The article considers various issues related to the peculiarities of using a package of polymers in pharmaceutics. The main types of packaging from polymers for pharmaceutical preparations are analyzed. The main requirements for materials for packaging various drugs are defined. Classification of pharmaceutical preparations by the method of their application and packaging is presented. The classification of pharmaceutical preparations according to the dosage type, the type of treatment, the method of their packaging, and general requirements has been developed. It is shown that the proposed classifications became a prerequisite for the selection of eight basic pharmaceutical preparations types and materials for them. The diagrams of the percentage materials ratio in selected pharmaceutical preparations are constructed. The analysis of the corresponding diagram showed that polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are most widely used. The most widespread use of materials for packaging pharmaceuticals has been analyzed the main polymers properties have been identified, the presence of which is necessary for the manufacture of packaging

Wastewater from abattoirs has great impact on the environments, since it is made up of a significant portion of organic contents such as lipids containing high BOD and COD. Amongst other sources of lipid-rich wastewater, in the abattoir wastewater, a significant amount of bacterial capable of utilizing lipids and other organic contents has been found. Exploiting the extracellular hydrolytic capabilities of these microbes is necessary for the overall reduction in the organic contents of the wastewater. Lipolytic bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis were used in the treatment of the lipid-rich wastewater with enrichment nutrient combinations. Thus, the extracellular enzymes; lipase, protease and amylase were assayed at 6hour intervals for a period of 48hours for hydrolytic activity. Bacillus subtilis treatment showed the highest amylase and protease activity while Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the highest lipase activity and high amylase and protease activities with Staphylococcus aureus, also a good lipase producer. The result indicated extracellular production of the enzymes to cater for the initial breakdown of substrates in the wastewater medium. Owing to the enzymatic activities of lipase, protease and amylase possessed by these lipolytic organisms, they could prove to be beneficial for bringing down the overall organic load of abattoir wastewater.

Various substituted ketones (R1-R10) were condensed with Thiophene aldehyde in the presence of ethanol to get various chalcones (P1-P10). Resulted chalcones were then made to react with hydrazine hydrate and hydrazine hydrate derivatives to get the various Pyrazoline compounds (PP1-PP10 and AA1-AA10). The structures of these compounds are established on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral analysis (UV, IR and NMR etc.). The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. All these compounds were found effective against almost all microorganisms.

S-180 tumour bearing mice were subjected to 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) and Cyclophosphamide (CP) monotherapy and 2ME and CP combination therapy on 7th day of ascetic tumour cell transplantation when the tumour growth was at log phase. Then, the effect has been studied on host’s system in respect to dead cell – living cell frequency, tumour volume, haemoglobin percentage, and differential count of WBC. In 2ME and CP combination therapy, a steady increase in the dead cell or non-living cell population was noted with the steady decrease in tumour volume. Haematological studies from peripheral blood revealed a drastic depletion in neutrophil count and elevation of lymphocyte population on the 12th day and 16th day of tumour transplantation in combination therapy series. Moreover, the haemoglobin concentration is more or less stable in combination therapy treatment series. So, the 2ME and CP combination therapy provides some protective compensatory mechanisms in the body of the host.

A stability indicating method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Rilpivirine in pharmaceutical dosage form by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The chromatographic separation was performed using the Kromasil C18 (250mm × 4.6mm, 5µ) column run in an isocratic mode with a flow rate of 1mL/min at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consists of 0.01N Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and Acetonitrile in the ratio 65:35 (v/v/) and detected at the wave length 279nm. The retention times for Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Rilpivirine were found to be 4.35min, 2.05min and 3.61min respectively. The drugs obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 50µg/mL to 300µg/mL for Emtricitabine, 75µg/mL to 450µg/ml for Tenofovir and 6.25µg/mL to 37.5µg/mL for Rilpivirine respectively. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, specificity, ruggedness, robustness and stability. The standard solution was subjected to stress conditions such as acidic, basic, oxidative, neutral, photolytic and thermal conditions. The net degradation was found to be within the limits

The study examined plant species whose barks were being extracted and used for health maintenance by the Ijaw tribal community of Bayelsa State of Nigeria. 150 respondents, randomly selected, were interviewed with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire guide. All the interviewed were focused, conversational and two-way in communication. Plant species with medicinally valued barks were identified and information on them were obtained and documented. The results obtained revealed that the socio-economic status of the respondents were not prerequisites to their consciousness on the medicinal values of plants in their vicinities. Despite the availability of most of the species in the respondents’ environment, market patronage was still the preferred source as many of them could not recognize the species even with their vernacular names. Also a declining rate in the passage of ethno-botanical knowledge from one generation to another now abounds in the study area. Trading in medicinal barks was prominent and was dominated by the females who sourced their stocks from diverse areas. A total of 62 plant species, belonging to 38 families, were observed to have their barks valued for medicine for diverse diseases. The methods of preparations and utilizations of the plant-based medicine were simple and easily adoptable by the respondents. The extraction methods utilized sourcing for barks were mostly predatory and annihilative. Most of the indentified species were indigenous, uncultivated with poor regenerative abilities thus most of them were presently not abundant in the study area. Conservation measures that could enhance their sustainability were prescribed.

