Food borne diseases are the major health problems in developing countries like India. The problem is more noticeable due to prevailing poor food handling and sanitation practices. Street food vending has been increasing for several years but this growth presents public health challenge with evidence of diarrheal diseases. Emerging needs for understanding the food hygiene knowledge of street food vendors to ensure hygienic preparation of street foods is essential. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of knowledge on food hygiene among street food vendors in urban Chidambaram. The study conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A total of 50 street food vendors were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by conducting face to face interview using a semistructured questionnaire. The questionnaire was peer-reviewed and pilot tested before the final version. The questionnaire were structured into three distinctive parts to collect information on demographic characteristics, personal hygiene and knowledge on food safety .Among the study participants majority were of the age group 20 to 29 yrs ie 25[50%] majority of the participants were males 35[70%] and 33[66%] were married. With regards to cooking process 44[88%] of participants had moderate knowledge with mean score of 59.66±12.63. Knowledge about diseases was also adequate among 46[92%] participants with mean score of 97.33±9.13. .The study shows the overall knowledge level on food hygiene among street food vendors were adequate with 82.63±6.40. The factors like age, gender, education, type of shop or years of experience had no significant association with the knowledge levels of the participants. To conclude, Food vendors should be adequately educated on the role of food in disease transmission as well as on rules of personal hygiene and approved practices in handling street food

This paper seeks the complex issues between the oral/ethnographic narration and historical narration of the past. The oral history often collected by ethnographers directly from the people may have huge differences with the supposed authentic written account of history. For instance, the people in Tibet still believe, and they have tales and songs which say that Mao Zedong came to Tibet for the Communist Long March through China in the 1930s but the written records of the long march and Zedong‟s personal history reject this claim. However, the written history can‟t reject the paradoxical existence of oral tradition and vice versa. Both oral and written history has cultural significance and hence exists beyond the truth. In this context, it is difficult to pass judgment whether ethnography or history is the truth; rather it demands anthropological concerns to understand the reason behind the disjuncture. The social and cultural feature which creates disjuncture or paradox between the oral and written forms of historic accounts is more important to understand the truth. Anthropologist Carole Mcgranahan argued, “This situation demands to consider the social truth, cultural logic and political claim embedded in history as examples of the productive excesses inherent in and generated by this conceptual disjuncture.” This paper also emphasizes the concepts like social truth, cultural logic, and political claims to solve the complex issues between the ethnography and written history.

Gluconeogenesis involves formation of glucose from the breakdown of protein to form glycogenic amino acid and lipid such as triglyceride to generate glycerol which is further utilized for the formation of glucose. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) leaf has some non-scientific but traditional health benefit claims such as in the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. This work was designed to determine the evidence of Gluconeogenesis in rabbits given ypung cashew leaf extract using Plasma Value of Cortisol, Glycerol, Cortisol Binding Globulin Glucose, Total Triglyceride and Total Bile Acid. Materials and Methods: 10 rabbits of the same sex weighing 1.0-1.2Kg grouped into A1 (5 rabbits fed with normal meal and water only for 7 days), A2 (A1 rabbits given 500mg/KgBW of ethanolic extract for another seven days) and B1 (5 rabbits fed with normal meal and water only for 7 days), B2 (A1 rabbits given 500mg/KgBW of aqueous extract for another seven days). Plasma cortisol, glycerol, cortisol binding globulin, glucose, total triglyceride and total bile acid were measured biochemically using auto-analysis, ELISA and colorimetric techniques. The result obtained showed a significantly higher plasma value of cortisol, Glycerol and a significantly lower mean plasma value of Glucose and Total Triglyceride in rabbits (A2 and B2) given 500mg/KgBW of ethanolic or aqueous extract for seven days compared with the values of these parameters obtained in the same rabbits when they were fed with normal meal and water only for 7 days (A1 and B1) with p<0.05. This work reviled possible evidence of gluconeogenesis as indicated by the significant biochemical alterations the plasma values of cortisol, glycerol, glucose and total triglyceride with respect to changes in their plasma level before and after the supplementation of the extract of young cashew (Anacardium occidentale) leaf

