Time out protocol for surgery is very important for the declination of mortality rate because two hundred and thirty four millions surgeries have been performed every day worldwide in which 7 million had adverse complications. To assess the attitude and practice of surgical team members regarding time out protocol before surgery in Operation Theater. A descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study design was done. An adopted questionnaire have been distributed among 154 participants to collect data from Services Hospital Lahore. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were applied. In this study out of (N= 154) respondents 50 %(n=77) of the participants were male and 50%(n=154) were females and 58..4%of the respondents were between the age of 26-30 years.45% of the surgeons and 27% of anesthetists and only 26%of the nurses were participate in the study.50% of the participants were 6- 10 year of job experience. Respondents towards the attitude of time out protocol were positive.87%of the respondents think that check the patient identity, procedure side is a joint responsibility.92% of respondent said that time out protocol can avoid incorrect surgery.76%of the respondent confirm the patient identity before every operation.81% of the respondents confirm that surgical procedure before each operation. The Time out protocol is one of the important strategies to minimize the hazardous situation in Operation Theater. It is important in Operation Theater and surgical ward as well as in overall hospital to identify the patient properly, his diagnosis, his treatment planning, his medication and the site or part of surgery to be carried out

Abstract: This essay aims to examine the relationship between prejudice and discrimination on the basis of social dominance theory. Discrimination and prejudice are different concepts that many people experience frequently. Identities which create “we” and “other” are based on personal characteristics such as sex, age, sectarian or ethnic origin. Prejudice we feel for “others”, are the basis of discrimination. It is defined as a thought coming to mind arising from prejudgements while discrimination is behaviour of this prejudice. The theory of social dominance argues that one or more groups are more dominant and stronger than the others in the social structure and control resources. According to the theory, all social structures are prone to become group-based social layers, all societies are composed of hierarchically organized layers. While dominant social groups shape social values and have material resources or significant social symbols, the disadvantaged groups strive to have them. As a consequence, dominant groups have intention to maintain the circumstance by way of discrimination and favoring the inner group. The theory asserts that group-based social hierarchies emerge through aggregated individual discrimination, aggregated institutional discrimination and behavioral asymmetry. In this process, discriminated individuals, while reducing the values of their social identity by recalling that their groups have low position on the one hand, also make discrimination to be seen as the cause of failure instead of personal reasons.

People are put into situations sometime throughout their life where they are asked, “Would you like to donate? Cause related marketing requires often guilt and shame tactics to get people to perform desired behavior, which more often than not is donating to an organization. We wanted to find to what extent does guilt and shame drive the likelihood for someone to donate? Also, what demographics are more likely to donate than others? To figure out these questions as well as others, we conducted a quantitative research study. We gathered primary data through a convenience random sampling method to continue for our descriptive research using quantitative data, then used OLS Simple Linear Regression to process the data. The following data that we found to be the most significant from our survey is focused on Age, Income, and Neuroticism. Showing that a person’s age, Income, emotional stability all have some connection as to feelings guilt or shame as the statscal driver to donate to a non-profit organization. We also found that Gender, Ethnicity, Income, and Year of School do not have an effect on a person’s likelihood to donate. We have found significant data that nonprofit organizations may benefit from for their marketing strategies. They can save money by avoiding costly marketing campaigns that target a certain gender, because gender does not drive likelihood to donate and gender does not drive susceptibility to guilt and shame tactics. They can improve their bottom line by spending it on the right age groups. Organizations should spend their money targeting age groups 25-54 because they are more susceptible to guilt and shame tactics, eventually leading to donations.

The faster growth of aquaculture has ensued in a series of developments harmful to the human and aquatic animal health as well as environment. People are using various prophylactic antibiotics indiscriminately in aquaculture mainly developing countries to prevent different bacterial infections resulting from sanitary shortcomings in fish and shellfish rearing. Also, the abuse of wide variety human non-biodegradable antibiotics remains in aquatic environment. It directly causes development of antibiotic-resistance bacteria and transferable resistance genes can be transferred to disease-causing bacteria, resulting in antibiotic-resistant infections for humans, fish and other aquatic animal. The greater the volume of antibiotics used, the greater the risks that antibiotic-resistant populations of bacteria will prevail in the contest for survival of the fittest at the bacterial level. The use of large amounts of antibiotics that have to be mixed with fish food also forms problems for industrial health and rises the opportunities for the presence of residual antibiotics in fish meat as well as fishery products. So, to overcome this global problem; strict measures, legislations and regulations for the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture should be developed and implemented especially in developing countries, to avoid such negative impacts in human, fish, animals and environment.

The Banking sector has a crucial role to play in the development of an economy. It is the key driver of economic growth of the country. In India, the banking sector is very strong at the present but at the same time, banking is considered to be a very risky business. Most often than not root cause of a financial turmoil is inefficient risk management practices adopted by the financial institutions. Banks must thus see risk management as an ongoing and valued activity as it is directly linked to financial system stability of the country. The purpose of this research is to outline various risks posed by the Indian Banks and strategies adopted by them for risk management. The secondary objective is to compare the risk severity and success of risk management practices for the public sector and private sector Indian Banks.

