Ship collision cases, typically treated as civil disputes under the tort of negligence, pose significant legal challenges, particularly in jurisdictions like Cameroon where multiple legal systems coexist. When ships collide at sea, the resulting damage often gives rise to disputes between parties involve in the accident. Where amicable settlements fail, claimants must resort to litigation, arbitration, or other forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). This article critically examines the adjudication of ship collision disputes in Cameroon, highlighting the procedural complexities caused by the coexistence of the Common Law in Anglophone regions and the Civil Law in Francophone areas. These dual systems lead to divergent procedures and evidentiary requirements, complicating case management and enforcement. Also, enforcing judgments in maritime cases is particularly challenging due to practical measures such as ship arrests and injunctions, which are further hampered by bureaucratic bottlenecks and executive interference. The article argues that these systemic hurdles undermine the principle of separation of powers and delay the effective resolution of maritime disputes. To address these challenges, the article recommends harmonising civil procedures in a single Text, and streamlining the administrative processes required for enforcement measures like ship arrests. Strengthening the independence of the judiciary from executive influence is also essential to ensure fair, efficient, and predictable outcomes in ship collision litigation in Cameroon.

As the digitization of education intensifies, cybersecurity has become a vital concern, particularly for Open and Distance Learning (ODL) systems that rely heavily on online platforms to deliver instructional content and manage academic resources. This study investigates the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures implemented within the University of Port Harcourt’s ODL system, with a focus on protecting online educational resources. The research further examines specific vulnerabilities and challenges affecting the cybersecurity infrastructure, such as user awareness, policy implementation, and technical capacity. Adopting a quantitative research approach, data were collected via structured questionnaires distributed to ODL users, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, specifically the mean. The findings indicate that while users express moderate confidence in the presence of basic cybersecurity measures, they also highlight critical shortcomings, including insufficient training, unclear security policies, and irregular system audits. These deficiencies pose significant risks to the safety and integrity of online educational resources. Based on these findings, the study concludes that although foundational security measures exist, a lack of strategic coordination and user engagement weakens overall cybersecurity effectiveness. Consequently, recommendations are made for institutional actors to prioritize awareness training, policy dissemination, continuous audits, and resource allocation to strengthen the ODL platform's security posture.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital viral infection, affecting 0.5–2% of all live births worldwide. Primary maternal CMV infection in the first trimester carries a high morbidity and mortality for the fetus. Herein, we present a case of a 27-year-old primigravida who tested positive for primary CMV infection in the first trimester. The patient experienced fever, fatigue at 8 weeks of gestation. Laboratory investigation revealed elevated inflammatory markers, and CMV serology was consistent with a recent infection (CMV IgM and IgG were positive). She was started on high-dose valacyclovir till amniocentesis then stopped by her self she cannot tolerate and sent for serial fetal evaluations. Fetal CMV was indicated by positive PCR of amniotic fluid at 16weeks. However, ultrasonographic monitoring during pregnancy revealed no structural anomalies other than quarry unilateral cataract at 26weeks. The patient gave birth to a healthy female newborn at term by induced vaginal delivery. Fetal Urinary CMV PCR was positive postnatally. Audiology examination showed bilateral hearing impairment, and the baby commenced on oral valganciclovir. This case highlights the importance of early detection of maternal CMV infection, treatment with antivirals, and the necessity of multidisciplinary antenatal and postnatal monitoring to optimize neonatal outcomes in CMV infection.

Background: Vital pulp therapy aims to preserve pulp vitality following exposure, with calcium silicate-based materials such as Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine widely used for direct pulp capping. Their comparative clinical performance remains an area of ongoing research. Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of Biodentine and MTA in direct pulp capping procedures. Materials and Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted on 50 patients with mechanically exposed vital permanent teeth. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups: Group I (MTA, n=25) and Group II (Biodentine, n=25). Clinical parameters (postoperative pain using VAS, pulp vitality, tenderness) and radiographic outcomes (dentin bridge formation, periapical status) were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test and independent t-test, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Biodentine demonstrated significantly lower postoperative pain at 1 month (1.5 ± 0.9 vs 2.4 ± 1.2; p=0.03). Early dentin bridge formation at 3 months was significantly higher in the Biodentine group (84%) compared to MTA (68%) (p=0.04). At 6 months, dentin bridge formation was observed in 88% of Biodentine cases and 80% of MTA cases (p=0.39). Overall clinical success rates were comparable between the groups at 6 months (Biodentine: 92%; MTA: 88%; p=0.62). Conclusion: Biodentine showed superior early healing response with reduced postoperative pain and faster dentin bridge formation, while both materials demonstrated comparable long-term success. Biodentine can be considered an effective alternative to MTA for direct pulp capping.

