Integrase (IN) is an important enzyme for the replication of the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV- 1), and an essential target for the development of anti-HIV drugs. The enzyme is currently targeted by first and secondgeneration inhibitors [raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG)]. Of these, resistance to RAL and EVG are associated with three main pathways involving key mutations at positions N155H, Q148K/R/H, and Y143R/C within the IN gene. Although new resistance mutations appear to confer only low levels of cross-resistance to secondgeneration drugs (DTG), the Q148 pathway with numerous secondary mutations has the potential to significantly decrease susceptibility to all inhibitors of IN. In order to get insights into the development of IN resistance to first and second generation inhibitors using in silicoapproaches, in this study, one of the clinically essential mutant (MT)-Q148R of IN was modeled and docked with inhibitors. The MT model was built using the template and wild type (WT) 4E1M of HIV-1 integrase. Docking results indicate that in MT-Q148R the score was lower with respect to all inhibitors in comparison to the WT. In this study, the MT-Q148R of IN from HIV-1 displayed low affinity, this could be attributed to less number of interactions principally hydrogen and halogen bonds with the inhibitors (DTG, EVG and RAL), compared to the WT. Therefore, it can be suggested that the MT could not bind efficiently with inhibitors owing to its structural changes due to substitution to mediate its inhibitory activity and eventually leads to DTG, EVG and RAL resistance.

In this study, Cooperative society empowerment was examined to ascertain its impact on rural women. The sources of the data used for this research were primary and secondary data. Out of a total of one thousand three hundred and eighty six (1386) indigenous women of Nimo community, Anambra state, Nigeria were given questionnaires to fill. Nine hundred and eighty eight (988) of the population answered, completed and returned the questionnaire. The descriptive method was used to analyze the data generated for the research. This was supported by tables showing questions, responses of Yes or No, percentages. The hypothesis was tested using goodness- of-fit, descriptive statistics and histogram of normal curve. From the findings, the researcher came to a final decision that Cooperative societies impacts significantly on the living standard of its beneficiaries in any of their empowerment pragrammes. This means that cooperative societies helps in community development and in alleviation of poverty in rural communities.

Researches on complex networks have been performed across several fields of science, including technical networks, information networks, biological networks and social networks. Researchers have discovered different types of characteristics for complex networks such as regular-coupled networks, random networks, small-world networks and scale-free networks. Application of such network properties to solve real network problems, however, is still at the infancy stage. In this study, some key characteristics of complex networks are critically evaluated, the current state of complex networks and the application of theories of complex network to real network design. In particular, inspired by the average-path-length property and clustering coefficient, they are employed to evaluate the theories. It will also identify some of the challenges in applying these theories to real networks.

The study examines the impact of trade liberalization on manufacturing value-added in Nigeria between 1970 and 2014. Basically, the study employed the tools of quantitative empirical analysis technique to evaluate the impact of trade openness on the output of Nigerian manufacturing sector. Findings from the study reveal that the Nigerian economy has not changed its export structure over the 1970 - 2014 periods. The only changes that have taken place to its exports were just a mere shift in exported product indicating a sign of export substitution from primary agro industry-based exports to primary mining industry-based exports (i.e crude oil). It should be noted that heavy reliance of the Nigerian manufacturing firms on imported machinery and equipments is a reflection of the weak manufacturing base of the country .Also it can be adduced from the study that the inability of the Nigeria manufacturing sector to respond positively to the export potentials inherent in trade liberalization may be due to high cost of production in the country that put our manufacturing output in a disadvantageous position in international market. Generally, enough incentives for efficient resource allocation in order to promote manufactured exports within the on-going process of economic liberalization and deregulation paradigms have not been created. It was proposed that a mixture of the invisible hand of the market with the visible hand of the state should guide the process of manufacturing activities, economic diversification, trade and development similar to the case of the East Asian Tigers.

