Urban infrastructure includes physical structures and facilities that are developed or services provided by the public or private institutions to enhance the efficient functioning of an urban centre. In Nigeria, urban infrastructure are largely financed, owned and managed by government at the various tiers through established public agencies. This research is aimed at critically examining the funding strategy of urban infrastructure provision in Nigeria. The objectives included to examine the current state of urban infrastructure in Nigeria, to review the funding policy of urban infrastructure provision in Nigeria and to assess the impact of the funding strategy on urban infrastructure provision. Data for this study were collected from mostly secondary source. The research concluded that the Nigerian government has been guilty of neglecting or under-funding infrastructure development due to either poor budgeting, estimation of acquisition, maintenance cost or sheer mismanagement of funds allocated for such projects. The paper recommended that funding of urban infrastructure provision and maintenance should be embodied in the national budget while monitoring of the executed projects should be performed by the statutory government agencies. This will ensure that the value for money spent is realized.

Colorectal diseases are frequently encountered in clinical practice. They range from minor problems causing minimal discomfort to potentially serious diseases causing much morbidity and mortality. Clinically most of these disorders present with non-specific symptoms like altered bowel habits, diarrhea, bleeding per rectum either melaena or fresh hemorrhage; thus causing much delay in drawing attention. Early detection and proper management are essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Various diagnostic tools are developed in the recent past, improving the detection and assessment of these lesions. To study the profile of various neoplastic colorectal lesions and to know the relative frequency of various diseases, and to know the age, sex incidence and site of occurrence of the neoplastic colorectal lesions. This study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, NRI Medical College, Chinakakani, Guntur district.

Net Promoter Score is a measure used successfully in the commercial fields. In this research we want to apply it on an academic field. Nowadays, there are three universities that are offering MBA program in Jeddah city or we can say in the Western region of Saudi Arabia, and UBT is one of them. In this research we want to measure the advocacy levels for UBT students and explore key interactions and their importance to students. This will show MBA students to what extend they promote this prog

The study presents the assessment of water quality of a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). In this study, a laboratory- scale recirculation aquaculture plant was designed and fabricated to reduce, recycle and reuse fish farm wastewater. The system incorporates trickling filter as a biological treatment processes. Development of bacteria on the trickling filter was done by continuous recirculation of highly concentrated fish farm waste water for 16 days when a considerable mass of bacteria enough for nitrification was observed to have developed. In the experiment, two different systems were compared: a RAS with trickling filter and a conventional open pond system. A sample of effluent from the trickling filter was analyzed for ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, pH and total suspended solid. The result of the analysis showed that the water parameters in RAS were within acceptable level for African catfish culture; 32.89L of water was used up in the RAS for the 21 days culture and percentage increase in weight ranging from 17.69% - 37.05% was observed in the RAS. This shows that the system was effective in producing required effluent quality for catfish fish rearing.

Since the past year budget deficit is corrected in the current year, this study seek to examine the lag effect of previous year‟s budget deficit on performance of the Nigeria economy in the contemporary year using VAR estimation between the periods 1981 to 2015. From the foregoing statistical output, findings established that Budget deficit significantly stimulate economic performance. The output of the granger causality test shows that budget deficit statistically granger cause economic performance and viz versa while the result of the multiple regression of the ordinary least square report a significant but negative relationship to economic performance. The negative response of budget deficit to economic performance could be attributed to moral hazard, mismanagement of fund and financial indiscipline which prevent the country from enjoying the sustainable level of expected growth overtime. The output of the VAR estimate established that the lag value of federal government budget deficit has contributed to performance of the economy in the current year although the contributive quadrant is not been felt to a reasonable extent. This empirical findings support the Keynesian postulation of significant relationship between budget deficit and economic performance. Prior to our findings, study recommends that Policy makers should ensure effective utilisation of borrowed fund and maintain a sporadic evaluation and supervision of such project in which borrowed fund are channelled into in order to achieve a profitable returns which will help in servicing of such debt and also stimulate economic performance.

Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) have potential to improve both productivity and quality. MSEs can adapt any change easily because of their dynamic nature. Productivity and Quality improvement programs in Medium and Large Manufacturing Units have proved their significance. In India, MSEs play a vital role for economical growth of the country. But micro and small industries have limited resources to implement development programs. Process improvement principles and philosophy applicable to medium and large industries are so universal that these can be applied with or without modification in their inherent character to Micro and Small Enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to identify the areas of improvement in small process industry of producing Exercise Notebook by analyzing its batch production so that productivity and quality enhancement programs can lead to financial benefits. Some tools and techniques such as Benchmarking, Standardization, Kaizen, 5S, Lean Practices, Time-Motion study and Low cost automation has been considered to site operational improvements in this labour intensive industry.

This study investigated the relationship between the levels of accountability and integrity of school financial management and the factors that affect levels of accountability and integrity. Selected respondents were among the top and middle management leaders of national high schools. The schools selected were schools under Responsibility Centre status in one of a Malaysian districts which comprised of 97 respondents. The instrument used forthis study was questionnaire designed by the researchers based on observations and literature reviews. The reliability of the questionnaire was α = 0.96. The data were collected and analysed using mean score, Pearson Correlation and Sample ttest which were the main quantitative methods. The results showed very high levels of accountability and integrity among the schools’ financial managers in the district. The study revealed a significant relationship between the levels of accountability and integrity in accordance to few factors namely; knowledge in financial management, financial management of the individuality of the school and the school’s internal control. Finally, the results indicated that there was no significant difference in the levelsof accountability and integrity in managing schools’ financial sources based on genders. The findings of this study can be used by school principals and the Ministry of Education to improve the efficiency of schoolfinancial management, to increase the number of schools that received the Certificate of Excellence Audit and also can help the school managers to lay out the filling course or in-service training (INSET) in schools.

Successful endodontic treatment depends on thorough knowledge in root canal morphology, appropriate assessment of pulp chamber floor, critical interpretation of radiograph, and on biomechanical preparation followed by three dimensional obturation of root canal system. The possibility of additional root /canal should be considered even in teeth a low frequency of abnormal root canal anatomy. Mandibular premolars have earned the reputation for having aberrant anatomy. This article reports and discusses the successful endodontic management of mandibular second premolar with one canal is bifurcating into two canals.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of: 1) Discipline working through the spirit of the work on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber indirectly. 2) The spirit of working through labor discipline on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber indirectly. 3) Discipline and morale work on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber, either partially or simultaneously. A population of 42 people and the sample is saturated sampling as many as 42 people. The analysis used is path analysis, multiple linear regressions, coefficient of determination and hypothesis testing partial and simultaneous with the alpha (0.05). The results of path analysis showed a positive and significant impact work discipline variables via the morale on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber either directly or indirectly. Morale through labor discipline and significant positive effect on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber either directly or indirectly. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber affected by the work discipline and morale 0251 points at 0261 points. The results of the analysis of determination of 0264, that variable work discipline and morale can explain the work performance of employees of PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber is 26.4% while the remaining 73.6% is influenced by other variables. Work discipline and morale has a positive and significant impact on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber either partially or simultaneously.

Tobacco use is a serious public health problem, the prevention and control of tobacco use has become an emerging issue of global significance and of central importance to oral health and Dental care. So, health professionals have a critical role in reducing the tobacco use in which dentists play a significant role. Thus, this study was conducted to assess and compare the Knowledge, attitude and perception towards tobacco use among dental and engineering students. A self-administered structured closed ended questionnaire to 440 Undergraduates was used. The chi-squared test was used to check differences between proportions. The unpaired t-test was used to check mean differences between the groups. Majority of the students in both the group had a fair level of knowledge related to tobacco regulations. Mean knowledge score between both the groups towards ill-effects of tobacco showed that dental students had good knowledge level as compared to engineering students (P=0.000). 145 (94.8%) dental students and 243 (84.4%) engineering students expressed a positive attitude towards advising smokers to stop smoking. Among dental students, 129(84.3%) perceive that attractive packaging of tobacco products is bad as compared to 181(62.8%) engineering students. Although attitude and perception among dental students towards tobacco cessation was better than engineering students, knowledge of tobacco regulations in both the groups was not satisfactory.