To study the prescribing pattern of drugs used in Diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular diseases in a tertiary care hospital. A prospective observational study was done in the General Medicine department of Almas Hospital for 6 months to analyze the prescribing pattern of drugs used in Diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular diseases. 154 patient prescription patterns were studied, out of which 56.5% were males and 43.5% were females. Most of the patients were in the age group of 41-64. Hypertension was the most commonly found co-morbid condition. Glimepiride+metformin were mostly prescribed during a hospital stay. Metformin was the commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemic agent. It was found that the majority of drugs were prescribed from the recent NLEM of India by the practitioners which indicates the implementation and adoption of national drug policy by the hospitals and cardiologists

This study investigates the impact of practical teaching methods on student performance in Introduction to Computing Sciences at the Federal University of Allied Health Sciences, Enugu. As digital literacy becomes a core requirement in health sciences, understanding how pedagogy influences foundational computing outcomes is essential. A quasi-experimental design was used to compare academic outcomes between two cohorts, one taught using conventional lecture methods and the other through hands-on, practical sessions involving lab exercises, simulations, and real-time projects. Data were collected using pre- and post-tests, performance assessments, and feedback surveys. Statistical analysis using paired and independent t-tests revealed a significant improvement in the experimental group’s performance (p < 0.05). Findings suggest that integrating practical, experiential approaches significantly enhances conceptual understanding, retention, and engagement in Computing Sciences. The study recommends institutional adoption of practical-based pedagogy to improve competence and academic success in computing courses, particularly for non-computer science majors in health-related disciplines.

Background: Maxillectomy causes significant functional and esthetic impairments, affecting mastication, speech, and psychological well‑being. Prosthodontic rehabilitation improves oral health–related quality of life (QoL), but the influence of defect extent (Aramany classification) remains underexplored. Objective: To assess QoL outcomes in maxillectomy patients rehabilitated with obturator prostheses and compare variations across Aramany defect classes. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted among 50 maxillectomy patients who underwent prosthodontic rehabilitation. QoL was evaluated using the Oral Health Impact Profile‑14 (OHIP‑14) and the Obturator Functioning Scale (OFS). Responses were recorded on Likert scales. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21.0 with Wilcoxon signed‑rank and chi‑square tests at a 5% significance level. Results: Males (58%) outnumbered females (42%). Most patients had Type I defects (52%), followed by Type II/III (14% each), Type IV (12%), and Type VI (8%). Mucormycosis was the leading cause (78%), followed by trauma (12%) and cancer (10%). Prosthodontic rehabilitation significantly improved QoL (p = 0.001). Patients with extensive anterior/posterior defects (Aramany I & II) showed lower functional and psychological domain scores than those with smaller lateral defects (Classes IV–VI). Post‑oncologic patients experienced greater psychological distress compared to trauma cases. Conclusion: Prosthodontic rehabilitation enhances QoL in maxillectomy patients, though outcomes vary based on Aramany defect classification and etiology. Personalized rehabilitation strategies considering defect size and etiology are essential.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder linked to insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, and hormonal imbalances. Dietary interventions, particularly low- carbohydrate (low-carb) and balanced diets, play a crucial role in managing PCOS symptoms. However, the optimal dietary approach remains debated. Methods: A review of relevant studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, was conducted to compare the effects of low-carb and balanced diets on insulin sensitivity, weight management, lipid profile, and hormonal regulation in women with PCOS. Results: Low-carb diets significantly improve insulin sensitivity, reduce fasting insulin levels, and promote weight loss. They may also lower androgen levels and enhance menstrual regularity but raise concerns regarding long-term adherence and nutrient deficiencies. Balanced diets support gradual, sustainable metabolic and hormonal improvements, offering cardiovascular benefits and long- term viability. Conclusion: Both dietary approaches show promise in PCOS management. Low-carb diets yield faster metabolic improvements but pose sustainability challenges, whereas balanced diets provide long-term benefits. Further research is needed to determine individualized dietary recommendations for PCOS management.

