The purpose of clinical crown lengthening is to increase the extent of supragingival tooth structure for restorative or esthetic purposes. The present article aims at comparing three different crown lengthening techniques. This study was conducted in department of periodontics. It included 30 patients, 15 males and 15 females. Patients were equally and randomly divided into three groups. Group I: It included 10 patients treated with gingivectomy. Group II: It included 10 patients treated with apically repositioned flap. Group III: It included 10 patients treated with surgical extrusion using periotome. Length of clinical crown, width of attached gingival and interdental papilla height was recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. There was no change in the width of attached gingiva and minimal change in the interdental papilla height between pre-operative and post-operative measurements in the crown lengthening procedure done by surgical extrusion using periotome when compared to the other conventional surgical procedures. The difference among three techniques was significant (p-0.01). Author concluded that crown lengthening using surgical extrusion technique is effective in grossly fractured teeth and in area where crown structure is less.

The rate of cesarean deliveries has increased over a decade due to multifactorial reasons explicitly; decrease in vaginal births after cesarean (VBAC), multiple gestation, maternal obesity, pre-term labor, gestational diabetes or hypertension, increased number of high-risk expectant mothers and the obstetrical medico-legal environment. Delivery of the fetal head at the cesarean section can sometimes be a cumbersome procedure and may result in maternal or fetal complications. The fetal vacuum extractor enables traction to be applied to the fetal head, in the birth canal, by means of a suction cup that is powered by an external vacuum source. To investigate the benefits and limitations of soft cup vacuum extractor on the fetal scalp during the cesarean section. This study was conducted on 88 full term pregnant women undergoing cesarean section at Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepalgunj, Nepal. All patients were between 37 and 41 weeks of pregnancy with signs of healthy fetus and were divided into 2 groups; Group A- 42 patients subjected to vacuum extraction at the cesarean section, Group B- 46 patients subjected to the conventional cesarean method. The interval between the final uterine incision and complete delivery (U-D interval) and the Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes after birth were evaluated. The data was statistically analyzed. In Group A, 24 (57.1%) women out of 42 and in Group B, 26 (56.5%) out of 46 were primagravida. Nine (21.4%) out of 42 women in Group A and 13 (28.3%) out of 46 women in Group B had a previous history of cesarean section. Lateral extension in uterine incisions was seen in 3 cases (7.1%) in Group A and 6 cases (13.0%) in Group B. The duration of scalp traction for Group A and Group B subjects were 32±3 sec and 48±16 sec respectively. The birth weight of the babies delivered in Group A and Group B were 3.08±0.47 and 3.07±0.46 respectively. The gestational age of the babies in Group A and B were 39.1±1.09 and 38.9±1.10 weeks. The initial Apgar score for Group A and Group B were 5.67±1 and 5.83±1.20. U-D interval for Group A and Group B were 75.6±9.02 and 43.5±8.6 respectively. It was found that the use of vacuum extractor is an easy, non traumatic and rapid method which abates the need of rough and prolonged fundal compression and its consequences and significantly fewer maternal complications

Mahogany is ranked as one of the best known and most valuable commercial tropical timbers on the international market. These species are becoming scarcer in the wake of dwindling forest cover in Ghana with illegal logging as the major contributing factors. Since plantation species have not been used enough in the past, their kiln schedules and their drying rates are unknown. In this study kiln drying schedule for plantation grown Khaya ivorensis was developed. The testing method followed Terrazawa: 1965. Results indicate that the mildest drying conditions for the plantation species would be the initial and final temperatures of 65°C and 90°C respectively and this coincided with the temperature schedule T11. The wet bulb depression (WBD) of 5.5°C which also corresponds to WBD schedule of 5 was recorded. Madison Drying Schedule T11-B5 is therefore proposed for the plantation grown Khaya ivorensis.

This paper provides empirical analysis of the impact of expansionary budget on living standard in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Relevant time series data were used from 1996 to 2015 which were collected from the Kaduna State Ministry of Budget and Economic Planning. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was used to analyze static and log – linearized model of the data. The result of the regression analysis shows that expansionary budget which is represented by macroeconomic variables (ESE, ASE, RDE, SSE) in Kaduna State exert positive impact on standard of living. The paper therefore, recommended that the implementation mechanism of budgetary discipline should be adequately entrenched for effective implementation and as such the implementation mechanism of expansionary budget in Kaduna State should be checked for effective enhancement of the standard of living because if left unchecked it could jeopardize the entire effort of attaining the social and developmental goals.

