In this paper, we analyze the geotechnical properties of the natural soft soil and its mixture with different nano materials at different percentages by conducting different number of experiments. The main objective of our work is to find whether the nano materials and their percentage level will increase the soft soil geotechnical properties or not. To accomplish this process, initially the natural soil sample is collected and the different geotechnical properties of the collected sample are computed. Then, the nano materials with different percentages are added to the natural soil sample and obtained the corresponding geotechnical properties for the mixture soil sample. Subsequently, a mathematical model is developed to find the optimal geotechnical properties value in different nano materials with different percentages. The developed mathematical model shows the geotechnical properties levels of nano mixture soil for unknown experiments. Finally, a fine tuning model process is conducted to check whether the nano material mixture of the natural soil will increase its geotechnical property or not. In this way, our proposed technique finds the optimal geotechnical property value for the unknown experiments and also produces an accurate result in fine tuning process. The implementation result demonstrates the geotechnical properties results of natural soil and nano mixture soil under different experiments. Our proposed technique shows that the geotechnical property values of the nano mixture soil are high compared to the natural soil. Moreover, the developed mathematical model is better to find the optimal geotechnical property value for unknown experiments.

The purpose of the present study was to study the occurrence of radicular dentinal defects after using EDTA gel during preparation of the root canal with ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland), HyFlex (ColteneWhaledent, Allstetten, Switzerland), and ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer) rotary instruments. Forty-eight single rooted premolars were selected. Twelve teeth were instrumented with hand files; another 12 teeth were instrumented with the ProTaper Universal system up to size F3 and the remaining 24 teeth were shaped with Hyflex CM 25/0.6 and ProTaper Next X3. EDTA gel was used during the root canal preparations of each tooth. After the completion of root canal instrumentation, the roots were sectioned at 3mm,6mm and 9mm followed by stereomicroscopic observation of the sections. The absence/presence of radicular dentinal defects was documented, and the data analysis was done with a chisquare test. The significance level was set at P = 0.05. The ProTaper Next and HyFlex CM instruments caused fewer cracks (33.33% and 50%) than the ProTaper Universal instrument (66.7%) (P < .05). However, there were no significant variances in radicular dentinal defects formation between the Hyflex CM and ProTaper Next groups (P > 0.05). Within the confines of this in vitro study, all of the instrumentation systems used induced radicular defects in the root dentin. The ProTaper Next and HyFlex instruments tended to cause fewer dentinal cracks compared with the ProTaper Universal instrument.

Natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas are the most important alternative fuels for gasoline in spark ignition engines, for many reasons, such as large world reserve of these gasses, high heating value, high octane number, low emissions emitted from burning them in engines, and their small prices compared with gasoline. The practical study conducted with these two fuels to operate single cylinder with variable compression ratio, speed and spark timing Ricardo E6/US, and its performance was compared with that resulted from running the engine with gasoline. The results appeared that the HUCR (higher useful compression ratio) for gasoline was 8:1, 10.5:1 for LPG and 13:1 for natural gas. Results appeared that spark timing was advanced when using NG more than other used fuels, because of its low flame speed propagation. The study conducted that brake power of LPG and NG were less than that for gasoline at CR=8:1, but they became closer when the engine operated at HUCR for each fuel. The results showed that specific fuel consumption for NG less than that for LPG, which was less than that for gasoline on a mass basis. Also, the exhaust gas temperature for NG was found to be less than LPG, and it was for LPG less than that for gasoline.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the changes in mechanical properties of stainless steel, nickel titanium and beta titanium archwires after clinical use and sterilization. Thirty wires each of Stainless steel, Nitinol and Beta titanium (3M Unitek) were tested in as received (Group A), as received and autoclaved (Group B), and clinically retrieved then autoclaved conditions (Group C). A sterilization protocol of 134 0C for 18 minutes was performed using an autoclave. Mechanical properties were tested using an universal testing machine and the load deflection data was plotted as stress-strain curves from which ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus as well as 0.2% offset yield strength was calculated. Ultimate tensile strength of Group C archwires showed significantly lower values when compared with Group A and B archwires (P<0.001). Elastic modulus of stainless steel and beta titanium Group C archwires showed significantly lower values when compared with Group A and B archwires (P< 0.001). Elastic modulus of Group Band Group C Nitinol wires showed significantly higher values when compared with Group A archwires (P = 0.03 and P =0.02 respectively). Yield strength of Group C beta titanium archwires showed significantly lower values when compared with Group Aarchwires(P< 0.001). Autoclave sterilization did not affect considerably on mechanical properties of any archwire. Ultimate tensile strength of all archwires were significantly reduced after intraoral exposure.