This study seeks to investigate the effects of chronic consumption of fresh palm oil (FPO) and thermoxidized palm oil (TPO) diets on indices of haemostasis and related organs. Eighteen male rabbits weighing 750–1000g were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6), namely; Control, FPO fed group and TPO fed group. The control group received normal feed+water, FPO fed group received normal feed mixed with FPO in the ratio 85:15g respectively, while TPO received normal feed and TPO in the ratio 85:15g respectively. The feeding lasted for 6months, after which indices of haemostasis were assessed. Platelet count for TPO group was significantly lower compared with control (p<0.05) and FPO group (p<0.001). Bleeding time in the TPO group was significantly higher (p<0.05, p<0.001) when compared with control and FPO respectively. Clotting time for TPO group was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with control, but significantly lower (p<0.05) in FPO group compared with control. Prothrombin time for TPO group was significantly higher (p<0.001) compared with FPO group, whereas PT was significantly lower (p<0.05) in FPO group compared with control. Photomicrograph of the liver in the TPO group showed extensive diffuse steatosis and progressive inflammation with hepatocellular necrosis, while the bone marrow in TPO group showed infiltration with adipose tissue and reduction in the number of blood forming cells. Chronic consumption of thermally oxidized palm oil predisposes to thrombocytopenia secondary to infiltration of the bone marrow with adipose tissue and reduction in the number of blood forming cells. It also increases bleeding time, clotting time and prothrombin time and hence may predispose to prolonged haemorrhage.

Micro algae Dunaliella salina is isolated from Sambhar Salt Lake, which has very high amount of carotenoids. We studied growth of D. salina in various concentration of EMS through rapid addition and having 1 hour treatment in dark to find out effective and efficient dose of EMS for D. salina. Studies revealed the effectiveness and efficiency decreased with increase in EMS concentration. Lower concentration of EMS was more effective and efficient for promoting growth. Maximum growth was found in control as compare to EMS treated cultures. The concentration of EMS chosen reduced the rate of growth, cell movement and cell survival as compare to control. This reduction increased with increasing concentration of EMS. Thus the mobility and survival rate of D. salina was negatively related to the concentration of EMS. Rapid addition of EMS exhibited high growth in comparison to 1hour treatment of EMS in dark.

The aim and objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the Flurbiprofen emulgel as a topical drug delivery which is a novel and advantageous delivery system forhydrophobic drugs to systemic circulation via skin. Flurbiprofen is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Emulgel is one of the most interesting topical delivery system. In spite of many advantages of gels a major limitation is to deliver the hydrophobic drugs. Emulgel is used topically because of its characteristic dual control release (i.e.) emulsion as well as gel it demonstrates better drug release as compared to other topical drug delivery systemdue to excess of oil bases and lack of insoluble excipients. In present work Flurbiprofen emulsion was prepared by using liquid paraffin and white soft paraffin as an oil phase prepared emulsion was gelled with different concentrations of Carbopol 974p. All 6 formulations were evaluated for Homogenicity, Extrudability, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, swelling index, drug content determination &Invitro dissolution test out of 6 formulation F4 is optimized based on the results and optimized formulation is good at stability conditions.

In order to contribute to the development of an integrated pest management strategy for stored grains, the insecticidal activity of Mentha rotundifolia L. essential oil was evaluated against Sitophilus granarius, wheat weevil. Insects and toxicity tests were carried out under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 27 ± 2 ° C and a relative humidity of 60 ± 5%, at Çankırı Karatekin University, Yapraklı Vocational School, Department of Animal and Plant Production. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to give 14 compounds in the essential oil of M. rotundifolia. The major component of the oil was identified as 3- Cyclopenten-1-one, 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- (89,09%). M. rotundifolia essential oil has remarkable insecticidal properties. Highest contact toxicity (100%) of the oil was observed against S. granarius (1µL/insect application of 4% (v/v) oil solution in acetone, after 24 h). Highest fumigant toxicity (100%) was observed for S. granarius (10µL/10mL container application of 1% (v/v) oil solution in acetone, after 24 h). The set of knowledge elements obtained should help guide strategies for the integrated protection of the grain quality during the storage of local cereals production.

This study focused on an investigation of solubility and dissolution rate of the drug repaglinide, a practically water-insoluble antidiabetic drug and the purpose of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate by solid dispersion system consisting of drug, excipients and carrier. Solid dispersion formulations were prepared by using the physical mixing and melt Solvent method. Physical mixtures (PMs) of repaglinide and hydrophilic polymer Kollicoat IR, HPMC, Kollidon 90F, Poloxamar 407 and PVK 30 were prepared at 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 ratios. Melt Solvent method was used to prepare solid dispersion of repaglinide with hydrophilic excipients Kollicoat IR, HPMC, Kollidon 90F, Poloxamar 407 and PVK 30 at 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 ratios. All formulations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dissolution tests. Characterization studies revealed that solid dispersion prepared by melt solvent methods showed better dissolution property compared to physical mixing and pure repaglinide due to the conversion into a less crystalline and/or amorphous form. The order of dissolution enhancement was Kollicoat IR > PVK30> Kollidon 90F> Poloxamar 407> HPMC in solid dispersions. In all cases improvement of dissolution was significantly greater in solid dispersions prepared by Melt solvent method than in physical mixtures. The SEM studies influenced that a decreased crystallinity of the solid dispersions revealed that a portion of repaglinide was in an amorphous state. This was because of Kollicoat IR, Kollidon 90F, Poloxamar 407, HPMC and PVK 30 modified the crystallinity that could be considered as an important factor in enhancement of the dissolution rate.

