Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) is a well-known clinical condition associated with cataract and the more serious blinding secondary open angle glaucoma that lead silently if unilateral or asymmetrical to irreversible loss of vision as the condition will not diagnosed and treated early, so our objective is to estimate the size of the problem so we can plan to overcome the serious blinding outcome in the future. Objectives: 1-Assess the clinical condition frequency. 2-Assess associated complications as cataract and glaucoma (PXG). Settings and Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study of partially random sample. Patients and methods: Partially selected elderly Kurds patients aged 55 years or above those visited Aso eye hospital for any reason, we enrolled 252 patients, 128 female and 124 male patients in the survey, Full slit lamp examination, visual acuity, refraction, fundoscopy and intraocular pressure measurement by Applanation tonometer were done to the patients. Statistical analysis used: Microsoft excels 2010. Results: Of total 252 patients examined, we report 73 patients (146 eyes) have the syndrome; this represents a frequency or relative prevalence of about 29%. 30(44%) are females and 43 (56%) are males, so female to male ratio was about 2/3, of the affected 73 patients, 56 (76.7%) patients have the disease in both eyes (112 eyes) and 17 (23%) patients (34 eyes) of them was affected in one eye, of those affected 73 patients, 60 (82.2%) patient aged 65 years or above, 67(91.7%) of them were moderate to heavy smokers.

Salmonellosis still remains as one of the major threat for poultry industry as well as public health in Bangladesh. Poultry is regarded as one of the most common reservoirs of Salmonella and contamination of poultry products can occur during any stage of poultry production. The current study was designed to identify Salmonella prevalence rate in broiler chickens and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler chicken guts. A total of 320 bacterial colonies were isolated from broiler guts collected from 5 different markets of Sylhet city, Bangladesh, during January and February of the year 2017. The samples were subjected for isolation and identification of Salmonella spp.and through a series of morphological and biochemical observations, 14.37% of the isolates were identified as Salmonella. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was done against 8 commonly found antibiotics in chicken carcasses. Salmonella strains were found to be completely resistant against Ampicillin (100%). The frequency of antibiotic resistance ranked in the following order: Erythromycin (97.82%), Tetracycline (84.78%), Polymyxin B (73.91%), Co-trimoxazole (58.7%), Neomycin (13.04%) and Ciprofloxacin (6.52%). However, Salmonella isolates showed considerably greater sensitivity against Gentamycin (95.64%) and Ciprofloxacin (80.43%). Multidrug resistance was found to be present in all the isolates which is alarming for poultry business and consumer as well.

Carrying angle has been studied by many researchers and it is being studied to correlate with different parameters like age, sex, height and side. The study is aimed to determine the normal carrying angle between right and left hands. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 medical students of Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute, Rupandehi district, Nepal from October 2016 to December 2016. Carrying angle of each individual was measured by using manual metal goniometer and height was measured by using measuring tape. The data was recorded in MS Excel 2007 and further statistical analysis was performed for the descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test was performed to compare the means of the study population by using SPSS 16. In the present study, participants were in the age group of 18-25 years with the mean age of 20.90 ± 1.45 years including 21.98 ± 1.45 years in male and 20.37 ± 1.12 years in female. The mean carrying angle in right hand was 10.64º ± 2.57 whereas 9.69 º ± 2.52 in the left hand with the significant differences between right and left hand. There were no significant differences between age, sex and height with the carrying angle in the study. The mean carrying angle value was higher in case of males than in females. This study is helpful for the anatomists, anthropologists, cosmetic surgeons and orthopaedic surgeon for the correction of the fractures and other associated elbow disorders.

Four different types of algae were recorded for the first time in the Iraqi aquatic environment in the city of Baghdad within the Tigris River, which belongs to the three Division of the algae, represented by the tributary Coleochaete sp. Return to the Division Chlorophyta and the algae Stipitococcus crassistipatus and Chrysidiastrum catenatum Returning to the division of Chrysophyta algae and moss Gymnodinium sp. Return to the Division of algae Pyrrhophyta.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the male urethra is an exceptional tumor. All types tumors of the urethra representing less than 1% of urinary tract tumors. The prognosis remains unfavorable. We report the ninth case observed which manifested by a transtumoral spontaneous breaking of squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra in a patient aged 58 years-old. He was treated by external irradiation associated with chemotherapy, and died after progression of the disease. The spontaneous breaking of tumor of the urethra is an exceptional discovery testifying to a local evolution unfavorable, making these tumors difficult to operate. However, current hope lies in therapeutic protocols combining radio-chemotherapy.

Fluoride is a double edged weapon. It is needed for development of bones and teeth but intake in excess amount is very harmful for humans, animals and plants. Udaipur region is endemic to fluoride and a large number of animals are afflicted with fluorosis. Therefore, a survey was done to assess dental fluorosis in domesticated animals in and around Umarda village of Udaipur, Rajasthan. Cattle (Bos taurus), buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and goats (Capra hircus) were selected for the present study. The study revealed that domestic animals had varied degree of dental lesions. Patchy discoloured enamel, receding gums, erosion of teeth with exposed cementum and defective mastication were prominent in animals. Older age animals showed more severe symptoms like total abrasion and loss of teeth, due to long time exposure to fluoride. Severe dental fluorosis was expressed by 44% cattle, 43% buffaloes and 26.9% goats out of 2320 animals.

