodied carbon emissions. Baseline simulations revealed substantially higher operational demand in Dubai, with annual energy consumption reaching 272,077 kWh compared with 196,478 kWh in Riyadh, while discomfort hours increased from 2,530 h/year to 3,262 h/year. Optimization reduced annual energy demand by 72.9% in Riyadh and 74.5% in Dubai, while thermal discomfort was reduced to 776 h/year in the best-performing comfort solution. Pareto-optimal solutions consistently favored low window-to-wall ratios (10–16%), high-performance glazing, and external overhangs between 1.5 and 2.0 m. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of tri-objective optimization for balancing operational efficiency, occupant comfort, and embodied carbon while providing climate-responsive façade design guidance for residential buildings in hot-arid Gulf environments.