In the light of growing market opportunities for the organized retail stores the present study focused on motivating factors of organized retail customers towards these stores. The study considered four important motivating factors for organized retail consumers namely convenient shopping , economic shopping , enjoyment shopping , idea shopping and their impact on visiting organized retail store. The purpose of the paper is to study the motivating factors in the shopping of organized retail store. The impact of demographic variables on motivating factors of organized retail consumers are explained in this paper. The statistical tools like ANOVA, Correlation Analysis and Descriptive Statistics were used for analyzing the primary data. It is found from the study that most of the customers visit the organized retail stores for convenience shopping and to get advantage of sales offers and promotions.

The purpose of advertisements is to enhance buyer’s response to products or services offered by the firm, thus increasing its profitability. Attitude is a learned predisposition to respond in the consistently favorable or unfavorable manner to advertising in general” While the influence of advertising on consumer behavior is inevitable, consumers generally hold quite negative attitudes towards it. The main objective of the artical is to study the attitude of the students towards advertisements. By using the Likert scale modified suitably, the data was collected. In all 2108, students from all over Goa were surveyed. It was seen that the attitude of the students towards advertisements is positive and matured. The statistical tools such as Independent sample ‘t’ test and One way ANOVA were used to find out the validity of the statements and whether there is an association between the different categories of sample and the attributes. In spite of it being severely criticized, students still felt that advertisements should not be taken away from the T.V.

The soil utilized as underneath the layer of sub-base in many civil engineering applications such as; roads, foundations of buildings, walkways, airfield, etc. The thickness of sub-base layer depends on the design load, project type and the soil type. Which will effect on the field density. This study was applied on a sub-base soil grade B as classified according to AASHTO which a wide spread in Iraq. Different tests were conducted on this soil to evaluate its properties such as sieve analysis, Atterberg's limits, compaction and chemicals. Three energies of compactive efforts were used in the laboratory work (EN1= 585.17 kJ/m3, EN2 =5898.5 kJ/m3, and EN3=1799 kJ/m3, ) to study the effect of different compactive efforts on the maximum dry density. Furthermore, built field model with the compactive effort of 1711.3kJ/m3 was used to determine the compaction ratio (RC). This model was 3m*1m * 0.80m which was from the confining base and sides by plain concrete to prevent the energy from transmitting to the soil behind and below the model. Four layer thicknesses (0.1m, 0.15m, 0.2m, and 0.3m) were used to study the effect of compactive effort on the layer thickness and then to evaluate the RC. The results obtained from this study showed that RC was Inversely proportional to the thickness of layer when it was equal or less than 0.2m. RC was (97%, 94.2% and 88.5%) at 0.1m, 0.15m, and 0.2m respectively. However, this was not the case when the layer thickness exceeded 0.2m. The results also showed that the adequate thickness was less than 0.2m.

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity and Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts more than 95% of all malignant neoplasms in the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of this study to report the immunoexpression of metallothionein in dysplastic lesions to correlate with histological grade and OSCC. Samples of 5 normal oral mucosa, 15 dysplastic cases was graded as: mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia and severe dysplasia and 15 cases of OSCC. Immunohistochemistry for the metallothionein was performed and the Pearson Chi-Square test was used in statistical analysis. The metallothionein stain in all cases exhibits a mosaic pattern and predominantly in cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously. The total stain was significantly higher in OSCC when compared with normal and dysplastic lesions. Metallothionein expression may play an important role in the conversion of potentially malignant oral lesion to oral carcinoma since its earlier stages.

To assess the effect of Portieria hornemannii and Spyridia fusiformis methanol extract for its anti-hyperglycemic activity against chemically induced diabetic rats by examining its influence on parameters such as blood sugar level, liver Glucokinase and Hexokinase activity, Glucose 6 phosphate activity, glycogen content. The methanolic residue of P. hornemannii and S. fusiformis at a dosage of 200 mg/kg of weight was given orally to Alloxon induced diabetic animals for about 28 days. The outcome of algae residue feeding in rats estimated by various biochemical as well as haematological parameters such as RBC, WBC, HB and platelets. Histopathological evaluation was made in the pancreas. The rats, pretreated with methanol residue of the above algal materials (200 mg/kg i.p) enhanced oral glucose tolerance against control. After feeding of methanol extract in diabetic rats for 28 days, the blood glucose has significantly decreased, while the increase in liver glycogen level was observed. In addition, the regeneration of the pancreas of the treated animals was noticed. The methanol residues of the experimental red algae P. hornemannii as well as S. fusiformis possess very effective hypoglycemic effect on the chemically induced diabetic rats compared to Glipizide

