The whole plant of Catharanthus pusillus of family Apocynaceae was subjected to isolation and identification of chemical constituents. The extract was purified and isolated by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The isolated compound was then subjected to UV spectrum, FTIR for identification of functional groups and 1HNMR and 13C-NMR for identification of protons and carbon atoms. ESI-MS was done to identify the molecular weight of the isolated compound. From the interpretation of the spectral data, the isolated compound was found to be 3-β acetyl oleanolic acid.

Malaria is one of the important diseases affecting several areas in India especially in the tribal and interior forest regions causing great morbidity and mortality. The National Vector-Borne Disease Control Program [NVBDCP] was launched in 2003-04 to control all vector-borne diseases, however seasonal and local outbreaks, especially in tribal areas, are common. This study was done to determine the prevalence of malaria during Aug-Nov 2015 season outbreak of malaria in tribal regions of Adilabad district of Telangana State. The objective of the study was to understand the type of malaria in the pediatric patients and the treatment is done and the outcomes. Methods: The study was done in Department of RIMS Adilabad during the seasonal outbreak of malaria from August to November 2015 and all the patients detected with malaria, its treatment and complications were recorded and analyzed. Results: a total of 3361 patients have admitted in the pediatric wards for various illnesses out of which 201 patients had malaria. The prevalence of malaria in the pediatric ward patients was 6.25%. The most commonly affected age group was 5 to 10 years recording highest number (n= 73) 36.32% of the total number of cases recorded. In male out of 113 cases, 38 cases (33.63%) belonged to 5 -10 years of age group. In females, 35 out of total 88 cases (39.77%) were in 5 -10 years of age group. out of 201 patients 164 patients (81.59%) had developed P. falciparum malaria indicating this is the predominant form of malaria present in this group of the population. Similarly, P. vivax was recorded in 19 (9.45% of the patients) and 18 (8.96%) had both the type of parasites in the peripheral smears. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that the prevalence of P. facliparum malaria is very common in tribal Adilabad district. There is a higher prevalence of malaria-related complications in pediatric patients. There is an urgent need to educate the people and create awareness among the tribal people regarding the growth and spread of malaria. This will reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality due to malaria in this region.

In aquatic ecosystems, metal concentrations are monitored by measuring the levels in fish, water and sediments. Contribution of heavy metals in the water bodies include industrial effluents, fossil fuels burning, agricultural runoffs, geological weathering domestic waste and human and animal excretions. Water, sediment and fish samples from the river were used to assess the levels of heavy metals concentration in the river. The objective of this study was to measure the concentration of levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in samples of water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River. Heavy metal concentration and selected physicochemical parameters (Electrical conductivity, Temperature, TDS and pH) of the water samples were determined. Levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River were determined using VARIAN AA 240FS-Atomic Absorption Spectrometer in an acetylene- air flame. In the fish (Oreochromis niloticus) samples, the highest concentrations of 50.46 mg/kg, 34.18 mg/kg, and 15.60 mg/kg were recorded for the metal Fe in the fish gills, bones and muscles respectively whereas the lowest concentration of < 0.08 mg/kg was recorded for the metal Cd in the gills, bones and muscle.

The study presents gamification as a tool for customer engagement. The study empirically attempts to find wards (Story Theme, Feedback, Rewards, Progress, Challenge, Points, Leader Boards, Badges, Levels and Clear Goals) that are mostly preferred by the users and their further interest in continuing with the same website/app/game. With the changing needs of consumers the marketers are finding better ways of engaging customers. As a known fact if an adult is asked his preference of work and games, the answer many times would be games. Now in this digital era an increasing number and variety of business applications are integrating game mechanics, or gamification, to improve user engagement, engage new customers, incent employees, build loyalty, and more. Now, users are competing against each other for points, or badges or to be known as a leader. The study, also attempts to find if the type of motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic) will have any influence on the choice of the awards. This study also focuses on the influence of the demographic variables on the choice of awards.

