The research investigates ways to improve farming incomes within sustainable development in agriculture, moving from a focus on production to a focus on income when thinking about agricultural policy. The way in which farm income is treated in the study is as one combined measurement, including returns from crops, livestock, allied activities, and non-cash components (e.g. family labour and self-consumed). The study used descriptive and analytical methods with secondary data from government reports, international organisations, and academic literature to assess the components of farm income, measuring methods, cost structures, and indicators. The study identified an array of significant constraints to farm income including the rising costs of production; inefficient markets; lack of access to credit; climate risk; and inadequately measured farm income. The results of the study demonstrated that enhancing farm income requires a multi-faceted approach that includes: diversification; cost savings; value adding; improved marketing systems; irrigation development; adoption of technology; crop insurance; financial inclusion; and extension services. The study also illustrates the importance of accurate measurement of farm incomes and the strategic enhancement of farm incomes through integrated policy interventions and institutional support as critical to creating profitable, resilient, and sustainable agricultural production and for achieving inclusive rural development and sustainable agriculture over the long-term.

A comparison of Automated and manual methods to determine the hemoglobin concentration and Hematocrit was done using a specified sample size of randomly selected patients. All the samples were subjected to Hb and Hematocrit estimation by using both manual and Automated methods. A significant difference between manual and automated Hct mehods was found. There was a good correlation between Cyanmeth-Hb and Automated method. The Cyanmeth-Hb is a gold standard for Hb estimation and also carries a biotoxic hazard. However, there was a statistically significant difference between Sahli’s and cyanmeth- Hb method, but there was a good correlation. The Hct estimation by manual and automated methods showed an excellent relationship and no significant difference was noted between two methods and that can be used interchangeably.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of restorative justice-based prosecution terminations as an effort to strengthen the role of the Prosecutor's Office in Indonesia. To date, the Prosecutor's Office has been more dominant in carrying out conventional prosecution functions oriented towards retaliation. However, with the growing paradigm of restorative justice, an approach focused on restoring relationships, compensation, and reconciliation between perpetrators, victims, and the community has become relevant. This study uses normative legal research methods with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results show that restorative justice-based prosecution terminations, as stipulated in various Prosecutor's Office regulations, offer significant potential to reduce case backlogs, provide substantive justice for victims, and encourage more constructive accountability of perpetrators. The Prosecutor's Office's role in this process is no longer merely to prosecute, but also to facilitate dialogue, mediation, and ensure the achievement of restorative agreements. Effective implementation of this policy is expected to strengthen the Prosecutor's Office's image as a humanistic law enforcement agency responsive to the needs of the community, while supporting the creation of a more just and dignified criminal justice system in Indonesia.

Genital tuberculosis is a rare but significant cause of infertility and chronic pelvic disease, particularly in countries with a high tuberculosis burden. It is often underdiagnosed due to its asymptomatic or non-specific clinical presentation. We report the case of a 38-year-old woman with a history of treated peritoneal tuberculosis, in whom ovarian tuberculosis was revealed by bilateral pyosalpinx.

Objectives: To investigate the existing literature on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) of anesthetic agents in obese children. Methods: A total of 419 pertinent publications were found after a comprehensive search across four databases. 26 full-text publications were examined after duplicates were eliminated using Rayyan QCRI and relevance was checked; five studies finally satisfied the requirements for inclusion. Results: We included five studies with a total of 10,570 children and less than half of them 4741 (44.8%) were females. Research on the PK of propofol in obese adolescents identified total body weight (TBW) as a key determinant of drug clearance, emphasizing the limitations of relying solely on clinical factors for dosing. Additionally, a study on fentanyl highlighted the importance of TBW for loading doses and LBW/ lean body weight (LBW) for maintenance dosing, while cautioning against the heightened susceptibility of severely obese patients to fentanyl's respiratory side effects, necessitating careful PD considerations. Conclusion: Anesthesia management in obese children requires addressing unique physiological and pharmacological challenges. This review emphasizes the importance of TBW in dosing strategies and the integration of LBW and IBW for maintenance regimens to minimize risks. While offering valuable insights, further research is needed to validate these findings and establish standardized protocols, ultimately enhancing safety and efficacy in anesthetic care for obese pediatric patients.

Introduction: The worrying increase in multi-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) infections and the glaring lack of therapeutic alternatives has allowed colistin to regain a place in the antibiotic arsenal, often as a last resort. This study aimed to evaluate a method for testing sensitivity to colistin that is simple, inexpensive, and accessible: disk diffusion, compared to the gold standard method of liquid microdilution. Materials and methods: A comparative study was conducted on 124 strains of Gram-negative bacilli. Each strain was tested by agar diffusion (50 µg colistin disk) and broth microdilution (Sensititre® plate). Results: Our results showed that the diffusion method does not meet the performance criteria established by the CLSI, with a particularly high major error rate (45.8%) and a categorical agreement of 83.1%. Conclusion: Disk diffusion cannot be considered a reliable method for testing colistin susceptibility in the laboratory.