This work characterizes the growth of mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar of two lagoons of Côte d’Ivoire: the Ebrié lagoon; on the level of Grand-Bassam and Azito and the Aby lagoon; on the level of Assinie. Thus, a monthly sampling of 30 oysters per site for 12 months (October 2015 at September 2016), during which the physico-chemical parameters of water were recorded. The results of the study show an almost similar evolution of the physico-chemical parameters of the three sites. However, the sites of Assinie and Azito recorded a salinity, although lower than 10‰, high compared to that of Grand-Bassam. The results of morphometric analyses plead in favour of a negative allometry for the two relations in particular, size-sizes relations and size-weight relations. However, the individuals of Assinie present the best values of growth coefficient (b). According to PCA, the individuals of Assinie are identifiable by a weight of flesh and a width of higher bodies. Those of Azito are characterized by a thickness of body, a weight of shell, and a body weight more marked. As for the individuals of Grand-Bassam, they don’t present any distinguishing mark making it possible to characterize them. This study shows, the necessity to install a durable strategy of management of oyster stocks of our lagoons. It would be interesting to envision the culture of the oyster which remains an important food product of socio-economic interest.

This study aims to analyze the influence of competence and organizational culture on motivation. The design of this research is quantitative by using survey method. The population of this study are all sub districts and their devices scattered in 12 districts in Bekasi City and identified 56 urban villages and 224 urban village. Determination of the number of samples refers to the distribution of cluster-based areas that are scattered based on the existing sub-districts in the city of Bekasi. Assuming that each urban village will be taken by 4 respondents, 1 urban village and 3 head of affairs, the total sample area is 35: 4 = 140 urban villages expressed as sample area. This research uses multiple linear regression analysis technique. SPSS 21.00 analysis tool. The result of this research is that Competence and Organizational Culture have positive and significant effect to Motivation. There are still other factors that influence motivation apart from the two variables of Competence and Organizational Culture.

This study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of Fuculty of Agriculture , Kassala University during 2014/2015 and 2015/ 2016 seasons in the Halfah Elgadidah, Sudan. Randomized complete plot design with four replications was used in this study. The treatments were four sowing dates (S1, S2, S3 and S4) corresponding to 1rst Nov,15th Nov, 1rst Dec and 15th Dec and two diverse sesame cultivars “Promo” V1, Um shagara V2. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of sowing dates on morpho-phonologial traits and seed yield in two sesame cultivars. The obtained results showed that V2 possessing higher stem diameter, larger leaf area, higher number of fruiting branches and capsules per plant as well as seed yield as compared with V1. Sowing dates significantly influenced the different morphological attributes in this study viz, plant height, stem diameter and leaf area. Most of these characters were significantly higher when sesame sown during 15th Nov but the highest leaf area was achieved in last sowing date. Among the varying dates of sowing S2 and S3 significantly recorded higher number of fruiting branches and capsules per plant as well as seed yield as compared with first and last sowing dates. It may be inferred that Umshagra cultivar can be adopted and recommended in study area during S2 and S3 if grown as irrigated crop.

The physiomorphological divergence was assessed in twenty-seven soybean genotypes by using cluster mean analysis, principal component and principal coordinate analysis and mean difference to identify parental genotypes for future breeding program in order to develop new high yielding varieties in randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant height, days to first flowering and days to 50% flowering have the highest percent of variations anomg the traits. The genotypes under the experiment were grouped into five clusters. The highest inter cluster distance was found between cluster I and IV followed by I and V. According to principal component scores F-85-11347 and ASSET- 93-19-13 have the prominent influence towards varietal improvement. Selecting genotypes from distant clusters probably provide promising recombinants and better segregants for future breeding platform.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the heavy metal decontaminating activity of Salvinia molesta from municipal waste water. The waste water was treated with the plant specimen for five and ten days consecutively after which it was analyzed for the estimation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The waste water was also analyzed before the treatment. The results of the investigation showed that the non-treated samples indicated higher content of Fe followed by Zn in sample Nitta gelatin (NG). It was found that Cu and Ni were present in similar quantities in all samples. A favorable decrease was seen in Zn in all samples and Fe in sample NG after five days of treatment. The concentration of Cu and Fe were found to be below the detection limit in samples collected from Chalakudy (CH), Ernakulam (ER) and Kokkala (KK) after ten days of treatment. Ni was found to be below the detection limit in samples ER and KK. Zn was found to be at a reduced level in samples CH, ER, KK and NG. Cd and Pb were found to be below the detection limit (0.01 and 0.05 ppm) in all four samples before treatment, after five and ten days of treatment. The present findings revealed that S. molesta was efficient in reducing the heavy metal concentration in the waste water, suggesting being a bioaccumulator of these metals.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to highlight on the effect of school governance on the prevalence of KCSE examination cheating in public and private secondary schools in Kisii County of Kenya. The study employed ex post facto and survey research design. The target population comprised of 1119 subjects comprising of principals, invigilators and examination officers drawn from 317 public and 46 private secondary schools in Kisii County. A sample of 109 principals, 218 invigilators and 10 examination officials was selected through stratified random sampling so as to participate in the study. The study utilized questionnaires to collect data. The instruments were tested for reliability and adapted after they scored 0.752 and 0.765 for the Invigilators’ questionnaire and School Principals’ questionnaire respectively. The study collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used with the help of SPSS to analyze quantitative data. Qualitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive analysis, by categorizing results into tables. The findings show that the current efforts put in place by KNEC to ensure compliance with the set rules and regulations to stop examination cheating in public and private secondary schools in Kisii County are not adequate. Following the findings, the study recommends that KNEC considers mobilizing resources to upscale its measures to check on examination cheating and resources to support use of modern technology to monitor KNEC examinations in Kisii County.