Hysterectomy is the most commonly performed major gynecological surgery worldwide and prevalence of hysterectomy varies from country to country, region to region. Hysterectomy may be total -removing the body, fundus, and cervix of the uterus; often called complete hysterectomy or partial hysterectomy/subtotal hysterectomy - removal of the uterine body while leaving the cervix intact; also called supracervical hysterectomy. The objective of this study is to know the most common pathology causing abnormal uterine bleeding by studying histopathological findings in hysterectomy specimens and also to know the commonest age group undergoing hysterectomies. In our study involving 200 cases most common age group underwent hysterectomy was 40-49 years followed by 30-39 years group and least hysterectomies done in group 70-79 years. Type of hysterectomy performed most commonly in this study was supracervical or subtotal hysterectomy. Most of lesions were seen in the endometrium 84 cases (42%), Myometrium 59 cases (29.5%), cervix 33 cases (16.5%) and ovary 24 cases (12%). Hysterectomy still remains the widely used treatment modality in developed and developing countries. All hysterectomy specimens should be sent for histopathological examination regardless of the pre-operative microscopic assessment, especially in malignant disease.

The midline diastema is a space (or gap) between the maxillary central incisors . The space can be a normal growth characteristic during the primary and mixed dentition and generally is closed by the time the maxillary canines erupt. Researchers and clinicians now believe that multiple factors may contribute to a midline space including abnormal frenum, midline bony clefts ,oral habits, soft tissue imbalances, physical impediments, dental anomalies and/or dental/skeletal disharmonies, as well as normal dentoalveolar development. Most often, during the oral examination of the patient the dentist gives very little importance to the frenum. The frena may jeopardize the gingival health when they are attached too closely to the gingival margin, either due to an interference in the plaque control or due to a muscle pull. Orthodontic and anatomic approaches have led many authors to classify the type of the frenum exclusively according to the morphological means. The importance of various types of normal to abnormal frenii associated with diastema has not been distinguished in Indian population which is of concern to periodontist, orthodontist and restorative dentist. As of now there is no comprehensive review on diastema and frenum, a tiny fold that plays an important role silently , if found abnormal in location and morphogenetically, to and gains an interdisplinary attention in dentistry Hence a first attempt is made to present a comprehensive review on diastema and frenum in this paper.

The objective of this study is to determine the association of biofilm formation, extended spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL] production and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among uropathogenic Escherichia coli [UPEC] isolates. The present study was conducted on 137 UPEC isolates (counts > 105cfu/ml) from UTI cases. In all these isolates biofilm formation was detected by microtitre plate [MTP] method, ESBL production by combined disc diffusion technique and antibiotic susceptibility testing [AST] by Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method. The data was analysed by using Medcalc software package. Chi-square test was applied. Among 137 UPEC isolates, 48 (35%) were biofilm producers [BFP’s]and 89 (65%) were biofilm non producers [BFNP’s] by MTP method. Of the total number of137 isolates, the highest number of strains were susceptible to amikacin followed by gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cefepime.Among 137 isolates, ESBL producers were 28 (75%) of which 21 (75%) were BFP’s also, which makes a total of 49 (35%) (ESBL+Biofilm) and BFNP’s were 7[25%]. ESBL non-producing E.coliwere109 (80%), of which 32 (29.3%) were BFP’s and 77 (70.6%) were BFNP’s. The ability of biofilm formation was significantly higher in ESBL producing strains than that of ESBL non-producing strains (p<0.05). The ability of biofilm formation was found to be higher among ESBL producing stains of E. coli. Higher resistance rate was noted among biofilm producers to almost all the antimicrobial agents except few than non-biofilm producers.

Abstract: The present study examines the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability characteristics of two superposed, electrically conducting viscous fluids saturating a homogeneous porous medium. The fluids are separated by a horizontal interface and subjected to a uniform magnetic field, while Darcy–Brinkman flow resistance arising from the porous structure modifies the momentum transport. By applying linear perturbation theory in conjunction with the normal-mode technique, a generalized dispersion relation is derived that incorporates the effects of magnetic field strength, viscosity stratification, density contrast, and permeability parameters. The analysis reveals that the presence of a porous matrix exerts a strong stabilizing influence by enhancing momentum dissipation and suppressing the growth rate of interfacial disturbances. The magnetic field further augments this stabilization through magnetic tension, particularly for short-wavelength perturbations. The combined action of magnetic damping and porous resistance raises the critical conditions required for the onset of instability, thereby reducing the likelihood of shear-driven or buoyancy-driven interfacial deformation. The results are relevant to geophysical flows, petroleum reservoir engineering, filtration systems, and industrial processes involving magnetized fluid transport through porous structures.