Introduction: Determining whether an ovarian tumor is benign or malignant before surgery can change the treatment plan and aid in early identification. Transvaginal ultrasonography, in particular, is a useful technique for ovarian tumor detection. Early diagnosis is crucial since the majority of ovarian cancers are epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC), which grow quickly. Treatment can be more successful if a gynecologic oncologist is consulted right away to diagnose the type of tumor. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 patients presenting with adnexal masses at the Saudi Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Khartoum, Sudan, from January to May 2025. Transvaginal and abdominal ultrasonography were utilized to evaluate adnexal lesions. Data on patient demographics, symptoms, and medical history were analyzed to assess correlations with ultrasound findings and final diagnoses. Results: The study found that the most affected age group by ovarian tumors was those in 26-40 years, which constituted 42% and 41-55 years represented 28.25%. Approximately 43.3% of patients were asymptomatic, more than half were symptomatic, with pain being the most prevalent symptom. Ultrasonography classified 68.8% of masses as benign and 22% as malignant. Significant associations were found between ultrasound features, such as irregular contour, ascites, papillary projections, and vascularity, and the presence of malignancy. Older age and a history of breast cancer were also significantly associated with malignant lesions. Statistical analyses demonstrated that specific ultrasonographic features effectively predict ovarian malignancy. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an efficient and dependable method for identifying, assessing, and categorizing ovarian cancers. Combining the patient's age, medical history, and ultrasound characteristics improves diagnostic precision, enables prompt and effective treatment, and lowers the risk of surgery.

Chryseobacterium indologenes is a rare but emerging opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen, primarily isolated from hospital environments and associated with severe infections in immunocompromised or critically ill patients. We report the case of a 2-year-old girl with a history of recurrent bronchopulmonary infections and recent cardiac surgery for a subaortic membrane, who developed sepsis postoperatively.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections affecting individuals worldwide, often leading to significant morbidity if untreated. Accurate bacteriological profiling of urinary isolates is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and effective antimicrobial therapy, especially in the face of rising antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to identify the aerobic bacterial pathogens isolated from urine samples and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in a tertiary care hospital setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of one year (January 2024 to December 2024), where urine samples from suspected UTI patients were cultured and bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI -2024) guidelines using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The results revealed Escherichia coli as the predominant pathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nitrofurantoin and amikacin showed the highest susceptibility rates, whereas a notable resistance to Fluoroquinolones was observed. These findings underscore the importance of continuous surveillance of urinary pathogens and their resistance profiles to guide empirical treatment and combat the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms in hospital settings. Implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs is imperative to optimize antibiotic use and improve patient outcomes.

Background: Accurate and early detection of postoperative complications after elective liver resection (LR) remains a challenge. A reliable predictor is essential for guiding therapy and improving outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the role of serum procalcitonin (PCT) in predicting postoperative complications after LR. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at BSMMU, Dhaka, from July 2021 to June 2024. A total of 84 patients undergoing elective LR were included. Informed consent was obtained before surgery. Serum PCT levels were measured on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 7 using the Siemens Atellica IM BRAHMS PCT analyzer. Other markers, including WBC count, CRP, and liver and renal function tests, were also recorded. Patients were categorized into two groups: those without complications (group 1, n=20) and those with complications (group 2, n=22). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 25.0, with a significance level of P<0.05. Results: Postoperative complications occurred in 52.4% of patients. Mean serum PCT levels were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 on POD 1 (0.898 ± 0.787 vs. 2.508 ± 2.587 µg/L, P=0.011), POD 3 (0.314 ± 0.249 vs. 0.890 ± 0.735 µg/L, P=0.002), and POD 7 (0.181 ± 0.217 vs. 0.611 ± 0.610 µg/L, P=0.005). WBC count and CRP levels did not show statistical significance. ROC analysis identified a PCT cutoff of 1.100 µg/L on POD 1, with sensitivity 86.4%, specificity 70.0%, PPV 74.2%, and NPV 83.7%. Conclusion: Serum PCT on POD 1 is a strong early predictor of complications after elective LR. A cutoff value of 1.100 µg/L accurately predicts morbidities, regardless of the type of disease or surgical procedure.

Pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma (PMEC) is an extremely rare salivary gland-type tumor that arises from submucosal bronchial glands and accounts for less than 1% of lung tumors. Here we describe a very unusual case of high-grade PMEC in a 17-year-old male, in whom low-grade tumors are more common. The clinical course was characterized by extensive mediastinal involvement, ipsilateral hilar lymph node metastasis with extranodal extension, and bronchial margins involved with disease. PET-CT and FNAC was done as part of the diagnostic process followed by chemotherapy, surgical debulking, and left pneumonectomy. Pathology confirmed high-grade tumor with multiple adverse prognostic features. This case demonstrates how difficult it is to diagnose PMEC in adolescents and that even if diagnosed early, high-grade PMEC can have aggressive biological behavior requiring tailored management approaches involving multidisciplinary teams.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous fraction of the methanolic extract of Senna siamea at various dosage concentrations in vivo in experimental mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain. Groups A, B and C mice were infected and treated with 100, 200, and 300 mg extract/kg body weight of mouse respectively while group D was infected and treated with 200 mg chloroquine /kg body weight, group E was infected but not treated and group F was uninfected and untreated. The phytochemical constituents of the plant extract were evaluated giving 4 phytochemicals namely flavonoids and alkaloids, carbohydrates and saponins. In addition, the extract indicated a dose dependent decrease in the level of parasitaemia. The analysis showed that the extract has a decreasing effect on the Packed Cell Volume of the experimental mice. Also, some of the groups lived 10 days beyond the experimental period. Furthermore, the groups treated with 300 mg/kg extract, 200 m g/kg chloroquine and uninfected untreated increased in body weight compared to the negative control (infected untreated). Therefore, the aqueous fraction of the Methanol crude extract of Senna siamea leaves could serve as a possible source of antimalarial compounds.

Menopause occurs at a mean age of 51 years, with 95% of women transitioning between ages 45 and 55. Declining ovarian estrogen production leads to low serum estradiol and vasomotor symptoms in most women, while approximately half develop genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) characterized by vaginal dryness and dyspareunia [1]. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) employs unopposed estrogen for women post-hysterectomy and combined estrogen-progestin therapy for those with an intact uterus to prevent endometrial hyperplasia [2]. This article integrates the latest evidence on indications, formulations, dosing, and safety considerations for systemic and local MHT.

Background: Medicinal plants have been widely used in traditional medicine for managing chronic diseases. Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br., traditionally utilized in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine, has been reported to possess antihyperglycemic and antioxidant properties. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes and oxidative stress-related disorders, exploring plant-based therapeutic alternatives is crucial. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, in vitro antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant activities of Wrightia tinctoria leaf extract using advanced analytical techniques. Materials and Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of Wrightia tinctoria leaves was prepared and subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis using Thin thin-layer chromatography (TLC), UV-visible spectroscopy, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The antihyperglycemic activity was assessed using an α-amylase inhibitory assay, while the antioxidant potential was evaluated through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, alkaloids, and glycosides. HPLC analysis identified gallic acid, quercetin, and rutin as major bioactive compounds. The extract exhibited significant α-amylase inhibition, indicating its antihyperglycemic potential. Additionally, strong free radical scavenging activity was observed, suggesting its role in oxidative stress management. Conclusion: The findings validate the therapeutic potential of Wrightia tinctoria in diabetes management and oxidative stress reduction, supporting its traditional use in herbal medicine. Future in vivo and clinical studies are recommended to further explore its pharmacological applications.

Introduction: In gynecology and ultrasonography, adnexal masses are a major health concern. Ultrasonography and International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) criteria are crucial for diagnosing and identifying malignant grades, and an accurate distinction by non-invasive techniques is necessary for proper care. Methods: From January to May 2025, 400 patients who presented with adnexal masses at the Saudi Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Khartoum, Sudan, participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study. Adnexal lesions were assessed using transvaginal and abdominal ultrasonography, with the IOTA Simple Rules (SR) employed for classification. To evaluate associations with ultrasound results and final diagnoses, information on patient demographics, age, symptoms, and medical history was examined. Result: The age categories of 26–40 and 41–55 were the most impacted. The majority of patients experienced symptoms, with pain accounting for about 43.3% of cases. According to the IOTA SR criteria, ultrasonography identified 22% of masses as malignant and 68.8% as benign. Ultrasound characteristics, such as uneven shape, ascites, papillary projections, and vascularity, were found to be significantly associated with malignancy. Malignant lesions were also significantly associated with older age and a history of breast cancer. According to statistical analyses, ovarian cancer can be accurately predicted by certain ultrasonographic features using IOTA Simple Rules. In conclusion, ultrasonography is a reliable and efficient method for assessing and categorizing adnexal masses when used following IOTA guidelines. Combining the patient's age, medical history, and ultrasound characteristics improves diagnostic precision, enables prompt and effective treatment, and lowers the risk of surgery.