Abstract: Sugars belong to glycan/carbohydrate group of chemicals. Realisation of their sweetness was earlier as compared to its use as an energy source and an important dietary component. Although sugar is vital for defraying many physiological functions of our body properly, “Sweet tooth” or “Craving for sugar” is of common occurrence in children. Of late, we have realised that an excess consumption of sugar is harmful leading to various elements affecting our health, more so in children and women. So one should not only be careful while consuming excess amount of sugar (more than the recommended) in one’s diet, but rather advertently avoid it.

The present study is to evaluate the inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in the methanol extracts of marine red alga Tolypiocladia glomerulata. The methanol extract of red alga T. glomerulata showed concentration dependent α-glucosidase inhibitory and with achieved maximum activity of 87.08 ± 0.01% at a concentration of 900 µg/mL in a manner IC50 = 608 µg/mL. Similarly the dose dependent effect was observed against α- amylase enzyme with 81.25 ± 0.02% of inhibition at 900 µg/mL (IC50 = 543 µg/mL). The above results were compared with that of the standard drug Acarbose. It can be concluded that the methanol extracts of red alga T. glomerulata exert an effective antidiabetic activity and considered as a potential candidate for the management of diabetes mellitus.

Abstract: Medical education has undergone major changes from teacher centered to student centered, from discipline based to integrated, from hospital based to community based curriculum and is more focused on formative learning. Medical professionals are looking at aids to cope with the information overload. The processing capability of desktop and the communication attributes of the mobile phone has merged together to create a device which offers limitless access to medical resources. Physicians prefer a Smartphone, which has multiple functions to offer. They are making increasing use of mobile devices in support of their clinical practice and professional development, and their profile in medical education is also growing.

In Côte d'Ivoire very few studies have been devoted to the exploration of iron status among school-age children. This study aims to evaluate iron status in children aged 5 to 11 years in good health in three canteens of three municipalities in of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). A total of 103 students, including 42 girls and 61 boys were selected for this study. Blood samples were taken in each of these children in order to investigate some parameters of blood count and determine some biochemical parameters of iron status. The mean values of various biological parameters of iron status were normal in accordance to physiological reference values from the literature with the exception of hemoglobin in boys which is below normal rate. All parameters did not indicate significant differences between girls and boys (p > 0.05). Our study indicated that in children about two out of three have abnormal iron status. Abnormal iron status is composed respectively by 3.9% of iron deficiency, 8.7% iron deficiency anaemia, 22.3% of simple inflammatory anemia and 23.3% of inflammatory anaemia associated to deficiency martial. Iron deficiency anemia was the only type of nutritional anaemia noted in this work. In addition, we observed two types of anaemia of inflammatory origin.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm of the endothelial cells that commonly occurs in conditions that may lead to severe immunosuppression, e.g. HIV/AIDS, malignancies or use of immune suppressing medications. The development of KS has been linked to infection with an oncogenic virus, the Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8), also known as KS-associated herpes virus (KSHV). Rarely KS also occurs in individuals with no clinical or pathological evidence of immunosuppression as described in the elderly male population of Mediterranean origin, the Ashkenazi Jews and younger population in parts of Central Africa where the oncogenic virus is endemic. Lesions in non AIDS KS are usually localized and typically involve the lower limbs. Widespread and generalized KS occur more in individuals suffering from HIV/AIDS. We describe a case of a HIV negative 51year old Nigerian male who presented with generalized cutaneous KS. Diagnosis was made by a combination of clinical description, imaging studies and histopathology. Clinical presentation of KS ranges from mild (localized cutaneous) to severe (generalized cutaneous and visceral) features. Treatment modalities are available for KS and use of any particular type of treatment depends largely on the distribution of lesions, visceral organ involvement and the presence or absence of immunosuppression. Treatment of KS, particularly cutaneous presentations does not restore the skin to its premorbid state however early diagnosis and treatment is necessary to achieve a significantly improved outcome

Abstract: This paper studies the performance of single cylinder, 4-stroke, variable compression ratio, spark timing, and equivalence ratio, spark ignition Ricardo E6 engine, fuelled with supplemented hydrogen to LPG. The results indicated that the higher useful compression ratio (HUCR) for a mixture of two gasses was (10.5:1). The brake power when the engine was fueled with LPG had higher than that when it was fed with hydrogen. However, when mixing two fuels, the brake power increased and became greater than that when fueled with LPG to a certain limit (the hydrogen volumetric ratio in the mixture reached 70%). After this limit the brake power reduced by increasing hydrogen volumetric ratio. At equivalence ratios between (Ø=1-1.1), the brake power got its highest value when mixing the two fuels. The results showed that the engine could be operated with very lean equivalence ratios with additional hydrogen. The brake specific fuel consumption reduced while the indicated thermal efficiency increased when hydrogen volumetric fraction was increased.