The object of this research at PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) unit Jakarta Bintaro Jaya 1 is a branch under the coordination of Regional V Jakarta 3 area of beautiful cottage Jakarta, consisting of 12 units of micro office with Case Study on Micro Credit Loan. This bank has a commitment to provide ease of lending as an additional business capital for Micro Entrepreneur (UM) or UMKM. More than 80 percent of business units in Indonesia are UM / UMKM. During the period of 5 years (2010-2014) the provision of credit / UMKM decreased. In addition, the number of non-performing loans (NPLs) from the UM / UMKM sector has increased significantly. The relationship quality management (CRM) index has declined over the last five years, so there needs to be an effort to improve relationship quality (CRM) and service quality. This will be able to improve the image of banking. The purpose of this research is to develop brand image with CRM and service quality. Unit of analysis of micro business credit debtors, population 558 and samples of 100 customers with slovin techniques. Analysis method with quantitative analysis. Analysis technique with Path analysis, followed by determination analysis (RSquare), Testing of partial hypothesis (t test) and simultaneous (F test) with alpha 5 percent. Before the analysis with the first path analysis in the test questionnaire research with validity and reliability test as well as classical assumptions. SPSS version 22.0 analysis tool. The research result is that Customer Relationship Management and Service Quality have an effect on Brand Image either partially, simultaneously, directly and indirectly.

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of progesterone antagonist, Mifepristone in perimenopausal women in decreasing the severity of symptoms like menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain and urinary symptoms, in decreasing the fibroid volume and uterine volume, in improving the hemoglobin percentage, in increasing the endometrial thickness, to look for the side effects profile and to look for the effects which were present at the end of treatment persisted during post treatment follow up. It is a prospective and interventional study done among the perimenopausal women with symptomatic fibroid uterus who came to the Gynecological OPD in Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad for a period of one and half year in a sample size of 50 patients. After taking a detailed menstrual history and calculating Pictorial Blood loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) score for menorrhagia and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for dysmenorrhea and abdominal pain, baseline fibroid and uterine volumes, haemoglobin percentage and endometrial thickness were noted and endometrial biopsy was done when endometrial thickness crossed≥8mm. The drug mifepristone 25 mg was given orally for a period of 3 months.

This paper attempts to establish information seeking behaviour of the employees of the East African Integration. The Department of East African Community coordinates the activities of East African Community in Kenya. Wilson (1999) defines information seeking as, "those activities a person may engage in when identifying their own needs for information, searching for such information in any way, and using or transferring that information". This study was a qualitative research in nature. The participants were drawn from 200 employees of the State department of EAC integration. The researcher employed interview method for data collection. The researcher used purposive sampling and interview schedules were prepared to gather information from participants. Data was analysed thematically. The results were that employees of the State department of East Africa integration sought information to assist them carry out their mandate concerning integration matters and they sought information by accessing the internet among others. It was concluded that information sought by employees of State department of East African Integration was information related to EAC integration process since a small proportion mainly from administrative directorate indicated that they seek information to better them in other disciplines of interest. It was recommended that due to lack of enough literacy skills on the part of the staff, librarians at State department of East African Integration should mount an effective IL programme in order to enable employees to easily access information whenever they sought for it. It was also recommended that ICT officers, librarians and record officers should put in place effective information retrieval tools that could assist the employees as they sought for information that could enable them carry out their mandates.

Despite the wealth of evidence for unfavourable effects of salt consumption on blood pressure dietary adherence remains unachievable. Behaviour modification by considering the perceived barriers has emerged as a promising control measure. This is a cross sectional study carried out in primary health centre of Chidambaram to assess the level of perceived barriers to salt restriction among known hypertensive patients in an urban population and to find out the various factors influencing the level of barriers. The study assessed known hypertensive patients for their prior behaviours and perceived barriers in following salt restriction along with dietary sodium estimation and clinical details. The barriers perceived by the participants were assessed and categorized as less, moderate and severe using Fredmann test. It was analyzed for association with factors of prior behaviour, duration of disease and treatment regularity using ANOVA. The study revealed no association between socio-demographic factors and perceived barriers yet duration of disease and treatment regularity had positive association with perceived barriers which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Also prior behaviours were statistically associated with perceived barriers (p<0.05). This study highlights the importance of knowledge of perceived barriers to encourage behavioural change for adapting salt restriction as a healthy practice