To retire is an inevitable event that is bound to happen to every worker in a life time and pension scheme is to provide the employees of an organization with the means of securing on retirement, a standard of living reasonably consistent with that they enjoyed while in service. This is because, at old age man tends to depend on others for assistance and survival, therefore, man has been seeking for ways to make life in old-age meaningful and fulfilled after one has put in his active years in service. Based on the pain, sorrow and problems of retirees in the society (Nigeria), this work seeks to proffer solutions to this age long problem or retirement benefits. This study was conducted using questionnaires and the data analysis for the research was mainly descriptive, which is by the use of Chi-square method. The finding shows that inconsistency in pension polices affect the management of pension. The study thus, concluded that consistency, sincere and honest management of pension fund administration will be the hope of the age long problem of the pension scheme management in Nigeria, hence hope and for better and desirous retirement.

Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) J. Smith has been used in many herbal folklore medicines in Ganjam - Gajapati districts of Odisha state, India. Study pertains to its toxicity profile was undertaken to establish its use as a safe drug for different ailments. Swiss albino mice and wistar albino rats were used for acute and sub-acute toxicity studies respectively. In acute toxicity model, the mice received a limit dose (2000mg/kg) of methanolic extract and kept under observation for 7 days. In sub acute toxicity studies, rats were treated with daily doses (1 g/kg body weight) of methanolic extract for 28 days. In acute toxicity study, samples did not show any mortality at the dose of 2000mg/kg body weight. Further, there were not any significant marked changes observed in hematological parameters too during sub acute toxicity tests. Methanolic extract (ME) of rhizomes of Drynaria quercifolia was found to be safe as a drug. It was without any toxicity at 2000mg/kg body weight and 1g/kg body weight during acute and sub acute toxicity evaluations respectively.

Article revolves around the conspectus accentuating healthiness, quest significance of robustness in workforce proficiency, productivity and prosperity. Descriptive multination study articulated considering secondary data derived of various primary and secondary sources. Study embodies fifteen countries, five high, middle and low-income countries each, employing non-probability nonrandom sampling. Contrasted on considered variable embracing Health-Status, Intelligence-Quotient, Work-Capacity, Economic-Growth and Happiness-Score. Interpretation derived based on the statistical measurements and inferences. Computations performed employing Ms Excel. Complete compilation phase lasted for 2 months August to September ‘2017. Mentally and physically healthy individuals usually score higher in intelligence quotient, manages productive work hours, endures prolong life expectancies and tends to be more contented. Healthy status, intelligence quotient, economic growth, happiness score descends while work capacity ascends from high to low income countries. Healthiness drive workforce effectiveness and efficiency. Health diminutions, a growing concern globally, dispel proficiency, dissipates productivity, perplex prosperity. All means and measures should be encouraged actuating work dexterity concomitant with mental and physical wellbeing.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) causes disturbances in the normal function of the endocrine system and has been associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients on treatment. More data on thyroid dysfunction are needed in Zimbabwe to persuade the country program to institute routine monitoring if needed. We sought to establish if ART exposure is associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients. A cross-sectional study with two comparative groups was conducted between 1 October and 31 December 2016. The participants included HIV-infected persons aged 18+ years who attended Opportunistic Infections (OI) clinics in urban areas around Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Patient samples were tested at the Parirenyatwa Serology Laboratory in Harare, Zimbabwe. The two comparative groups were defined as cases and controls. Cases were HIV positive patients with thyroid dysfunction whilst controls were HIV positive patients without thyroid dysfunction. Participants included 100 females and 93 males who were on ART. The mean age was 34.6 (10.2) years and median age was 33.0 (43.5-68.3) years. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 45.6% and all cases had hypothyroidism. Sex was not associated with thyroid dysfunction, but thyroid dysfunction was more significant in older patients (P=0.031). This study confirms that ART is associated with thyroid dysfunction in older HIV patients on ART. These results are worrying and may suggest a need for the country HIV program to establish strategies to mitigate this. It is cause for concern because the presence of an untreated thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients will worsen their prognosis.