Gram negative bacteria (GNB) is the most common causative agent for morbidities and mortalities in leukemic patient, because of their receiving immunosuprresive chemotherapeutic agents, aggressive devices like catheters used for giving them those treatments and Hospitalization, in addition to GNB increasing resistance to many of antibiotics. The study include isolation of GNB from blood samples of leukemia patients and identification of GNB species isolated from those samples then testing its susceptibility to 15 antibiotics, moreover, calculating Procalcitonin (PCT) concentration in the samples as immunological marker to detect bacteremia in those patients. The results show presence of 9 GNB species in blood samples of leukemia patients including: Enterobacter cloacae, E. sakazakii, Serratia marcescens, S. ficaria, S. liquifaciens, S. rubideae, S. odorefera, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The most common species was E. cloacae followed by E. sakazakii. The higher effective antibiotics were Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Amikacin; also PCT concentrations were ranged between (0.1 and 8.23) ng.ml-1. The study concluded that Gram negative bacteremia was common causative agent for infections in Leukemia Patients, Enterobacteriacae was the the most common GNB causing infection, and the Most effective antibiotic for it were Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, and Amikacin which can be used as prophylactic therapies for those infections.

It is common in the intensive care unit to have many syringe pumps connected to a stopcock manifold and then attached to the port of a central line. The treatment of such critical patients also involves the alteration of flow rates of these syringe pumps. There are varied practices with respect to how the syringe pumps are placed when connected to the central line. Three syringe pumps containing inert fluid with a prefixed amount of different measurable electrolytes were connected to a central line via stopcock manifold .These pumps were commenced at a predetermined flow rate .At the end of prefixed intervals the samples were analysed to assess the quantity of electrolytes in the fluid delivered at the end of a central line. Alteration in flow rates and their subsequent end effect was studied. Further an infusion pump was connected to the distal end of the manifold and the fluid mechanics with various permutations of flow rate were studied. As per the results of our study, when a carrier infusion pump was connected in series to multiple syringe pumps connected to the manifold , the initial 5 minutes showed a significant dilutional effect for the contents of the proximal infusion pump (closest to the central line port)when alteration were made to the other pumps. This laboratory experiment does seem to suggest that there seems to be a significant dilutional effect with the use of carrier infusion in series as compared to when the carrier infusion is not used when drug alterations are done . This study further lays an impetus to study the above experiment in vivo in order to ascertain whether this has biological relevance.

Throughout the world, the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is changing the face of education. This paper is a report of a study that was carried out in the months of May and June 2016 on the availability of resources and facilities for ICT integration in the public primary school curriculum in Kitui County in Kenya. The research purpose and objective of the study was: To find out the availability of resources and facilities for ICT integration in the public primary school curriculum in Kitui County. This study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). It was informed by the pragmatic philosophy and the Mixed Method (MM) research approach. Data was collected from 388 public primary schools in Kitui County selected through stratified and simple random sampling methods. A total of 388 head teachers and 776 teachers participated in the study giving a total of 1114 respondents. The research instruments used were questionnaires for teachers, interview schedules for head teachers and observation checklists. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings revealed that most of the schools were connected to electricity but lacked ICT resources such as desk computers, whiteboards, CD-ROMs and anti-viruses. Laptops were available in some of the schools but were not being used by teachers in direct instruction. They were mainly used in the storage of school records, teacher plans, examination questions and for examination registration exercises. Another finding was lack of internet connectivity in most of the schools that affected ICT integration in the curriculum. The study recommended that the education stakeholders and the government should partner in provision of ICT resources and facilities to facilitate integration of ICT in schools. It is hoped that this study will be useful in education policy making on ICT integration in schools in Kenya and other parts of the world.

Obesity is a noticeable public health problem worldwide. It is well known that obesity affects physical health and cognitive function. It impairs all domains of cognitive function. Moreover, obesity affects both metabolic activity and cerebral structure of the brain. Bariatric surgery is surgical procedures that help patients with extreme obesity to lose weight. Multiple domains of cognitive function improve 24 to 36 months after bariatric surgery. Mechanism of such improvement is still questionable. It may be related to improvement of underlying medical condition, improved glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity, or correction of leptin and ghrelin systems. In this article, we review the effect of bariatric surgery on cognitive function and its possible mechanism.