Biochemical responses of Red Sokoto bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosomes were studied. Twenty four bucks were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each (I, II, III, and IV). Group 1 served as the uninfected control group, Group II and III were inoculated with 2 ml of 1 x106 Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense respectively while Group IV were inoculated with 2 ml of 1x106 parasites each of T. congolense and T. brucei. The bucks in all the infected groups were treated on day 14 post patency with Isometamidium Chloride (2%) at the dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg IM. Serum enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase, Alanine amino transferase, Alanine amino phosphate) were all elevated. Urea and potassium levels were increased, while the levels of Na+, Cl- and HCO3 were decreased. The elevated biochemical parameters were more pronounced during the infection and relapse phases in the entire infected group. This study concludes that during trypanosome infection phases, serum enzyme; urea and potassium were elevated while Na+, Cl- and HCO3 ions were decreased.

The aim is to determine the effect of two dietary drinks Coca Cola and Tropicana orange juice on the surface hardness of two aesthetic nanocomposite materials. Materials and methods: The materials included nanocomposite materials Shofu Beautifil II and Estelite α- supranano composite. A sample size of 120 specimens of 5.5mm × 3 mm in dimension of each restorative material was prepared . The discs were divided into 2 groups of 60 specimens each and each subgroup of 20 samples each .The discs were immersed in different beverages in time intervals of 1 hour,1 day and 1week . Surface hardness tests were performed before immersion and at time intervals of 1 hour,1 day and 1 week intervals. Statistical analysis used was one way ANOVA. Results: Exposure to Coca Cola and Tropicana orange juice reduced the hardness of both the nanocomposites with Coca Cola showing greater reduction in hardness between the two with p<0.05. Shofu Beautifil II showed greater reduction in hardness than Estelite α-supranano at all time intervals. Conclusion: Estelite α-supranano showed better results compared to Shofu Beautifil II .Clinicians should therefore judiciously decide which material will be better for patients taking into consideration their dietary habits and lifestyle.

Individuals with special health needs are disadvantaged by virtue of the health challenges they face which contributes to their reduced ability to take care of their overall health. The aim of the study was to determine the oral health status and treatment needs of a group of individuals with special health needs. A cross-sectional study was carried out in an institution for individuals with special health needs in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Information on demographics and medical conditions of the participants was obtained from their teachers/minders. Their oral cavities were then examined for their oral hygiene status, dental caries, malocclusion, dental anomalies and dental trauma. Sixty four subjects consisting of 34 (53.1%) males and 30 (46.9%) females with a mean age of 13.6 (+ 6.86) years were assessed. Five health conditions were noticed; Cerebral palsy 23 (35.9%), Down‘s syndrome 21 (32.8%), learning disability 11 (17.2%), autism 7 (10.9%) and seizure disorders (3.1%). Although 46 (71.9%) were caries free, the mean DMFT was 0.61 (+1.16) and there was no significant difference (p=0.50) across the gender. The decayed component was 75% and there were no filled teeth. The mean OHI-S was 1.66 (+ 0.79) and thirty three (51.6%) had good oral hygiene with no significant differences (p=0.16) across the medical conditions. Thirty (46.7%) individuals needed oral prophylaxis and 18.1% were in need of restorative care. Fourteen (21.9%) needed composite/labial facing while 10.4% would need stainless crowns on the posterior teeth. The study establishes inadequate utilisation of dental services among special healthcare need individuals.

Poor oral health can be a precursor to serious diseases including oral cavity and oral cancers. However, oral health assessments and screenings are largely neglected in vulnerable populations, such as prisoners in developing countries. Little efforts have been made to address this public health problem. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of oral health status of prisoners in India. Following PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols), 13 studies were selected that assessed the oral health status of prisoners in India and were published in English between January 2010 and May 2016. The review indicated that prisoners have a high prevalence of dental caries, missing teeth and filled teeth score ranging from 2.7 to 5.7, poor periodontal status (60-90%), and high prevalence of oro-mucosal lesions (as high as 60%). The poor standards of past oral care and virtual absence of oral health care facility necessitates policy amendments to improve the oral health of prisoners. It is important to not only assess and treat the diagnosed oral diseases but also to develop preventative measures for this relatively isolated and vulnerable population. This is the first systematic review to assess oral health among prisoners in India. This study will encourage policy makers to develop appropriate preventative and treatment programs for oral health of the prisoners.