The Vedas, humanity's oldest sacred texts encode an ecological worldview that reveres nature as divine manifestation. In addition, the Vedas position humans as stewards rather than masters of a sacred, interconnected cosmos. At its core lies Rta, the cosmic order governing seasons, ecosystems and moral conduct. Disruption through greed or excess invites imbalance, mirroring modern feedback loops in climate systems and biodiversity loss. Hymns personify Earth as Prithvi Mata (Mother Earth) in Atharvaveda's Prithvi Sukta (12.1), praising the mountains, forests, rivers and minerals while urging reciprocity: "Mātā bhūmiḥ putrohaṁ pṛthivyāḥ" (Earth is my mother; I am her child). This maternal bond demands virtues of truth, penance, non-harm for her enduring fertility, rejecting exploitation for sustainable coexistence. Water, sanctified as Apah (life nectar), flows through Vedic consciousness. Vedic reverence extends to water, sanctifying rivers as life-givers in Rigveda 7.49: "Waters, you are the source of vitality." Practices such as rainwater harvesting, sacred ponds (tadagas) and purity rituals fostered conservation millennia before contemporary water management. Forests and trees embody divine breath; while Vrikshayurveda details organic propagation, pest control and sacred groves (devavanas) that preserved biodiversity hotspots. In addition, the Upanishadic interconnectedness (Brahman as unifying essence) mirrors the Gaia hypothesis, viewing the universe as a conscious web where harm to one element reverberates universally. In the Anthropocene, Vedic teachings offer antidotes to climate crisis and biodiversity loss. Thus, the paper is an attempt to explore the eco-wisdom of the vedas in connection with environmental conservation and sustainability. In short, these insights position India for global sustainability leadership, healing the fractured web through reverence, simplicity and unity. The Vedas whisper: sustainability is not sacrifice, but sacred reciprocity ensuring Prithvi's nurture endures.

The growing threat of biopiracy highlights the urgent need to protect Indonesia's genetic resources and traditional knowledge, particularly those belonging to indigenous communities. Indonesia's rich biodiversity and cultural heritage have long been targeted for exploitation without fair benefit-sharing or acknowledgment. This paper briefly explores the legal foundation for the protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge at both international and national levels, including the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Nagoya Protocol, and Indonesian laws such as the Patent Law and Government Regulation No. 56/2022. Employing a doctrinal legal research method, the study examines relevant legal instruments and national policy documents, supported by secondary data and qualitative analysis. The findings reveal that despite progressive legal frameworks recognizing communal intellectual property and inclusive moral rights, implementation remains limited due to fragmented databases, lack of coordination among institutions, and absence of mechanisms for prior informed consent and benefit-sharing. Inclusive moral rights—which combine collective moral claims with intellectual property protections—are proposed as a normative foundation to empower local communities and the state in asserting sovereignty over their resources. The paper argues that such rights must be operationalized through an integrated database system, enforceable contracts, and regulatory bodies that facilitate equitable access and benefit-sharing. The novelty of this research lies in its conceptualization of inclusive moral rights as a transformative legal tool to bridge communal ownership and intellectual property regimes, ensuring that traditional knowledge and genetic resources are legally protected, ethically respected, and sustainably managed within a national and global framework.

Mucogingival deformities encompass a range of soft tissue abnormalities affecting gingival tissues and their relationship with surrounding oral structures. These conditions, including gingival recession, insufficient attached gingiva width, high frenal attachments, and gingival excess, can lead to aesthetic concerns, oral hygiene challenges, functional problems, psychological impact, and long-term oral health risks. This paper presents two cases of mucogingival deformities and their aesthetic correction using diode lasers. The use of diode lasers offered advantages such as precise tissue removal, reduced bleeding, faster healing, and minimal postoperative pain.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most frequent malignancy arising in the nasopharynx. While cervical lymph node metastases are common at diagnosis, rare cases may occur without nodal involvement. We report the case of a 48-year-old man presenting with headache, epistaxis, and nocturnal snoring. Clinical examination revealed no palpable cervical lymphadenopathy. Imaging showed nasopharyngeal thickening with lysis of the sphenoidal floor and intracranial extension. Histological evaluation confirmed a high-grade undifferentiated infiltrating carcinoma of type UCNT. The patient responded well to chemotherapy.