The present study was conducted to find out the occupational stressors towards organizational change with reference to government boys +2 school teachers working in Delhi and New Delhi. It is because of the fact that change is inevitable in the present day world of work; hence, it is often observed that each and every organization is undergoing the process of change. Change in any organization causes stress. Thus, there may be various sources of job/occupational stress that may affect the human working life. Therefore, the present study is of utmost value in the area concerned. The sample area chosen for the present investigation was still an unexplored area. Although, Delhi as a capital of India is making rapid head way especially in academics based on high-info-tech. Total sample consisted of one hundred fifty teachers (N=150), selected randomly from different Government Boys +Schools located in different places of Delhi and New Delhi. Data collected through questionnaires schedules. Having tabulated the data obtained, data were analyzed using standard multiple regression analysis to determine the determinants of organizational change. Results clearly revealed the picture that out of 12 dimensions of occupational stress only two dimensions, viz., „responsibility for persons‟ and „unprofitability‟ have been found predicting organizational change and moreover, two demographic variables, viz., „age‟ and „experience in the present position‟ have also been found as the important determinants of organizational change, although, all the group of teachers working in Government Boys +2 Schools have shown positive inclination towards change. Finally obtained results have been discussed in detail by giving probable reasons in the exigency of situations prevailing in Government Boys +2 Schools from where the present sample has been drawn.

In this study, gelatin microspheres containing diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ HCl) were prepared by the polymerization technique using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The prepared microspheres were examined for its practical yield, drug content, and release kinetic. The study also includes the effect of processing variables on the result of evaluation. The shape and surface topology of prepared microspheres of various formulations were spherical as investigated by SEM studies. Pure drug and the drug polymer mixture showed similar peak in FTIR study which indicated no interaction between drug and polymer. From dissolution study of formulations, it was concluded that the formulation containing high amount of hydrophobic polymer gave high sustaining effect i.e. 8 hrs. So, the present work successfully achieved the objective of designing of controlled release microspheres of DTZ HCl

The present study attempted to investigate on the paradox of Religious Education in Mara Region through qualitative approach. Twelve schools composed the population and purposive sampling came up with 17 students and 4 teachers from three schools to release information through Focus Group Discussion and Interview Schedule. Expert judgment established validity of research instruments. To maintain ethical considerations, anonymity, confidentiality and privacy of respondents were maximized during data collection. The study established that Divinity Subject has peculiar features which are not found in other academic subjects. Failure to integrate Religious Education is influenced by scarcity of teachers, lack of textbooks and non-availability of syllabus to guide the teaching and learning of the subject. Excluding Divinity in selection for tertiary education leads students and teachers to disregard the subject regardless of its benefits. Researchers recommend that Secondary Schools in Mara Region should integrate Religious Education by making it compulsory. Availability of teachers for CRE and good supply of textbooks and syllabus must be ensured in order to enhance proper learning. Divinity should be considered in selection for tertiary education in order to encourage teachers and students to teach and learn the subject. Finally, the government should make efforts to prepare experts to teach Christian Religious Education.

Biliary tract operations are the most common GI tract surgery performed worldwide and injury to the bile duct leads to both acute and chronic complications. The incidence of bile duct injury is increased in the presence of severe inflammation and is compounded by congenital abnormalities of the biliary tree. Congenitally absent cystic duct is one such rare anomaly with significant surgical implications. So far, only nine clear cases of congenitally absent cystic duct have been reported.

Abstract: This study aims to analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of a Communicative English Language Learning Program held by adopting the CIPP evaluation model developed by Stufflebeam. Questionnaires were applied to measure the Context, Input, Process, and Product.7 lecturers comprised of 5 females and 2 males, and 31 female students were invited to participate in this study. Each component of context, input, process, and product obtained through questionnaires were analysed descriptively using a frequency and a percentage and then presented in tables illustrating percentages (%) and number of frequencies (f).The results showed positive outcomes for Variable Context, Input, Process and Product, and revealed that some encouragements and improvements in the facilities and other supporting material to be equipped as well as the learning environment was needed to be adjusted in making the program much more effective.

This study investigated on the influence of food provision on pupils‘ participation in learning across 130 Primary Schools in Babati Rural District. A total of 120 pupils and 101 teachers were randomly selected to participate in the study through the questionnaire. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlational Coefficient. Reliability of questionnaire items ranged between .887 and 0.962 Cronbach‘s Alpha meaning the instrument was reliable for data collection. The study established that provision of food is limited to some schools where the distribution of food is fairly done; the amount of food is sufficient and is prepared in clean environment. However, the food provided does not cater for balance diet and there is no variety of food given. Pupils in schools that offer food services have significantly higher mean score in learning participation than pupils in schools where food service is not offered. Thus, the rate of learning participation is significantly influenced by food provision. The more effective food provision, the more pupils‘ participation in learning takes place. The study recommends that effective provision of food should be extended to all schools across the District. School administration should ensure provision of balanced diet so that learners can enjoy the food and have better health. Government authority and other interested groups should also strive to sustain effective food provision in order to raise the level of pupils‘ participation in learning.