A key characteristic of the adaptive response of cells is that if the stimulus is removed any alteration in cell growth reverts to normal. In contrast to these reversible adaptive responses certain stimuli cause changes in genetic material that result in permanent alteration of the normal cellular growth pattern. Such altered cells, which are termed neoplastic, fail to respond normally to signals controlling the cell growth. They proliferate excessively in a poorly regulated manner, forming a lump or tissue mass called a neoplasm. A tumour is said to be benign when its microscopic and gross characteristics are considered relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localised, cannot spread to other sides. Malignant, as applied to a neoplasm, implies that the lesion can invade and destroy the adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death. Mechanisms by which metastatic cells arise from primary tumours and why they metastasize to specific organs can be explained by cross talk between selected cancer cells (the ‗seeds‘) and specific organ micro environments (the ‗soil‘) implying that Stephen Paget‘s 1889 seed-soil hypothesis. Metastasis of a tumour cell depends on its interactions with the homeostatic factors that promote tumour cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and neuropharmacological activities of methanol extract of Nymphaea nouchali (Nymphaeaceae) flower (MENN).The antinociceptive activity of MENN was evaluated by heat induced (tail immersion test) and chemical induced pain models (acetic acid-induced writhing). The effect of MENN on central nervous system (CNS) was studied using hole cross test, open field test. MENN showed strong, significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in both acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion test a tall experimental doses (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg). Acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that the extract at the lower dose inhibited59.97% and at the higher dose produced a maximum of 64.75% inhibition of writhing that is comparable to the reference drug Diclofenac Sodium. MENN also showed reduced locomotor activity in both hole cross and both open field tests. So, it is evident that MENN possesse strong antinociceptive activity as well as CNS depressant activity. The results justify the ethnomedicinal use of N. nouchali flower in different painful conditions and CNS disorders

Though meager, but studies are indicative of psycho-physiological turmoil of women in Uttarakhand, a northern state in India. Women perform tons of chores in the house as well as field, in hilly areas. The positive statistical data for women in terms of literacy rate cannot hide the grimmer condition of women in relation to poor nutritional status, poor psychological health, poor financial independence, poor decision making power etc. The current situation of women aggravates when it is further accompanied by introduction of eating disorders. The problem of eating disorder has a direct impact on nutritional and psychological health. The dearth of literature in this arena leaves the problem unrecognized and thus unaddressed.

Swellings of the major salivary gland commonly lead to the differential diagnosis which includes benign and malignant tumors that are frequently associated with cystic degeneration or entirely cystic de novo. Only 6-9% of major salivary gland swellings are cystic lesions and 2-5 % are non-neoplastic in nature. This is a case report of such an asymptomatic unilateral parotid gland lesion in a 30-year-old female patient. The authors discuss the significance of clinical, radiographic, macro and microscopic correlations of cystic mass in major salivary glands.

Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of EtOH extract of Avicennia officinalis leaves were determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Folin-Ciocalteau assay, respectively. IC50 value was 160.92 µg/ml in DPPH assay and total phenolic content was 208.57mg GAE/100 g of dry powder. The sample produced 18.75% and 51.88% (P<0.01) writhing inhibition at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively, in acetic acid-induced writhing model using Swiss-albino mice. It showed accountable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi in disc diffusion assay. MIC was found to be as 62.5 μg/ml against E. coli and 125 μg/ml against S. typhi. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay LC50 value was found 131.203 µg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of important phytochemicals like carbohydrate, reducing sugar, combined reducing sugar, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, proteins, terpenoids and flavonoids which may be responsible for antioxidant, analgesic, cytotoxic and accountable antibacterial activity

Abstract: This study investigated the efforts of NGOs on empowering HIV/AIDS orphaned children to deal with stigma and discrimination in Njoro Sub County. The effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic pervade every aspect of children’s lives, their emotional well-being, physical security, mental development, and overall health. To ensure these children enjoy their rights, NGOs have been involved in empowering them by mitigating the challenge of stigma. The study was informed by the Empowerment theory by Andrea Diane (1995). The study used descriptive research design. Purposive sampling was used to get a sample of 47 children respondents and 10 key informants comprising of 2 NGOs officials and 8 community volunteers. The study collected and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data. The results obtained indicated that the NGOs have implemented programs to empower HIV/AIDS orphaned children on how to deal with stigma and discrimination e.g. by holding their self-esteem high. The study found that children respondents’ lives have changed positively and they can freely play with their peers unlike before they were introduced to the programs. The study recommended that the NGOs should consider empowering the larger community on how to live with the children without stigmatizing or discriminating against them.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) - one of the major human diseases, which account for a significant portion of all cardiovascular deaths of the world. In spite of recent decrease in cardiovascular mortality, IHD remains the leading cause of death in the developed world. The application of surgical and percutaneous myocardial revascularization promised to be a safe and effective method to control symptoms and to improve prognosis in this disease. However, clinical results do not match these expectations: most revascularized patients remain symptomatic, a large fraction continues to require antianginal medications, and about 10% suffer of either death or myocardial infarction within 2.5 years. In the meanwhile, the clinical variety of IHD is rapidly changing, with a growing prevailing of elderly patients, diabetics, and heart failure patients. Pharmacologic intervention of cardiac energy metabolism, by enhancing the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) via administration of L-arginine, appears as an innovative and attractive addition to treatment of IHD patients.