Alopecia actuated by chemotherapy is a much-feared unfavorable impact by numerous ‎chemotherapy protocols. Alopecia induced by chemotherapy is considered the most mental stunning highlights of ‎cancer treatment. A few medicines have been researched as conceivable approaches to anticipate hair ‎loss, however, none has ‎been effective. To date, still no accomplishable approach or treatment for overcoming chemotherapy-‎induced alopecia. Utilizing developed new sub-atomic innovation, spots and featuring in understanding sub-atomic systems of chemotherapy-prompted alopecia has been ‎accomplished utilizing rat models. Numerous systems can clarify the pathobiology of the ‎response of human hair follicle to chemotherapy albeit some to a great extent stays obscure. ‎In this article, we audit pathobiology of chemotherapy-initiated alopecia ‎, we concentrate on the ‎roles of p53, CDK2 and its objective qualities that are vital in interceding reactions of hair ‎follicle cells. ‎We expect that nearby pharmacological hindrance of p53 and CDK2 activity may fill in as an ‎effective treatment to avert chemotherapy-incited balding. Adequate pharmacological ‎inhibition of chemotherapy-induced male pattern baldness may require a blend of inhibitors to ‎block correlative or excess pathways of apoptosis in hair follicles. Estimation ‎chemotherapy instigated alopecia is vital and the related subject we open to it in this ‎review. Moreover, in this review, we will clarify the biomolecular link between the degeneration of ‎hair follicle induced by chemotherapy and the mechanism of propranolol in controlling P53 and CDK2 as protection ‎from alopecia induce by chemotherapy

Various plant actives have been reported for their therapeutic potential in obesity so far and plant polysaccharides are one of them. Naturally occurring non-starch polysaccharides are widely known for their anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic and anticancer activities as well in various in vitro and in vivo test systems. This paper focuses on one such crude polysaccharide fraction isolated from the leaves of the plant Vitex negundo which was tested for its anti-obesity activity in male db/db mice at 50 mg/Kg dose via both subcutaneous and per oral route of administration for 7 days. The activity via both the routes was compared with pair-fed and normal control animals for various parameters such as daily food intake, body weight, fasting serum glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels as well as changes in glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Obtained results demonstrate a significant reduction in food intake, body weight and fasting glucose levels in crude polysaccharide treated animals which are suggestive of its anti-obese activity. Further, a remarkable increase in fasting insulin and a significant decrease in glucose intolerance in crude polysaccharide treated animals was also observed, which indicate its anti-diabetic activity. Thus, this study primarily establishes a positive role of the crude polysaccharide from V. negundo leaves in treatment of both obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Appendicitis represents one of the most common causes of abdominal pain and is the most common emergent surgical condition of the abdomen. Timely diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis is necessary to reduce the risk of perforation which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Objective of the study is to determine the accuracy of the ultrasonographic examination in cases of appendicitis confirmed with that of surgeon's post-operative findings. A total number of 100 patients (56 men and 44 women) selected by non-probability convenience sampling over a period of 8 months, with the clinical suspicion of appendicitis, were subjected to abdominal ultrasonographic examination. Ultrasound positive cases were subjected to surgery. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of appendicitis was compared with clinical diagnosis and post-operative findings. Out of 100 cases that underwent ultrasonography, 74 cases were sonographically positive for appendicitis and 16 cases were negative. The overall specificity of ultrasound was 56.52% and the sensitivity was 96.1% in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, with PPV, NPV of 88.1% and 81.25. Overall accuracy was 87%. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis is a common indication for emergency abdominal surgery. Ultrasonography is still a useful tool in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in spite of sophisticated investigations like CT abdomen and laparoscopy; thus, reducing the cost of treatment and preventing negative laparotomies.

Abstract: Biodiversity has become one of the major environmental issues of our time especially with the on-setting climate change. The basic problem is the increased rate of extinction as a result of expanding human population, over exploitation of natural resources, land clearing and land use development for mono agriculture without vast integration of trees into crop production. Biodiversity refers to the life forms on earth and include the millions of plants, animals, birds and micro-organisms, the gene they contain and the intricate ecosystems they help to built into living environment. If the biological wealth of the world is to be maintained, the benefits of biodiversity in agroforestry need an international recognition. It forms the major part of our life-support systems. It constitutes the source of all our food and much of our raw materials. In order to create the necessary consciousness that would lead to wise use of land and conservation of biodiversity, the knowledge of the benefits of biodiversity in agroforestry should be wide spread. This paper highlights some of these benefits.