Several studies have highlighted the health hazards of cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption to include addiction, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and electrolyte disturbances. However, none has reported the effect of aqueous leaf extract of tobacco on blood glucose and plasma concentrations of many electrolytes. This study was designed to find answers to these questions. Ten male albino Wister rats were randomly divided into test and control groups of 5 rats each. Each test rat was given 100 mg of aqueous tobacco leaf extract dissolved in 1.5 mls distilled water once daily for 21 days through an orogastric tube. Each control rat received 1.5 mls distilled water once daily for the same duration. After 21 days, blood samples were collected from each rat for the estimation of plasma concentrations of glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, and calcium. Blood samples were collected and plasma concentrations of glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium determined. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, and calcium in the test and control groups of rats. However, there was a significant decrease in plasma potassium in the test group compared to the control group of rats as shown by the mean values of 5.7 ± 0.25 mmol/L and 6.60 ± 0.25 mmol/L respectively and P value of 0.0005. Orogastric administration of aqueous tobacco leaf extract produced statistically significant reduction in plasma potassium, but not in plasma glucose, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, or calcium in male albino Wister rats.

One of the most serious complications of DM is cardiovascular disease, particularly among asymptomatic patients or those without glycemic control. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease (Heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke and deep vein thrombosis) among Saudi Diabetic patients. In this study, bout 1406 diabetic patients’ records were retrieved from different hospitals and primary health centers in Hail region, Northern Saudi Arabia. The overall prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Saudi diabetic patients was 10.2%. The highest prevalence rate of cardiovascular conditions was pointed out to heart attack followed by stroke, CHF and DVT representing 4%, 3%, 1.6%, and 1.5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of CVD are relatively higher among Saudi diabetic population. There is urgent need for implementing specific strategies to decrease the prevalence of CVD among Saudi diabetic patients.

Breast lump constitutes a significant population affecting all ages and ethnic groups. They are a cause of concern to patient and hence are reported early in OPD. BBD is a complex of reactive/inflammatory lesions, proliferative and fibroepithelial lesions some of which mimic malignancy clinically or mammographically and poses diagnostic dilemmas to both clinicians and pathologists. FNAC, Histopathology and other ancillary techniques are essential for exact pathogenesis. This study was carried out with the aim to study Incidence of Benign and Non neoplastic breast diseases out of total breast lumps presenting in OPD, 2.Frequency of individual benign breast disease 3. Distribution with age and sex. This is an observational type of study conducted in department of pathology, SMS medical college, Jaipur over period of one year (1st January 2016 to 31st December 2016). Out of total 469 cases received for histopathology, 326(69.50%) were found to be benign lesions. Commonest benign lesion was fibroadenoma 160 cases (52.45%) in females and gynaecomastia 39 cases (11.96%)in males followed by and granulomatous lesion, 23 cases ( 0.8%) and fibrocystic change 20 (0.6%). BBD accounts for 70 to 80 % in Indian population as seen in different studies. In our study, benign breast diseases comprised greater proportion (69.50%) than malignant disorders. Since, the prognosis and treatment of benign and malignant lesions are wide apart, and some proliferative benign lesions tend to convert into malignancy, so it is necessary to identify these lesions at the earliest and initiate appropriate treatment surgery or medical.

There are numerous classifications on diabetic foot available today but only few are used. Each classification has its own merit and demerits. This article classifies the diabetic foot classifications to make our understanding simple, easy and much clearer. This is in fact the first novel attempt by author to classify the classifications itself. The diabetic foot classifications are classified based on some features of the classification. This new classification for diabetic foot classification has made a pavement for Amit Jain’s classification for diabetic foot classification to be considered a universal classification as it is now a classification supreme.

Acute biphenotypic leukemias (LAB) are defined by the presence on the same blast cells membrane and cytoplasmic markers belonging to at least two different hematopoietic lineages. We report the case of an infant of 22mois with LAB highlighting the capital interest of hematological cytology, immunophenotyping and cytogenetic study.