The study was conducted to evaluate loan recovery performance among group-based micro credit institutions in Delta State, Nigeria using a well-structured questionnaire and oral interview. Respondent groups were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Primary data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, table, percentage, mean and trend analysis using bar graph and histogram. Inferential statistics such as multiple regression analysis technique was also used. The result revealed that a total of 163,100 group members have been reached with total savings mobilized at N2,560,126,690 and total loan disbursed at N33,851,127,825. The mean loan repayment rate was 91.29%. The trend analysis indicated a steady rise in the amount of savings mobilized and credit extended to groups. The result of the regression analysis indicated that five of the estimated determinants fund size, membership size, duration of group existence, supervision and proportion of credit repaid were positive and statistically significant while interest charge was negative and significant. The major constraints in loan administration by financial institutions include government laws and regulations, lack of infrastructural facilities, diversion of loans, delay in loan repayment, and lack of funds among others. It is therefore recommended that group-based finance institutions should strategies on rural savings mobilization and utilization on the rural economy for sustainable financial inclusion.

Musculoskeletal pain is very common complaint in the workplace and about billions of dollars yearly are spending on work related musculoskeletal pain. Elbow pain is one of the common complaints in allied health providers today. Rare researches have been studied on musculoskeletal pain among allied health providers in Pakistan, but not specifically on elbow pain. The objective of study is to determine lifetime prevalence of work related elbow pain among allied health providers of Lahore. Cross-sectional study was conducted among allied health providers by using convenient sampling technique. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) of pain was used to assess the prevalence rate of work related elbow pain among allied health providers. The data was collected through a survey study of 105 participants from different healthcare setups in Lahore and was analyzed through statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 21.There were total 105 participants who include 37 (35.2%) physiotherapist, 38 (36.2%) nurses and, 30 (28.6%) technologists. The prevalence of work related elbow pain among allied health providers was reported in 9 (8.6%) participants. Elbow pain was reported in physiotherapists 13.5%, nurses 2.6% and technologists 10%.Physiotherapists and technologists have much prevalence of elbow pain than nurses because of nature of their job in poor and uncomfortable posture

Metaphors are an ambiguous and complex genre in Kiswahili Literature which slips into the forms of other literary genres and figurative language. This is potrayed in their definitions and manner of classification. Although metaphors are classified as a genre of sayings in Kiswahili oral literature their use goes above and below the saying. Kyallo Waddi Wamitila is one of the scholars of literature who besides having classified metaphors has also written literary works including plays. In his plays, words have been used to convey information metaphorically in context. This article shows the application of the conceptual metaphor theory in the analysis of word metaphors in Wamitilas plays. Though there are also other types of metaphors based on genre and use of figurative language such as play metaphors, narrative metaphors, poetic metaphors, songs, conversational metaphors, proverbial metaphors, simile metaphors, metonymy and quibbles.

Carrying angle has been studied by many researchers and it is being studied to correlate with different parameters like age, sex, height and side. The study is aimed to determine the normal carrying angle between right and left hands. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 medical students of Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute, Rupandehi district, Nepal from October 2016 to December 2016. Carrying angle of each individual was measured by using manual metal goniometer and height was measured by using measuring tape. The data was recorded in MS Excel 2007 and further statistical analysis was performed for the descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test was performed to compare the means of the study population by using SPSS 16. In the present study, participants were in the age group of 18-25 years with the mean age of 20.90 ± 1.45 years including 21.98 ± 1.45 years in male and 20.37 ± 1.12 years in female. The mean carrying angle in right hand was 10.64º ± 2.57 whereas 9.69 º ± 2.52 in the left hand with the significant differences between right and left hand. There were no significant differences between age, sex and height with the carrying angle in the study. The mean carrying angle value was higher in case of males than in females. This study is helpful for the anatomists, anthropologists, cosmetic surgeons and orthopaedic surgeon for the correction of the fractures and other associated elbow disorders.