A simple and precise reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of gliclazide in human plasma was developed and validated. Using glipizide as an internal standard (IS), separation was achieved on Atlantis dC18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (pH= 2.5±0.2 adjusted with phosphoric acid) (55:45, v:v), and delivered at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. 0.5 ml plasma samples were deproteinized with dichloromethane and centrifuged. 100 µl supernatant clear solutions were injected to HPLC system. The eluent was monitored spectrophotometricly at 230 nm. No interference in blank plasma or of commonly used drugs was observed. The relationship between the concentration of gliclazide in plasma and peak height ratio of gliclazide to the IS was linear over the range of 0.05-10.0 μg/ml. Intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation (CV) and bias were 3.1% to 6.8% and 3.8% to 9.3% respectively. Mean extraction recovery of gliclazide and the IS from plasma samples was 94% and 87% respectively. The method was applied to assess the stability of gliclazide under various conditions generally encountered in the clinical laboratory. Stability for processed and unprocessed samples was ≥ 90% and ≥ 93% respectively

Comprehensive chemical analysis was carried out for products of sugarcane in an attempt to find the effect of burning and the time taken from cut to mill on cane deterioration and dextran levels in sugars and by-products (molasses) from HalfaAlgadidah Sugar Factory for three varieties cane (V1, V2 and V3); corresponding to Co-6806, Co-527 and Co-986 at six periods (T1, T2, T3, T4 , T5 , T6)corresponding to (3 , 6 , 12 , 24 , 36 and 48) hours, respectively, during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons. Randomized complete plot design with three replications was used in this study. After harvest, the dextran levels were the same in the three varieties for the same duration, but they were significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 between burnt and green cane at different times. The average levels of dextran in sugars, juices and molasses were increased with the time taken from cut to mill. The dextran levels in sugar and molasses were ranged (296 – 1860, 412 – 2247) ppm for the duration of 3 to 48 hours after harvesting, respectively. The deterioration products, such as dextran, formed quickly and increased rapidly with the time taken from cut to mill, for burnt cane more than green cane.

This paper deliberates the scenario of managing governments in general and narrows to Tanzania government, specifically the administration of the fourth regime of president of the United Republic of Tanzania, His excellence, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete. The paper traces the execution of the four regimes of presidency from 1961 to 2015 and makes some examinations on the events and decisions made during these regimes through an eye of a specialist. The study is a review in nature and assimilates qualitative techniques in discussing and analyzing information. Documentation, observation and experiential are the major information collection strategies employed in the study. The paper concludes by setting four propositions: First, that although it is evident that most fabulous practices are manifested during the Kikwete regime yet most of them did not originate from his regime. Secondly, that the revealed evil practices give a signal that the regime of Kikwete was transparent. Third, that the decisions that were made by his regime of accepting resignation of eminent ministers, signals prudence and reliability of the government. Fourth, that the decisions that were taken to revisit the mining contracts out of the main documents suggest courage, brilliance and objectivity of the President in dealing with national matters. Further, that the discussion reveals that observing the four regimes on comparative analysis, the fourth regime, has managed to best intervene on the fundamental problems of the community namely ignorance, disease and poverty. The challenge however, remain to be on improvement in competence based recruitment, promotion and appointment in political and semi-political positions. As noted by gurus of management and governance- the major problem facing the developing countries is not on governance systems but lack of competence based recruitment, appointments and promotion.

Within the last two decades, tuberculosis (TB) has shown an unprecedented and rather unexpected re-emergence despite achievements in immunization, provision of heath care facilities, discovery of drugs and better understanding of the disease. The Northwest Region of Nigeria is one of those corridors through which the transmission of the disease could be enhanced due to seasonal migration of pastoralists serving as carriers of the disease, going by their mobile lifestyle. This paper tried to examine the prevalence of the disease in this area, with the aim of identifying the environmental risk factors associated with it, among others. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on 461 patients receiving treatment as sample across the DOTS centres along Fulani route of seasonal migration. Analyses were carried out using descriptive statistics and the logistic regression while significance test was done using ANOVA. Results indicated that ‘ever been diagnosed of lung and heart-related diseases’ had the highest contribution in the model (B=4.943), followed by ‘ever stayed with a TB patient’ (B=2.213) and then ‘family member ever been infected with TB’ (B=1.411). However, the ANOVA test on number of persons sleeping in a room indicated no statistically significant difference in the means of the groups, F (15, 89) = 1.117; p = 0.354. It was concluded that contact with the index and overcrowding play a role in the prevalence of TB in the study area and therefore recommend further studies on individual risk factors so as to guide disease surveillance and control.

Head nurses are the important part of administration. The responsibilities of head nurses are to manage the nurses properly and provide the best quality of care to the patients. The provision of the supportive leadership can retain the employees in the long run and better health care services can be ensured. The purpose of the current study is to illuminate the effect of leadership styles of head nurses on staff nurses’ turnover. The study is of explanatory and quantitative study design. The cross-sectional survey technique was used. The 21 items questionnaire was used and distributed to 153 nurses of the Ittefaq hospital Lahore, Pakistan to assess the impact of head nurse’s leadership styles on staff nurse’s turnover intentions. The results show that 35.5% variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables. However, the current study results indicate that transactional leadership style has significant positive relationship with turnover intentions and transformational leadership style has significant negative relationship with nurses’ turnover intention. Therefore, head nurses of the private hospitals should use the transformational leadership style to overcome the issue of nurses’ turnover