To investigate the acute toxicity and antidiabetic potentials of various extracts of the leaves of Ficus sur Forssk on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Powdered leaves were successively extracted with n-hexane, chloroform and 70% ethanol for three consecutive days respectively and the obtained extracts were assessed for phytochemicals, acute toxicity and antidiabetic activity on albino rats. The acute toxicity was assessed by Lorke’s method. Diabetes was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (120mg/kg). Blood glucose was determined daily for seven days using a glucometer. On the seventh day of treatment, blood samples were obtained and the serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glycosylated heamoglobin (GH), urea and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined. The active N-hexane fraction was further fractionated by column chromatography packed with silica gel G (60-80mesh) eluting with gradient mixture of n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of terpenoids, tannins, flavonoid and carbohydrates. The lethal dose (LD50) was recorded at 2154mg/kg in the toxicity study. The n-hexane extract showed the highest significant (p<0.05) reduction of 77.7% in blood glucose which was comparable to Glibenclamide (78.3%). Further fractionation yielded five fractions (F1-F5) in which fraction F4 and F5 were the most active with 54.7 and 55.9% reduction of blood glucose. The lipid profile of fraction F4 also exhibited decrease in TG, TC, GH, Urea and increase in HDL. This study reports the LD50 of F. sur to be2154 mg/kg and further confirms its ethnobotanical use of in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its potential in preventing cardiovascular diseases

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common mosquito-transmitted human flavivirus worldwide, and it is well-established that DENV and Zika virus are closely related, resulting in substantial antigenic overlap. The infection is caused by any of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes transmitted by Aedes aegypti and albopictus mosquitoes. Despite the public health relevance, data on the prevalence of DENV infections among febrile patients in Jos, North Central Nigeria are limited. We aimed to determine the sero-prevalence of Dengue virus infection among febrile patients. Cross sectional study was conducted among 118 participants presenting with pyrexia at the Jos University Teaching Hospital. Participants who were malaria negative using rapid diagnostic tests (mRDT) with specific symptoms defined as probably dengue by WHO (fever and symptoms such as headache, rash, nausea/vomiting, joint pain, fatigue, retro-ocular pain and haemorrhage) were screened for dengue immunoglobulin G and M (IgG and IgM) using Dengue NS1 Antigen and IgG/IgM antibody duo panel RapiCardTM InstaTest and ELISA-based kit.

Melkersson Rosenthal Syndrome (SMR) is a rare orofacial granulomatosis of controversial etiology. It combines recurrent facial palsy, upper labial edema and a plicated tongue. Through a case of SMR we recall the clinical and therapeutic peculiarities of this pathology. 36-year-old patient, who presented in our consultation for labial and gingival edema of progressive worsening, evolving by outbreaks for five years. The interrogation reveals in the antecedents the notion of transient facial paralysis. Examination shows prominent lip edema in the upper lip, edema and superior gingival hypertrophy and a plicate tongue. The diagnosis of SMR was retained. Patient was put on prolonged corticosteroid treatment in degressive dose, which led to a clear clinical improvement with disappearance of the edema not recidivism after a decline of nine months. The SMR is an orofacial granulomatosis manifested by a symptomatic triad: recurrent paralysis or facial paresis, macrochelitis and a plicate tongue. This triad is rarely complete, and some minor signs can be observed. The diagnosis is mostly clinical and confirmed by histology. But a non-contributory histological analysis should not reject the diagnosis of SMR when the clinical symptomatology is obvious. Systemic corticosteroids are the most recommended treatment. It improves the quality of life and avoids or space recurrences. The prognosis remains good

Abstract: The effect of toxic chemicals on aquatic lives has been a problem in many communities and populations around the world today. Ekerekana and Okochiri communities in Okrika local government area of Rivers state Nigeria, whose river channel is a receptacle to Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation Port Harcourt Refinery’s effluent is not an exemption. It is perceived that this effluent has a negative ecological and human health impact on the affected communities. This study involved the use of Histology as a biomarker to tackle these environmental problems. The ecotoxicological study was carried out in Ekerekana (EKE station) and Okochiri (OKO station), while an aqua-culture centre – African Regional Aquaculture Centre (ARAC) at Buguma, Rivers state was used as the reference or control site. This followed a gross anatomical study of harvested fishes by applying a condition Factor (CF) equation and a fish health assessment index (HAI) protocol. Histological assessment protocol in a qualitative and semi-qualitative scenario was also done. The Environmental Water Quality Index (EWQI) result for the experimental sites were poor (10.5) and marginal (57.5) for EKE and OKO respectively. Sediment quality show elevated Pd. A comparative fish study shows: no significant difference for CF in ARAC (4.62) and OKO (6.65); HAI was better in ARAC (16.0) than OKO (55.5). This study was ecologically relevant; it revealed that Ekerekena and Okochiri creeks are contaminated with a moderate level of pollution.