In the evolving landscape of higher education, data-driven approaches have become pivotal in enhancing academic performance and institutional decision-making. This study investigates the application of supervised machine learning algorithms to predict undergraduate students’ outcomes in Introduction to Computing Science at the Federal University of Allied Health Sciences, Enugu, Nigeria. The aim is to develop predictive models capable of early identification of students at risk of academic failure, enabling proactive intervention strategies. A dataset comprising 500 anonymised student records, including demographic, behavioural, and academic features, was preprocessed using normalisation and encoding techniques. Feature selection methods, such as Chi-square tests and Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), identified midterm test scores, attendance rate, and parental education as key predictors. Five classification algorithms, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gradient Boosting, were trained and evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation. Results revealed that ensemble models outperformed traditional classifiers, with Gradient Boosting achieving the highest performance (87% accuracy, 0.85 F1-score, and 0.91 ROC-AUC). Feature importance analysis confirmed that early assessments and engagement metrics are strong indicators of final course performance. These findings underscore the potential of machine learning to enhance academic support systems by providing actionable insights for educators and administrators. The study concludes by recommending the integration of predictive analytics into institutional frameworks, the development of academic early warning systems, and future expansion of the model to include behavioural and real-time learning data. This work contributes to the growing field of Educational Data Mining and presents a scalable model for fostering academic excellence in Nigerian higher education.

Humanity is all about being human. Being human is all about feeling the pain of fellow human being, supporting our race in creating a happy world, hand holding the ‘downtrodden and the unfortunate’ to uplift them from the grip of pain and sufferings. A common word which is representative of all the pain, suffering, lack of material possessiveness and misfortune is ‘poverty’. It is but obvious that the term poverty is as disdainful as it is devastating in its impact. It is a real curse on humanity. Abstract poverty which devoid human of fulfilling even most basic needs and sometimes causing death due hunger and matching wantless-ness are blot on the face of humanity. We must not lose sight of the visionary statement of the ILO Declaration of 1944 at Philadelphia [ ], which states,”Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere.” It is not only from the fear factor associated with the threat to prosperity only but also due to the factor of benevolence involved in the basic nature of human, a touch of being sensitive to the troubles of the fellow living being that there has been constant effort for bringing the fortune to the “lot with the lost opportunities”. Ever since poverty existed there have been simultaneous efforts to eradicate it. A number of concepts, plans, measures, tactics, and methods have been deviced to deal effectively with poverty. Taking advantage of mutual strength and support has also been a major tool, which identifies itself in the form of Cooperative movement. Self Help Group (SHG) is also manifestation of similar ideology. In India under the aegis of DAY - NRLM this movement has proven to be path breaking and is a movement to recon with. In this paper the author has endeavored to peep into past, narrate the present and estimate the future form of the SHG concept.

Traditional medicine uses Annona muricata to treat a variety of illnesses. This study aimed to assess the anti-proliferative effects of the hexane fraction of Annona muricata (HFAM) seed in MCF-7 cells and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in female rats. Forty Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups in vivo. The control group was group 1, the DMBA (50 mg/kg) was assigned to group 2, the DMBA (50 mg/kg) + HFAM (100 mg/kg) was given to group 3, the DMBA (50 mg/kg) + HFAM (200 mg/kg) was given to group 4, and the HFAM (200 mg/kg) was given to group 5. The HFAM inhibited growth, elicited anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and pro-apoptotic activities in MCF-cells. The HFAM decreased IL-1β, MPO, LPO and increased SOD, CAT, BAX, Caspases-3 and-9 in MCF-7 cells by 45%, 82%, 46%, 44%, 41%, 168%, 22% and 17%, respectively. In vivo, DMBA decreased body weight gain and increased organo-somatic weight of the mammary gland by 35% and 92%, respectively. Also, DMBA decreased the activities of mammary catalase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase by 40%, 66%, 45% and 41%, respectively, while lipid peroxidation increased by 61%. The GC-MS analysis revealed Tirucallol as the most abundant compound. Histology showed glands with malignant epithelial cells and high nucleocytoplasmic in DMBA-administered rats. Interestingly, HFAM decreased inflammation, oxidative stress, and restored the cyto-architecture of glands in DMBA-treated rats. Taken together, HFAM confers protection against DMBA-induced mammary toxicity via anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and pro-apoptotic activities.