A total of seventy five (75) marine fishes comprising eight (8) species were collected from local wholesale markets at Kaneshie and Abeka, Accra, Ghana. The samples obtained from Kaneshie market were Salmon salar (Salmon), Thunnus obesus (Tuna), Scomber scombrus(Atlantic mackerel) and Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring) and those obtained from Abeka market were Centroberyx affinis (Red fish), Merluccus paradoxas(Hake fish), Scomber trachurus (Atlantic horse mackerel) and Melanogrammus aeglefinus(Haddock). Mercury concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a semi-automated mercury analyzer. Mean mercury concentrations in the muscle ranged from 0.06 to 0.33 µg g-1 wet weight, with Thunnus obesus having the highest followed by Merluccus paradoxas which are all predatory fishes. Mean mercury concentration in the liver tissue ranged from 0.06 to 0.34 µg g-1 wet weight, with Thunnus obesus having the highest followed by Melanogrammus aeglefinus. There was no significant difference between mercury concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues for any of the samples. Low levels of mercury were found in both tissues for all the samples. Mercury concentrations were relatively greater in the tissues of higher trophic level fish such as Thunnus obesus, Merluccus paradoxas and Melanogrammus aeglefinus whereas low trophic level fishes recorded low mercury concentrations. The results obtained for total mercury concentration in the muscles analyzed in this study were below the WHO/FAO threshold limit of 0.5µg/g wet weight, which suggest that the exposure of the general public to mercury through fish consumption can be considered negligible.

This study aims to analyze the influence of internal control system and internal audit performed by the government on the prevention of corruption mediated using accrual-based accounting. The research is descriptive and causal using survey method by gathering questionnaire from the whole population. There were 102 respondents who are civil servant employees of the Government of North Sumatra Province. For data analysis, the study used PLS SEM aided by software program SmartPLS version 3.0. The results of this study revealed that the government internal control system has a positive effect on the implementation of accrual based accounting, while internal audit has no effect on the accounting implementation. For implementation of accrual-based accounting has a positive effect on prevention of corruption. Likewise, the government internal control system has a positive effect on corruption prevention and also internal audit positively affects the prevention of corruption. The government internal control system influences the prevention of corruption through the implementation of accrual based accounting while the internal audit has no effect on the prevention of corruption through the implementation of accrual-based accounting.

The establishment of offshore aquaculture production areas that compete with traditional fishing activities is a potential source of conflict that needs to be assessed in coastal areas. Having little specific data available on the impacts of these farms, we aimed, through the present study, to gather information on this issue, especially regarding Monastir bay, a major zone of aquaculture production in the eastern shore of Tunisia. Hence, we have surveyed fishers‟ observations through a questionnaire-based methodology. A total of 78 fishermen were interviewed, in December 2016, in three different ports: Monastir, Sayada and Teboulba. Results revealed that 77 % of local fishing communities complained about the loss of fishing grounds and changes in the quantity and quality of catches. Net damage, caused by dolphin predation, was reported by 31% of fishermen. The most abundant and dominant fish and mollusc species around fish farms, as reported by 30% of inquired fishermen, were Mugil cephalus, Octopus vulgaris and Sardinella aurita, while 15% of fishermen interviewed reported the presence of marine turtles near cage fish farms. The present survey already provides an important data platform that will be useful to decision makers, to adopt appropriate strategies allowing harmonious coexistence between fish farms and fishing activities, in order to ensure ecological sustainability.

This study empirically examines the effects of firm growth on the profitability of listed agricultural and agro allied firms in Nigeria. The population of the study consists of twenty four (24) listed agricultural and agro allied firms in Nigeria as at 31st December 2016. The sample size of the study is (20) twenty for the period of nine years (2008-2016). The judgmental sample technique was applied. The panel data was extracted from the annual report and accounts of the study firms. A multiple regression was used to analysis the data through STATA13 to test the null hypotheses of the study. The Hausman test conducted indicated that the model is fixed effect. The result of findings showed that sales growth has a positive and significant effect on return on asset, also asset growth shows a insignificant negative effect on return on asset, while firm age revealed a significant negative effect on return on asset of the listed agricultural and agro allied firms in Nigeria. It is recommended among others that the management of agricultural and agro allied firms in Nigeria should maintained a level of sales level through market strategies. The firm managers should strike a balance between asset investment and profitability and always maintain reasonable level of profitability has company grow older to prevent liquidation of companies.