In the era of digital technology, technology has developed rapidly however the information technology security lags drastically. There has been increase in risk and threats to the organization’s information. For every organization, information is a valuable asset and therefore has to be kept safe and secured. Employees are mainly responsible for security risks and threats. Organizations should give attention to the common vulnerabilities and mistakes which employees tend to make and moreover these should be addressed through awareness training programs. Information security awareness training is essential for every organization that uses technology. The study explores the importance of information security awareness training and the challenges faced by organizations is implementation of information security awareness training program. Information security training program protects the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the organization information. This study will assist management to provide effective security awareness training to technology users and enhance the safety and security of information.

This paper considers how the kotoki (political Interpreter) adopted by the Ahoms kings and later adopted by the British to deal with the various hill tribes of Arunachal Pradesh became one of the important element in the Nyishi traditional system. Here I tried to highlight the growth and development of kotoki and its mere role as a messenger to becoming a decision making body in the Nyishi Village Council. The paper focuses on the how the kotoki served as a bridge between the outsiders and Nyishi, which helps in understanding the culture, customs and traditional practices of the Nyishi. It also deals how the Nyishi after remaining isolated for so long gradually opened up to the outsiders though with much intricacy.

A simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the estimation of Gefitinib in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form. Gefitinib exhibits maximum fluorescence intensity in ethanol and Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 1-3.5 µg/mL at an excitation wavelength (λex) of 280 nm and an emission wavelength (λem) of 512 nm. Stability studies with respect to time and temperature were also carried out. The results obtained were in good agreement with the labeled amounts of the marketed formulations. This method has been statistically evaluated and found to be accurate and precise

Abstract: The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, Sylhet Agricultural University during November 2012 to February 2013 to know the performance of pea varieties under rice-based relay and conventional tillage cropping systems. There were two sowing methods; i. Relay with transplant aman rice and ii. Conventional through land preparation after harvest of transplant rice and four pea varieties; i. BARI motoshuti-1, ii. IPSA motorshuti-1, iii. Jhikorgacha local and iv. Natore local as treatments in the experiment. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design assigning sowing methods in the main plot and varieties in the sub-plots. The results revealed that the highest green pod yield (3333 kg/ha) was obtained from Natore local and this was statistically at par with that of Jhikorgacha local (3234 kg/ha) in the relay cropping system. The lowest green pod yield (1745 kg/ha) was obtained from BARI motorshuti-1 under conventional method of sowing. Due to lower number of pod/plant all varieties produced lower green pod yield in spite of higher plant population/m2 in the conventional sowing method. Natore local motorshuti produced the highest fodder yield (4055 kg/ha) under relay cropping system which was significantly different from the others and BARI motoroshuti-1 produced the lowest (2220 kg/ha) under conventional sowing method. The maximum gross return (Tk 1,74,760 /ha) was obtained from the variety Natore local followed by Jhikorgacha local (Tk 1, 69, 218 /ha) in relay cropping system. Similar trends were found in case of gross margin.

Despite deviant workplace behavior has increasingly become a serious problem in today’s organizations and has been reported to significantly affect on both individual and organizational effectiveness and performance, numerous organizations have ignored and not yet prepared to cope with this problem seriously. This present study aims at enhancing the body of knowledge in the area of workplace deviance by exploring the differences between employees and employers at a selected government bank in Thailand. A sample of 143 respondents was gathered for data collection through a modified version of deviant workplace behavior questionnaire. Results of independent samples t-test analysis indicated the significant difference in employees and employers with respect to deviant workplace behavior (t = -2.005, p = .047). These results suggested that employees were less likely to demonstrate deviant workplace behavior than employers. Discussion, limitations, and recommendations for further studies were also discussed.

Smartphones have turned out to be a major part of the lives of Nigerians owing to its unique capacity to combine communication and computing on mobile devices. Its evolution has made it an indispensable item in the possession of Nigerians, especially youths and elites of the older generation, as it allows for social interaction, business communication, safe storage of personal files and mobile learning among other things. Through a critical review of relevant academic studies, the article explores the evolution of smartphone in the world and how Nigerians have adopted the device. This paper argues that Nigerians adopt smartphones due to reasons such as educational needs, social communication needs, social influence and brand name and features. Some of the potentials of smartphones to the Nigerian society, as the paper posits are; knowledge sharing in work environment, improvement of social and business relationships, creation of new business dimensions and the availing of health/educational resources. Issues such as addiction, selfie syndrome, social disconnection, academic-related problems as well as health challenges were raised as the negatives from the utility of smartphones. The paper recommends that Nigerians be more disciplined with their phones when in meetings and that students should only use their smartphones to access educational materials outside the examination halls. Also, people should limit their exposure to smart phone screens to avoid visual-related problems.