This paper study the NOx pollutants emitted from a single cylinder, 4-stroke spark ignition engine type Prodit; fueled with supplementary Natural gas to LPG. The study focused on the impact of equivalence ratio, spark timing, engine speed, and the added NG volumetric ratio on NOx emissions. The results showed that NOx levels depend mainly on the equivalence ratio, as the higher value of NOx concentrations was on the lean side near the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and it was reduced when getting far from this ratio. It was observed that retarding spark timing reduces the NOx concentrations by a significant percentage. The NOx levels became higher at medium speeds and reduced in higher and low speeds. NOx levels increased with increasing NG volumetric ratio in the mixture.

Cervical mass in neck region is very common. Mass may be inflammatory to neoplastic. Neoplastic mass may be benign as well as malignant form. It can be present as cervical lymph node, salivary gland lesion and thyroid lesion as well. Initially fine needle aspiration was introduced by hematooncologist Franzen in Sweden. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is simple, quick, inexpensive, minimal invasive and out-patient service technique used to diagnose different types of lesions located in the body. The present study was prospective cross-sectional study conducted in patients with FNAC of Cervical lesion at National Path Lab Collection Centre, Ghorahi, Dang, Nepal referred from General and Head and Neck Clinic from January 2016 to July 2016. A total of 96 study participants with palpable superficial cervical lesions between 17 months to 74 years of age were involved in this study. Most commonly lesions were occurred in male with 54.5%.Most common lesion in all sexes were reactive lymphadenitis with 51.5 % followed by tubercular and metastatic 12.1 %and 10.6% respectively. Predominant lesions in both sex were reactive lymphadenitis with slight male preponderance. Most of cases were below 20 year age group. Reactive lymphadenitis is the commonest cause of cervical swelling in all age group except in older age group. FNAC is quick diagnostic test for the all palpable cervical swelling. Non-neoplastic lesion was managed without surgery

With advancement in information and communications technology, there has been convergence of various communication channels into few distribution platforms or same media organizations owning several media channels. Media stakeholders in Kenya had wanted to have self-regulation in the media industry. Three regulatory bodies (Media Council of Kenya, Communication Authority of Kenya and Film Classification Board) have been established through legislation to regulate media content and practice. This paper aims at analyzing the current media regulatory system in Kenya with a view to recommending the appropriate system. To achieve this, the paper has systematically reviewed academic journal articles, books, newspaper stories on media regulation and the law governing the establishment and operations of the three key media regulators. Social responsibility theory has been applied to explain the relevance of media regulation. The findings were that Kenya currently applies two media systems: 1. statutory regulatory system that is applied in two regulatory bodies and 2. Statutory media self- regulatory system which is applied in one regulatory body. The paper has recommended that Kenya should apply the statutory media self- regulatory system as it is the best for developing democracies. The paper has also recommended the review of the laws governing the three regulatory bodies so that they conform to the dynamics of technological advancement in the media industry in order to avoid duplication and competing roles.

Pediatric urolithiasis is an important medical problem, which has seen an increasing incidence in developing countries. A wide geographic variation in urolithiasis prevalence has been documented, which might be due to differences in diet, fluid intake, ethnicity and climate. The aim is to assess the biochemical and metabolic characteristics of the patients. The current study was conducted by the Department of Biochemistry of a tertiary care teaching hospital of western Uttar Pradesh. Pediatric patients presenting with urolithiasis formed the sampling frame. Medical records were studied for clinical and laboratory data. Study tools were records of the patients. Metabolic evaluation was done in all children. Sixty pediatric urolithiasis cases were included in this study. Gender wise, there were 23 females (38.3%) and 37 males (61.7%) with age ranged from 1 year to 11 years. Stone analysis revealed that big chunk (78.3%) of stones was renal stones. Vesicle calculus was least common (5%). On the other hand, Calcium oxalate stone was most common variety found in nearly half (46.20%) of the study participants. Least common variety (3.3%) was cystine type of stone. Hypocalcaemia was most common variety found in 86.67% of the study participants. Hyperuricaemia was observed in 3.33% of participants. Hyperoxaluria was the most common (78.3%) metabolic abnormality detected. 26.67% had Hypercalciuria. Only 5/29 (17.24%) patients managed conservatively had stone recurrence whereas 13/31 (41.9%) managed with a procedure had stone recurrence. Association of management modality with recurrence of Urinary Calculi was found statistically significant (p<0.05). Metabolic evaluation is advised in all pediatric patients as it helps in segregating patients needing medical therapy. Further studies are warranted to establish paediatric reference ranges for 24 hour urinary super saturation parameters in Indian population