Snake bite is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries like India. In India, the most important venomous snakes are cobra, krait, Russell’s viper and saw-scaled viper. This study was undertaken in a teaching hospital of West Bengal to find out the epidemiological profile and clinical presentations of snake bite cases in a defined geographical area of rural West Bengal. Data were collected from the snake bite cases came to emergency and internal medicine department of a tertiary level Medical College and Hospital since March 2013 to February 2014. In the study, 685 snake bite cases were reviewed over a one year period. Most common presenting symptoms were swelling at the site of bite (56.05%) and hematuria (27.59%).18.97% cases reached hospital within 4 hours and 22.48% cases within 4 to 8 hours. 8.02% cases presented with acute kidney injury, overall mortality rate was 5.48%. Snake bite is one of the common life threatening emergencies in the study area. Delay in hospitalization is associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality.

Abstract: Simulated the reservoir conditions(47.5℃) of the PuBei reservior G2 block in Daqing oil field，the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient of both hydrophobic associating polymer and the common polymer with middle relative molecular mass are measured and the oil displacement experiments using the three layers of heterogeneity of artificial core were carried out. Then the results of the experiment were analyzed. The experimental results show that under the condition of different concentrations and different viscosity, the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient of hydrophobic associating polymer are both higher than the common one obviously. Advanced treated wastewater., whose salinity is 5366 mg/L, was used for preparation of polymer solution. The oil displacement efficiency in the three layers of synthetic of heterogeneous cores shows that the oil recovery enhanced by 700mg/L of hydrophobic associating polymer is 16.11%, which is 3.57% higher than by 1200mg/L of common polymer on the basis of water drive recovery factor. Then hydrophobic associating polymer has a better oil displacement effect for the low permeability core and is more suitable for the polymer flooding in PuBei reservior G2 block.

Exclusive breast feed is way to nourish a baby with totally human milk without any food and liquid for first 6 months. Breast feed helps to maintain immunity of baby and provide optimal growth and development. Prevalence of exclusive Breast feeding is only 38% in Pakistan. The purpose of recent study was to assess knowledge and attitude of exclusive breast feeding among lactating mothers. This study was conducted in public hospital named as The Children Hospital Lahore. Present study was descriptive cross-sectional in nature. Sample size was 384 lactating mothers. Convenient sampling technique was used to distribute the questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21 and results were presented in form of figures and tables. Finding of current study reveal that a mostly 81.3% of the lactating mothers were currently breast feeding their babies. Only 37.8% of the lactating mother was exclusively breast feed and merely 35.9% started breast feeding within an hour of delivery. This study result indicate that mothers have good knowledge about exclusive breast feeding, lactating mothers have neutral attitude towards exclusive breast feeding and poor practice of exclusive breast feeding (37.8%). Present research concludes that mothers holds good knowledge, neutral attitude and poor exclusive breast feeding practices. Prenatal education should be started at antenatal units and outdoors. Health education should be provided at community level to obtain optimal exclusive breast feeding rate

Curcumin and Artemisinin are a poorly water-soluble drugs and its poor oral bioavailability is very low. A new self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) has been magnificently developed to improve the solubility of curcumin and Artemisinin. Appropriate compositions of SMEDDS formulation were selected via solubility studies of curcumin and Artemisinin. The formulation of SMEDDS was optimized by D-Optimal Mixture design. The optimal formulation of SMEDDS was comprised of 3ml surfactant (Tween 80), 1 ml of co-surfactant (PEG 400) and 1 ml oil (Oleic acid). The solubility of curcumin (4.4 mg/3ml) and Artemisinin (73.4 mg/3ml) was increased considerably in SMEDDS. The average particle size of SMEDDS-containing curcumin and Artemisinin was 150.7 nm. The diffusion study (in vitro) showed that more than 63.81% of curcumin and 54.91% of Artemisinin in SMEDDS could be dissolved in medium with pH 1.2 in 1 hr 30 min. Our study illustrated that the developed SMEDDS formulation held great potential as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of curcumin and artemisinin