One of the main challenges facing economic researchers across the globe, especially empirical researchers in developing economies, is how to document their work. Indeed, numerous scholarly contributions are rejected by credible and refereed journals due to poor documentation. This paper examines the importance of good documentation of empirical research in Economics as well as how such documentation is done. Specifically, this paper shows that replication may be impossible if empirical research is not properly documented, and that well compiled data file, do-file, and technical annex are key ingredients of properly documented empirical research in Economics.

Abstract: The Aim of the study was to ascertain contraceptive awareness in Saudi women of Hail region and to reveal their knowledge with respect to their specific socio demographic factors. Cross sectional survey (n=500) conducted in reproductive age Saudi women of Hail region. Sample population was approached by direct interview by undergraduate medical students and questionnaire shared by social media. Questionnaire included their age, education, knowledge, use of any method and contraceptive preferences. 500 Saudi women of Hail region were approached from 15 to 55 years. Most women (82%) interviewed were highly educated up to university level. 47% of respondents were young 25 to 34 years of age, 31 % were 35 to 44 years. 93% of women were familiar to contraception before but 77.8 % used it ever in their lives. A good percentage of women (88.0%) used it without prescriptions. 71.2% get this information from media (social, print and broadcasting media), 68.8% from discussion with relatives and same percentage were educated by their doctors. Oral contraceptive pills are the most familiar method while other methods need to be publicized. 55.2% of respondents feel that their knowledge about different contraceptive methods is not enough and they urged on the need to provide more awareness and education about this. There is a great need to create more awareness about different methods and their appropriate use in Hail region. Health professionals as well as social media should be involved in this education and motivation.

Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and histological analysis of lungs were carried out in twenty rats exposed to smoke from transfluthrin impregnated insecticide paper. The rats were divided into five groups (I, II, III, IV and V) of four each. Group one served as control while Group II, III, IV and V were exposed to smoke from transfluthrin impregnated paper Insecticide for 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes daily for four weeks respectively. On the 29th day, the rats were euthanized and blood sample was collected and centrifuged for analysis of biochemical parameters (MDA, AST, ALT and ALP), the animals were dissected and lung tissues were collected for histological analysis. Significant increase (p<0.05) in all parameters (MDA, AST, ALT and ALP) were observed in a time dependent pattern compared to normal control. However, histopathological analysis of the lung tissues shows no pathological changes between test groups and normal control. Thus, exposure of rat to smoke from transfluthrin impregnated paper insecticide modifies biochemical parameters (MDA, AST, ALT and ALP) but within the context of duration of this research, no significant pathology was observed in lung tissues. Transfluthrin impregnated paper insecticide should be used with caution.

Abstract: Simultaneous bilateral posterior dislocation of the shoulder complicated with a fracture (fracture-dislocation) is an extremely rare condition and the relevant literature contains very few published case reports. Besides its rarity, this complicated condition may cause delays in diagnosis because of the physicians’ tendency to use plain radiography which is known to have low sensitivity in detecting concomitant fractures. This report describes a successfully treated case of simultaneous bilateral fracture-dislocation of the shoulder which could be clarified by computed tomography (CT) performed following a failed reduction of the shoulders. In conclusion, physicians should consider this rare entity and if there is a doubt CT should be performed for accurate diagnosis.

Intentional replantation is defined as extraction of the tooth followed by replacement in its socket. Intentional replantation is considered as a last resort where surgical endodontics or conventional root canal therapy cannot be performed. Factors determining success in intentional replantation are periodontal cell viability, removal of irritant, good apical seal and procedure carried out under aseptic condition with a traumatic extraction. In this article, a case of intentional reimplantation is described and discussed as a treatment approach for failed root canal treatment with separated instrument periapically beyond the apical terminus in mandibular second molar.