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in the Gynecology out-patient department for treatment of such infections which are not common in general out-patient departments. This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted to evaluate the recent antibiotic utilization pattern amongst the patients attending the Gynecology department of a tertiary care Teaching hospital in Eastern India. Six hundred and twelve prescriptions obtained from patients attending the out-patient department of Gynecology since June 2015 to November 2015 were included in the study. Data was collected in a pre-designed case record form. Baseline demographic features, provisional diagnosis/indication, type and number of antibiotics, formulation, duration, route of administration of antibiotics, average number of drugs per prescription and commonest antibiotic prescribed were noted. Single antibiotic was prescribed in 35.17% prescriptions while 66.83% received more than one antibiotic. The most common oral antibiotic used was doxycycline (67.08%) followed by cefixime (14.29%). In 97.2% prescriptions, drugs were written in their generic name. Doxycycline and cefixime were most commonly prescribed antibiotics; most of the antibiotics were prescribed in generic name from the essential medicine list of the country

This study investigated on accessibility to inclusive education in Public Secondary Schools in Arusha, Tanzania. A total of 360 teachers and students in three sampled districts filled the questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Validity was ensured through expert judgment and reliability of the questionnaire ranged between 0.64 and 0.83 Cronbach‟s Alpha. The study concluded that schools comprise of different learners including those with disability and teachers are prepared to include learners with special needs. Teachers and students are prepared for inclusive education and have positive attitude toward learners with disability. However, there is nonavailability of reading materials for the blind and the school ground is not favorable for them to walk comfortably. There are no wheel chairs for physically challenged students and schools have no ramps and special toilets for learners with disability. Based on these findings, it is recommended that school administration should provide teachers with workshops and seminars on how learners with special needs can be included in the learning process. Teachers should provide appropriate location for visually impaired to sit and ensure availability of reading facilities for the blind. Schools in collaboration with parents should ensure availability of wheel chairs for physically challenged and prepare ramps and special toilet facilities for learners with disability. Finally, schools should increase cooperation with homes on how to assist emotionally challenged learners.

This study investigated on factors influencing mastery of reading, writing and arithmetic (3Rs) among learners of primary schools in Ilala District using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data was collected from 231 teachers in 13 sampled schools through questionnaires. The questionnaire was subjected to pilot testing, where Cronbach’s alpha results ranged between 0.760 and 0.923. The study established that school administrative support, teaching methodologies and teacher and learner related factors significantly influence pupils’ mastery of 3Rs. Pupils are perceived by their teachers to master 3Rs and school administration is concerned with pupils’ mastery of 3Rs by setting effective strategies. Pupils are perceived by teachers to attend schools regularly but they don’t have independent reading, writing habits and self discipline toward learning. Based on these findings, the study recommended that school administration should continue to support teachers’ efforts to improve pupils’ mastery of 3Rs. School administration should ensure conducive environment for learning, support reading culture, provide seminars on how to teach 3Rs and seek for support from the government and non-government organizations. Finally, teachers should encourage pupils to engage in independent reading, writing habits and self discipline toward learning.

Information in any organisation is the most basic and crucial asset. Recorded information requires effective and efficient management practices to ensure ease of access and retrieval. Management of records in public agencies is majorly characterized by poor management practices. This study was conceived to examine records management practices at the parliamentary Service Commission (PSC) and to suggest ways in which these practices can be enhanced to strengthen compliance with records management legislations, regulations, guidelines and procedures. The study adopted a qualitative research method using case study approach. The study population was 360 with a sample size of 279 involving policy makers, policy implementers and operational staff. Data was collected using a combination of predesigned questionnaires and interview schedules. The study established that 64.5% of the respondents reported that PSC had not developed procedures for capturing, managing and storing electronic and paper records in a proper and secure manner as compared to 35.5% of respondents who did agree. Further, more than half (149 or 53.4%) of the respondents reported that PSC had not issued adequate guidance and procedures on capturing, using and keeping records to the staff. The pattern was similar in all categories of respondents. In light of these findings, it was concluded that there was lack of a framework to create good systems for better records management. The study recommended that the top management should be ready to embrace best record management practices. All levels of staff should be trained on record management skills, policies and procedures to enhance accountability.