This research investigated the surface and ground water quality in the Sokoto-Rima floodplain and determined the human health implications of consuming it. Five sample points were selected systematically, and at each sample point, three samples were taken each from ground (tube well), and surface (river) water. The surface water was taken from the river Rima at hundred meters interval, and the sampling was repeated after 20days. Thus a total of 30 samples (1st batch-15 and 2nd batch-15) were collected. Data obtained from laboratory were tested for correlation (Pearson correlation) and the difference (paired t-test) between surface and ground water. Results showed that positive correlation exist in pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), while negative correlation in Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chloride (Cl-), Phosphate (PO43-) and Potassium (K+). Result also showed that the mean difference of pH, BOD, PO43- and K+ are significant at p<0.01 (2-tailed) and Cl- is significant at p< 0.05 (2-tailed). TDS, Cl, PO4, NO3, SO4 and K are within the WHO and NESREA standards, while, DO, BOD and TSS (in NESREA) are above the standards. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method was used to find the number of coliforms, and Isolate method was used to identify the name of the coliforms found in each sample area. Result showed that in surface water Citrobacter freundii was found in all the study area except in Boye and Escherichia coli were only found in Boye. While, in groundwater Escherichia coli was found in two sample areas. The study therefore, concludes that the quality of the surface and ground water in the area is a determinant of the soil characteristics and has a positive relationship with the health characteristics of the surrounding communities. The research also concludes that surface and groundwater in the study area are not safe for human consumption unless proper water treatment and sanitation is done.

Poisoning due to deliberate self-harm (DSH) with the seeds of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) results in significant morbidity and mortality each year in South Asia. Yellow oleander seeds contain highly toxic cardiac glycosides including thevetins A and B and neriifolin. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Teaching Hospital Batticaloa, SriLanka among all DSH to see the prevalence of yellow oleander poisoning. Out of 121 DSH patients, 33(31.4%), 9 (27.3%) male and 24 (72.7%) female had seeds of yellow oleander poisoning. Among them, 3 (9.1%) patients got 1st-degree heart block while 2 (6.1%) got 2nd- degree heart block and 1(3%) patient got 3rd-degree heart block. Unfortunately, 2 (6.1%) patients have died. Though the numbers of suicide are already quite high, it is estimated that the real figures may be even higher in Sri Lanka. The under‐reporting is due to deaths not being recorded or being misclassified for different reasons such as stigma, legal harassment or insurance benefits. The main reasons for the oleander poisoning were a confrontation with their parents and siblings.

Weirs are the most extensively used hydraulic structures in the different fields of hydraulics, environmental, irrigation, and chemical engineering, as flow measuring and flow control devices in open Channels. The object of the present paper is to study the effect of the geometry of crump weir on the coefficient of discharge (Cd) under different flow conditions. The experimental work was conducted in rectangular laboratory flume; fifteen physical models were used with five upstream angles (17o, 22o, 27o, 32o and 37o) and three different crest heights (10, 15 and 20) cm under free flow conditions. The results show that Cd value will increase with the decrease of crest height as well as with increasing flow rate; it is also directly proportional to the upstream slope and inversely to the downstream slope. Computational fluid dynamic (FLOW 3D) were used to conduct new experiments.An empirical relation was obtained to estimate the coefficient of discharge Cd under different height and upstream slopes crump weirs.

Inflammatory response is a form of immune response which could be caused by infectious agents and toxic chemicals. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract contains phytonutrients such as protein, vitamins, calcium, and iron; and is also a rich source of antioxidants which could be attributed to the traditional and scientific claims in the treatment of anaemia. This work was designed to determine possible pro and anti-inflammatory responses in the traditional application of raw liquid extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf (iyana ipaja-chaya) in the treatment of anaemia. Twenty three (23) out of Thirty one (31)anaemic patients aged 12-32 years (including 2 females aged 12/15 years and 21 males aged 17 – 32 years) with PCV ≤ 20% receiving treatment at 5 traditional homes in Saki-west Local Government of Oyo State-Nigeria. Age matched 50 apparently healthy volunteers (Female-25; Male-25) with a PCV of 42±3.0% were recruited as control subjects. Thirty one anaemic patients initially volunteered themselves for the work but only 23 were successfully monitored. The patients were recruited before the commencement of the treatment. Each of the test and control subjects was subjected to stool microscopy for intestinal parasite, Giemsa thick staining procedure for plasmodium and Serological test for anti HIV, anti-HCV and HBsAg. All subjects who were negative to the aforementioned laboratory procedures were selected as subjects. Freshly prepared sixty milliliters (60ml) of the liquid was administered to each of the 23 anaemic patients and the 50 normal control volunteers 3 times on daily basis for 14 days when the PCV was found to have increased appreciably. Plasma ALT, IL-4, IL-6 , TNF-α (before and after the administration of the extract), HIV-1 p24 Antigen ELISA, anti-HCV, HBsAg were determined in all subjects by ELISA technique while whole blood was used to determine PCV by microhaematocrit and the identification of Plasmodium infection using Geimsa thick staining techniques.