Abstract: The arterial supply of the interventricular septum was studied by macroscopic and radiological examination after injecting radio-opaque material in 50 human hearts. During macroscopic study many intercoronary anastomoses were found in different regions of heart though they were short in length, small in caliber and thin walled. At radiological examination, the small septal arteries arising from the posterior interventricular artery and large septal arteries from the anterior interventricular artery were observed. The secondary branches from the main septal arteries displayed diverse patterns on the right and left sides of the septum. During radiological study, it was also recognized that the short septal rami from the posterior descending artery were distributed over the posterior or inferior one-third of the septum except its apical zone while the anterior descending artery through its septal branches supplied the ventral two-thirds of the septum and whole of the apical portion. Straight intercoronary anastomotic vessels were clearly discernible within the interventricular septum during radiological examination.

The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of four universal adhesives (UAs) applied in two different etching modes, self-etch (se) or etch-and-rinse (er). The occlusal onethird of 48 freshly extracted intact human molars was removed, and the exposed surfaces were treated with one of the four UAs [Single Bond Universal (SBU), Prime Bond NT (PNT), Peak Universal Adhesive (PUA) or All-Bond Universal (ABU)] in se or er mode, with Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) and Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB) as controls (n=8). After composite build-up, specimens were stored in distilled water (37oC/24 h). Composite resin–dentine beams were prepared (0.9 mm2), and the µTBS test was performed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan‘s test (α = 0.05). Additional specimens were processed and examined to assay interfacial NL. The failure patterns of the debonded specimens were evaluated using a stereo electron microscope. One additional tooth was prepared for each group for evaluation of NL. The teeth were immersed in a tracer agent (AgNO3 50% w/v) for 24 h. After longitudinal sectioning and polishing, the generated interfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis indicated that the addition of an etching step significantly affected the µTBS of all UAs, except for SBU, compared to se application modes (p<0.05). The highest µTBS value (38.84±2.07 MPa) was obtained in the SBU er group, and the lowest (15.96±1.21 MPa) in the ABU se group. While no NL was determined in the SBU adhesive se or er groups, varying levels were detected in the other groups. The results show that UA performance was material-dependent. Application of an etching step prior to UAs increases their bonding effectiveness and reduces levels of NL.

Abstract: The double posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) sign is characteristic MRI sign of bucket handle tear of medial meniscus in patients with the intact anterior cruciate ligament. Bucket handle tear is displaced vertical longitudinal tear with displacement of the inner fragment (resembling the handle of a bucket) into intercondylar notch parallel to posterior cruciate ligament with residual larger peripheral part of the meniscus resembling the bucket. On MRI, the double posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) sign is seen as a low-signal-intensity band that is parallel and anteroinferior to the PCL on sagittal images. Double PCL sign is a highly specific indicator of bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus. However, knowledge of mimics of this sign which include few normal and abnormal structures in the intercondylar fossa, such as meniscomeniscal ligaments, ligament of Humphrey and Wrisberg (accessory meniscofemoral ligaments), loose bodies, fracture fragments, double-barrelled PCL is important to avoid fallacies. Primary treatment of bucket handle tear is arthroscopic repair.

The interest in energy conservation and management comes from the increased demand on energy in the present day. This issue has become necessary to achieve sustainable development of the society. Energy conservation means the change in the pattern of energy consumption and pursued to reduce the increasing growth in energy consumption. The case of rationalization of energy consumption needs clear mechanisms to address the problem of high consumption rates. Also, the attention should be paid to the transition to a sustainable energy sources that can save energy through natural sources rather than fossil fuels. The energy conservation enlightenment should be promoted among segments of society, whether individuals, families, institutions, and companies to ensure continuity for future generations. The goal of reducing energy consumption can be done in several ways, starting from the design of the building that gets use of the natural energy resources. The employment of thermal insulations at the outer wall is another type of energy conservation. Also, the replacement of bulbs with lamps that consume low power is one of methods of reducing energy consumption. In this paper, the focus was on electrical devices usually used in homes in Oman. Also, the number and types of the used lighting devices were measured, the energy consumed, the number of air conditioners, the number of working hours, and the monthly bill were followed up and recorded. We also conducted a questionnaire to measure the extent of people's knowledge of the importance of energy conservation and ways to preserve it.