Thioquinazolinones are utilized in chemical synthesis of physiological significance and pharmacological utility. Thioquinazolinones are a large class of active chemical compounds exhibiting a broad spectrum of biological activities in animals as well as in humans. Research studies on thioquinazolinones reveals that the derivatives can be used in series of biological activities such as anti HIV, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, anticoccidial, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, CNS depressant, antimalarial, antioxidant, antileukemic activity, antileishmanial activity. This review focused on the various biological activities of thioquinazolinones. The heterocyclic fused rings thioquinazoline have drawn a huge consideration owing to their expanded applications in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. Thioquinazolinone are reported for their diversified biological activities and compounds with different substitutions bring together to knowledge of a target with understanding of the molecule types that might interact with the target receptors. Thioquinazolinones are an important chemical for the synthesis of various physiological significance and pharmacological utilized molecules. Thioquinazolinone are a large class of biologically active compounds that exhibited broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-HIV, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, anticoccidial, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antimalarial, antioxidant, antileukemic, and antileishmanial activities and other activities. Thioquinazolinone used as advantaged scaffold, the alteration is made with different substituent.

Contamination of groundwater is one of the major environmental issues faced at present due to indiscriminate disposal of sewage, industrial, and chemical waste without proper treatment. This contamination may affect physical, chemical, and biological variables of groundwater. Hence, the aim was to assess the physicochemical and biological properties of groundwater in an urban setting of Belagavi. A total of 30 water samples were collected from open wells in different places by purposive sampling technique. Physicochemical properties, including pH, total alkalinity, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, chloride ion, and carbon dioxide were assessed using standard methods. Microbiological analysis was done using standard microbroth dilution technique. The obtained values were compared with standard values set by the World Health Organization (WHO) standards and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water. Physicochemical properties of the study samples: pH, TDS, total alkalinity, chloride content, turbidity, and calcium and magnesium hardness were within the standard limits set by WHO and BIS; while, EC and bicarbonate hardness were not within the permissible limits. Microbial analysis showed the presence of Escherichia coli in 29 samples and the most probable number (MPN) of the samples was > 180 cfu/100 mL. Although most of the physicochemical properties of the groundwater were within the WHO and BIS standards, the microbiological analysis-MPN assay showed the presence of bacterial contaminants in most of the groundwater samples. Even though groundwater from most of the wells studied were contaminated, they can be revived as good sources of water provided the water is processed before consumption.

Institutionalization during old age requires tremendous adaptability. Reminiscence therapy has proven to be among the most effective at minimizing these outcomes. Loneliness, anxiety, and depression are common problems for older adults in long-term care. Reminiscence therapy is a non- pharmacological intervention that may be of some benefit. In comparison to individual reminiscence therapy, group reminiscence therapy is a preferred option when dealing with the resource constraints of long-term care. The current study aims to understand the researcher has done an extensive literature review to understand in depth concepts and ideas about Reminiscence Therapy on Depression among the elderly. The objective of this systematic review is to provide healthcare professionals with information to assist in their decision to utilize reminiscence therapy for depression reduction in older adults outside of the primary care setting. Reviewed studies that were randomized controlled trials not only varied in person, outcome measurement, control, and exposure/intervention, the results of these studies was also diverse. About half of these studies showed that reminiscence therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in depression. Despite that reminiscence therapy requires further testing, it should be considered as a valuable intervention. Future directions of studies on reminiscence therapy are suggested.

Viral gastroenteritis is one of the most frequently occurring medical illnesses all over the world, especially in developing countries. Although, clinical features of viral gastroenteritis are generally limited to the intestine, they may also extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract, which could be life threatening and fatal. The etiology of viral gastroenteritis in adults usually remains unclear. The aim was to investigate the etiology and clinical profile among adult patients with acute viral gastroenteritis. Patients (100) underwent investigations including, hemoglobin test, urine examination, fasting blood sugar, liver function test, renal function test, and serum electrolytes. Stool specimens were tested for rotavirus and adenovirus using the rapid kit test. The categorical and continuous data were compared using chi-square test and student t-test, respectively. At 95% confidence interval, p ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Of the 100 gastroenteritis patients, 26 patients were diagnosed positive for viral gastroenteritis. The leading cause of viral gastroenteritis was rotavirus (22) followed by adenovirus (4) and rotavirus-adenovirus co-infection (2). Diarrhea (100) was the major clinical feature. Incidence of gastroenteritis was mainly observed in patients (41) below 30 years of age. Acute viral gastroenteritis was significantly associated with the clinical features including vomiting, fever, dehydration, and reduced urine output; and biochemical parameters including renal and hepatic function abnormalities (p < 0.001). The study concluded that rotavirus, followed by adenovirus, can cause severe gastroenteritis and is an important etiologic agent in hospitalized adult cases of gastroenteritis.