The oral care is essential component of nursing job and it have great impact on patient’s safety and comfort during hospitalization. It prevent from hospital acquired infections. Mortality and morbidity rates are increased due to poor oral hygiene .Nurses are accountable for oral care but oral care is neglected in hospitals due to poor knowledge, attitude and practices. The aim of study was to determine nurse’s knowledge, attitude and practices towards oral care. Quantitative, descriptive cross sectional study design was used to achieve the aim of the study. The study was conducted in services hospital Lahore, Pakistan. The study population was registered nurses working in services hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Sample size was be 222. Data was collected by convenience sampling. Tools: for data collection: I: Demographic characteristics, 2: Mouth hygiene knowledge sheet, 3: Attitudes regarding oral care, Part 4: Practice towards oral care. The data was analyzed using (SPSS) mainly descriptive statistics methods percentage distribution. Chi square to test the associations between variables. Results: the mean and St. D of the age of participants was 1.77+ 0.800 with maximum experience of 1 - 5years 38.7% (n= 86). Educational level of participants was diploma in Nursing 69.8% (n= 115). The nurses had knowledge had fair knowledge >50% and Attitude level was negative < 60% and Practice level was poor < 60%.Majority of nurses do not perform oral care and give it less priority Oral hygiene care is often missed and neglected care. There is need to improve the nurse’s knowledge and practice by training sessions, seminar and workshops. Nurses are in great need to improve the skill and competency to improve patient quality care

Metabolic syndrome such as type-2 diabetes and obesity is becoming formidable health issue around the world. This study demonstrate the effect of a small molecule 2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolium-1-yl)-3oxoindan-1-olate (DHPO), on metabolic syndrome diet induce obese rats(8-9 weeks old) . Rats were divided into three groups, Two groups were fed either a corn starch–rich (C) or high-carbohydrate, high-fat (H) diet for 16 weeks, the third group (HD) was fed high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, for the first 8 weeks and the diet was supplemented with DHPO (0.4 g/kg food) for a additional 8 weeks. H and C diets contained 68% carbohydrates, as fructose and sucrose in H diet and as polysaccharides in C diet, and C diet contained 24 and 0.7% fat. The high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet produced obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, NAFLD, cardiovascular remodelling, and endothelial dysfunction. DHPO promote glucose disposal and corrected dyslipidaemia in dietary rats (high-carbohydrate, high-fat) by enhanced insulin signalling pathway such as AMPK. In addition, DHPO augmented glucose-uptake in gastrocnemius muscles. Therefore, DHPO may be the novel component that improve endothelial dysfunction and impaired glucose tolerance which cause type-2 diabetes

Cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (CE-HPLC) is an important tool in rapid diagnosis of a varied spectrum of Hemoglobinopathies. The aim of the study was to detect hemoglobin variants and hematological parameters in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai district of Western India. A total of 130 blood samples were examined on the Bio-Rad Variant CE-HPLC system by β-thalassaemia short program. The concentrations of the haemoglobin variants (%), retention times and the peak characteristics for all hemoglobin fractions were recorded. Blood indices were measured on an automated haematology counter. Out of 130 samples tested in different communities, 69 (53%) were found to have normal HPLC pattern and used as controls. Total 61 (47%) subjects were found to be hemoglobinopathies. Among those having hemoglobinopathies, 2 (3%) had β- thalassaemia major, 20 (33%) β- thalassaemia trait, 1(2%) HbE/β- thal, 2 (3%) Hb-SS, 14 (23%) Hb-S trait and HbS/β- thal respectively. The percentage of sickle-thalassemia double heterozygous subjects was 23% and their number was 22. Other variants were also found and their number was 8. Haemogram of all the study subjects with hemoglobinopathies were altered as compared to those of controls and anisopoikilocytosis, hypochromia, and abnormal red cell distribution width (RDW) were found in majority of cases. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was generally normal to very low. In conclusion, CE-HPLC was found to be a simple, rapid and reliable method for the quantification of HbF, HbA2, HbS and other hemoglobin variants for screening and confirmation of common hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia, β- thalassemia. Abnormal hemoglobins as HbS HbA2 and HbF very common in our study. Scheduled caste had the highest prevalence of hemoglobinopathies