The aim of this study was to determine provoking factors of clinical anxiety among dental students from trainers and students’ perspective. A cross-sectional study was conducted among junior dental students of Taibah Dental College and their trainers using the 38-item modified Moss and McManus clinical anxiety questionnaire. Totally, 123 students and 27 clinical trainers participated. In 5 out of 32 situations significant differences in anxiety were reported by students and trainers (P< 0.05). Dental students reported higher level of anxiety than clinical trainers when they are presenting cases in clinical sessions, helping in a faint, failure of local anaesthesia injection and not meeting the requirements before the exam. However, clinical trainers were more anxious than dental students when they get involved in arresting postoperative bleeding (P< 0.05). Clinical trainers shared largely the same perspective with dental students on the following clinical anxiety provoking situations: when they getting diagnosis wrong, inadvertently hurting the patients, are dealing with psychiatric patients, treating medically compromised patients, coping with uncooperative patient, dealing with fainting patient, fracturing a tooth, extracting wrong tooth, causing accidental pulp exposure, fear of patient’s satisfaction, tearing of the cheek/lips due to catching on a dental burr, getting infected by patients, and giving wrong treatment (P>0.05). It was concluded that clinical trainers and students have great similarity in their perspective on the clinical anxiety provoking situations with slight differences. Clinical trainers’ anxiety dramatically increased with the most risky clinical conditions such as getting infected by patients, arresting postoperative bleeding and dealing with psychiatric patients.

Simulation of a construction project area not even travelling there is an innovative idea to have real perception about that area with the innovation of cutting-edge technology of Oculus Rift. Visceral experience inside the imagery is also a new perception of being physically present in a non-physical world by using an Oculus Rift. Virtual simulation on any images and videos provide completely preoccupied environment for the purpose of having real perceptions without being present at that place. Oculus Rift, which is a virtual reality headset, is capable of maintaining six degrees of freedom of rotational and positional tracking to realize the real test of presence in the imagery sphere. Google street view, personal street view and Google Map enable accessing of any location on the earth and virtual reality can create the real perception without moving to the location. Therefore, this study is aimed to work out a cost effective and time efficient model of experiencing virtual site perception of reality without moving to that place. The technique of imagery analysis by using immersive visualization at any locations is implemented in the study. It is an analytical technique for making a comparison among different probable project suitability in a location. In this study, it is also developed a technique of identifying the most suitable location for a particular project by wearing head mounted display integrated with street view, satellite view and bird’s view. In the process, images are introduced by dragging and dropping from the extra features of Unity Engine software into the artificial world representing the reality of Oculus Rift.

Gingival recession is the displacement of the gingival margin apical to the cemento-enamel junction resulting in the exposure of root surface which puts the patient at risk for dentine hypersensitivity, root caries, abrasion/erosion of roots etc. The etiology can be inflammatory periodontal disease, developmental anatomic abnormalities (aberrant frenal attachment, thin bony plate), toothbrush injury, tooth malposition and iatrogenic factors. Besides, gingival morphology plays an important role in causing gingival recession. The present study aims at assessing the co-relation between gingival biotype and occurrence of gingival recession. A total no. of 20 patients with 30 recession sites were clinically examined for the type of gingival recession present followed by the assessment of gingival biotype after administration of topical anaesthetic agent. Based on the findings a correlation between the incidences of gingival recession will be assessed with that of the biotype through Pearson co-relation test. A statistically significant co-relation between gingival biotype and occurrence of gingival recession was found with higher no. of incidence of recession in patients with thin biotype. A clinician’s knowledge in identifying gingival biotypes is paramount in identifying the indirect causes of recession. Patients with thin biotype are susceptible to higher incidence of gingival recession.

Compaction of subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of a pavement. It is designed to evenly spread the load of the paving, it compacted with heavy equipment until the material forms a dense layer of interlocking aggregate. To perform well, subbase aggregates must be strong and durable, and must meet very specific graduation requirements. The main aim of this study is finding the effect of changing energy of compaction on the subbase. the sample of subbase is under class B after testing it by sieve analyses test, the physical properties as (specific gravity, elastic limit, plastic limit &max dry density) have been tested, the sample tested under different energy of compaction (modified proctor test and standard proctor test ) and found the effect of energy on (dry density, void ratio, porosity).

Alkaline Phosphatase comprises a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in an alkaline environment. This enzyme plays an important role in the bone metabolism. Alkaline Phosphatase acts as a byproduct and its serum level directly corresponds to the osteoblastic activity. The aim of the present study was to measure the serum and salivary alkaline phosphatase levels to detect the rate of bone resorption. In the present clinical study, serum and saliva samples were collected from the female patients between the age groups of 30-70 years and subjected for the biochemical analysis of alkaline phosphatase and calcium in semi-auto analyzer and were analyzed statistically. Serum and salivary alkaline phosphatase and calcium levels were decreased gradually with progressive age. By the present study, we concluded that levels of alkaline phosphatase and calcium will decrease with advancing age and saliva can be used as a diagnostic tool alternate to serum.