The aim of this study was to assess the self-perceived strategies on administration of antibiotic prophylaxis among dental practitioners. The study duration was of one month duration from June 2016 to July 2016. A self-designed structured and pretested questionnaire was administered among all the registered dental practitioners and dental institutional teaching faculty of Durg-Bhilai, Chhattisgarh. Questions regarding the common antibiotics prescribed and the indications for which the antibiotics prescribed were included in the questionnaire. Total of 127 dentists responded to the questionnaires with a response rate of 100%. It was observed that Amoxycillin (91.3%) was the commonly preferred antibiotics followed by fluoroquinolones (20.5%). Endodontic procedures (57.5%) and surgical procedures (45.7%) are most common procedures for which antibiotic prophylaxis were prescribed. The drug of first choice for patients with an allergy to penicillin was clindamycin (30.7%). 74.8% of respondents have never undergone any form of training on antibiotic prescription. Amoxicillin was the most commonly preferred antibiotics subsequent to different dental procedures. There is a clear need to emphasize correct diagnostic methods and develop contextualized prescription guidelines and educational initiatives, so that the optimum effect of antibiotics will be achieved without compromising patient‘s health.

This study investigates the relationship between globalization and economic growth. Globalization has its effect on economic growth either positively or negatively. Globalization affects positively the economy of countries with welleducated workers and better financial systems. However, low-income countries do not benefit from it. The positive impacts of globalization on economic growth are several. It makes markets more efficient by increasing competition. This creates variety and leads to economic growth. Moreover, it increases foreign direct investment rates by facilitating technology transfer, industrial restructuring and the growth of global companies. A countries‟ economy can benefit from this point through taxes on the foreign investment or the increase of employment rates. However, globalization has some negative impacts on economy. If a country‟s economy become at risk, it may affect large number of countries. During the global financial crisis In 2007and 2008, the United States faced a crisis in the subprime mortgage market and this crisis extended to other countries in Europe and Asia even in the Gulf countries. Some countries‟ economies collapsed because of this crisis. This study is significant because it helps experts and the readers to know more aspects of globalization and economic growth of developing and developed Countries.

Urolithiasis is the process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and urethra. The prevalence of urolithiasis is approximately 2 to 3 percent in the general population. The development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, xanthine, oxalate, cystine, urate and phosphate. Herbal plants have been the basis for medical treatments since ancient time, and such traditional medicines still widely practiced today. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. In this study in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of Citrus limetta was done by two methods. Method A. was test by turbidity method in which method activity of the extract was tested in terms of inhibition of calcium oxalate formation by the method of Prachi Khare et al. with modification and Method B.was test by calcium oxalate dissolution method in this second method the role of plant extract in dissolving the already formed calcium oxalate stones nucleus in artificial system. The experiment was carried out in four arrangements according to the method of Unnati Atodariya et al. with modification. In the method A it was observed that the extract with 100 mg/ml concentration has shown higher percentage of inhibition (35.29%) of calcium oxalate formation than the extract with 250 mg/ml concentration. While the standard drug has shown percentage inhibition of 58.82% and in Method B the Low Dose of the Extract (50 mg/ml) had shown 15.2% of dissolution and High Dose of the Extract (100 mg/ml) had shown 27.7%, while the standard cystone (50 mg/ml) had shown 68% of dissolution of calcium oxalate. From the study it can be concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of Citrus limetta possesses in-vitro anti urolithiatic activity which can be due to the presence of phyto-constituent such as flavonoids present in it.