The occurrence of brain metastases in oncology has become an increasing frequency event. Their management is complex and aims to control the symptoms and avoid neurological degradation. Radiotherapy retains a prominent place in any therapeutic approach. However, their prognosis remains bleak. We report our experience in the management of these metastases. Retrospective study of 129 patients with cerebral metastases treated between January 2011 and December 2016 at the Oncology Department of the Mohammed VI University Hospital Center in Marrakech, Morocco. The mean age was 47.34 years (range 19 and 78 years). The sex ratio was 1.04. Clinical symptomatology was dominated by intracranial hypertension (95.65%), signs of focus (30%) and convulsive seizures (23.91%). Metastasis was indicative of the disease in 13% of cases. The primary focus was bronchial (37.3%), mammary (35.8%), digestive (10.2%), gynecological (6.6%), dermatological (4.3), urological (2.9%) and undetermined in 2.9% cases. The predominant histological types were infiltrating ductal carcinoma and bronchial adenocarcinoma. The lesions were multiple in 76.08% of the cases. Excision surgery was performed in 8.69% of cases. All patients were treated with brain radiotherapy according to two protocols; 30Gy in 10 sessions (78.26% of cases) and 20Gy in 5 sessions (21.73% of the cases). With an average follow-up of 7.3 months (between 1 month and 15 months), symptom improvement was observed in 63.04% of cases and neurocognitive disorders in 8.16% of cases. Radiotherapy retains a pivotal role in the treatment of brain metastases, although the optimal associations of systemic and local treatments remain to be defined

Abstract: The objective establishes the perceptual constraints of adult learners on the implementation of adult basic education programs. The study used descriptive survey research design and was based on the conceptual framework embracing four main theories namely: - Adult learning theory, Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation, Systems Theory and Reference Group Theory. The units of analysis were 424 Adult Education Learning Centres. The study population was 7104 adult education Learners. The targeted populations were 2304 Learners. The researcher used both Stratified and saturated random sampling to pick out a corresponding sample. The instruments of data collection were questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in one adult education centre and reliability co-efficient of 0 .745 which indicated that the instruments were reliable were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman “Brown Prophesy Formula”. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings show that if 2.92 (58.40%) of learners were asked to pay for adult education studies, he/she would gladly do so. Adult education programs suffer from stigmatization and hence potential learners find it almost an embarrassment to be involved in the program as attested by the score of 3.35 (67.04%). When an adult learner listens to what others say about adult education the adult learner felt encouraged to continue with the program. Every effort should be done by all the stakeholders in adult and continuing basic education to either reduce or get rid of the stigma associated with adult education since this affects both the learners and those that are charged with its supervision and monitoring.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide with a high mortality, and still there are only few effective methods to treat it. To this end, alternative medicines from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are being investigated for their ability to eliminate the tumor or halt its progression. A large number of studies have shown that TCM can be an effective approach to treat the HCC in clinical trials when used alone or in combination with other therapies. Thus, TCM has made significant progress, and has begun to gain worldwide popularity for promoting healthcare and HCC treatment. Because of this progress, periodic summaries are needed to facilitate further research for the use of TCM to treat HCC. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of this work with regard to the following aspects: herbalist views on the etiology and therapeutic principles for treatment of HCC, treating HCC by TCM alone, treating HCC with TCM in combination with resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and interventional therapy, and other therapies. Additionally, the current main problems and future application prospects for treatment of HCC by TCM described, which could provide scientific guidance for clinician as well as references for the treatment of other cancers

Information is a very important concept during an interaction between interlocutors within a particular health communicative context. In matters concerning individuals' health and other emotive issues, subjective information of any kind would provide sustaining knowledge to the seeker of knowledge. It is, therefore, of immense significance for people to have access to credible information that would satisfy their questions, curiosity and emerging problems of wellness. In Kenyan towns and villages, certain strategic street pathways are replete with Traditional Medicine advertisements by herbalists and witchdoctors. As a vehicle for promoting social modernization, the impact of utilizing advertising to promote trade in developing society remains a key subject. Although audiences are exposed to a number of advertisements, advertising may deceive either by increasing a consumer's false belief or by exploiting true beliefs in the ways designed to sell the product or offer services. This paper has interest in the discourse of advertisement of traditional medicine. Health issues have always been an important and emotive phenomenon in the lives of humans. Being in good health and able to go about one’s business without ill-health is a desire longed for by everyone. Hence, people become very much interested in matters touching on their health and the inherent rhetoric accompanying the offered ‘solutions’ as a means of persuasion. Are herbal medicine practitioners’ genuinely reaching out to fill the void possibly left out by modern medicine? Are these practitioners ably ‘treating’ all the ‘illnesses’ they advertise? These questions form the discourse matters sought in this paper.

Tuberculosis is a zoonotic and infectious granulomatous disease of virtually all vertebrates caused by the bacterial genus, Mycobacterium. Previous studies have shown that both humans and livestock like cattle, sheep and goat are susceptible to both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. This retrospective study determined the prevalence of tuberculosis among these livestock slaughtered at Jos abattoir for human consumption between 2006 and 2012, which were potential sources of humans infections. It also determined the yearly and month-wise distribution of the prevalence of tuberculosis, and compared the prevalence among the study species. Seven-year abattoir entries were collated. All the prevalence were calculated using Microsoft Excel, and further subjected to Chi-square test for establishment of statistical significance using Graph-pad Prism. Lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were found in 5,726 (2.22%) animals (cattle: 5,504, sheep: 74, goat: 148) out of the 257,553 (cattle: 64,091, sheep: 72,004, goat: 121,458) slaughtered during the study period. Yearly prevalence was highest (4.21%) in 2011, and lowest (1.76%) in 2006. Month-wise prevalence for the study period was highest (3.24%) and lowest (1.37%) in November and April respectively. Prevalence in cattle, sheep and goat were 8.59%, 0.1% and 0.12% respectively. This study reported high prevalence of tuberculosis among livestock slaughtered for human consumption in the abattoir. We therefore recommend that the appropriate authorities should intensify efforts in public awareness on the dangers of consuming tuberculosis-infected meat, establish active surveillance network, and enforce active and thorough meat inspection

The main concern on this study is HOS Cokroaminoto and KH. Ahmad Dahlan’s thoughts on the Islamic education. The result of this study is expected to be an alternative solution to solve the problems of the nation's education through the idea of HOS Tjokroaminoto and KH. Ahmad Dahlan. This research is a library research used descriptive analysis, by which the object of the study is the thought of HOS Tjokroaminoto and KH. Ahmad Dahlan on Islamic Education. The data used were taken from the works of the respective figures and expert opinion in such matters. In the thought of HOS Cokroaminoto, Islamic Education does not teach only aqal intelligence, but must also inculcate the Islamic principles. In one hand, KH. Ahmad Dahlan asserts that Islamic education should be based on a solid foundation; the Qur'an and Sunnah. This foundation is a philosophical framework in formulating the concept and ideals of Islamic education, both vertically and horizontally. The Islamic educational thought owned by HOSTjokroaminoto and KH. Ahmad Dahlan have similarities in terms of the foundation and the difference in the objectives, whereas the first is more directed at the education that led to the independence of the Muslims; while the second leads to the integralization of religious sciences and general sciences.The similarities and differences of HOS Tjokroaminoto and KH.AhmadDahlan’s thoughts on Islamic education can be seen from three aspects; the basic principles of Islamic education, curriculum and teaching methods.

Many ocular inflammatory and proliferative diseases require long-term pharmacological intervention/treatment. However, delivery of drugs in therapeutic levels to the back of the eye is challenging using conventional topical application, due to the poor efficacy. Systemic injections of drugs pose severe adverse effects. Direct injection into the eye may need surgical intervention. In the recent years, small size microneedles are fabricated to insert into various ocular tissues depending upon the complexity and state of disease to be treated. Microneedles are capable of delivering drugs through cornea or sclera in a minimally invasive way. There are few reports that large molecules, proteins, vaccines could be delivered into eye using microneedles. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye is a significantly challenging task due to the various ocular barriers and precorneal factors. In this review, the targeted drug delivery to the ocular tissues via minimally invasive approach is discussed