The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of Cajanus cajan cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire. Some anti-nutritional factors (trypsin activity) and α-amylase of Bacillus subtillus digestibility were evaluated for the seeds flours. The proximate composition revealed that pigeon pea had highest moisture (12.40 %), dry matter (87.60 %), ash (4.50 %), crude starch (39%), crude cellulous (11.9%) and crude protein (25.60%) respectively. While, carbohydrate and fat contents was found in values of 56.10 ± 0,1% and 1.8 ± 0.1 %, respectively. Cajanus cajan seed also contains several minerals. The appreciable value of potassium was 1.8mg/kg, while the levels of phosphor and sodium in the legumes seeds tested were found to be 0. 6± 0. 0 and 0.03±0,02 mg/kg respectively with a total energy value average 2818 ± 3 kcal per 100 g of flour. Anti-nutritional factor such as trypsin activity was found to decrease significantly in the whole seed at 55%. A significant improvement was observed in vitro digestibility of starch provide from whole seeds. Digestibility with alpha amylase represents 82% for whole flour and 88 % for flour made with seeds without film. Thus, the study indicated that pigeon pea flours would have great potential in various food applications. Therefore, the judicious use of seeds could be a source of additional nutrients in the diet of vulnerable population.

The antioxidant properties of oil and fruit extracts of Dacryodes edulis (African pear) from four weeks after anthesis (WAA) to fruit maturation were assessed in this study. The oils from the fruits were extracted with chloroformmethanol 1:2 (v/v) using standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the oil extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Results from the study indicated that DPPH and H2O2 scavenging capacity as well as percentage inhibition of MDA were significantly (P˂0.05) higher in oil at 20 WAA (45.47%, 45.1%, 18.3%), but with significant (P˂0.05) lesser percentage of inhibition at 4-12 WAA. The hepatoprotective effects of the extracts were examined in vivo in male wistar rats challenged with sodium arsenate. Results showed that the rats fed with the oil WAA had significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation, increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities especially relative to control values. African walnut extracts treated rats also showed similar decrease in serum AST (70.3±2.54U/L), ALT (63.7±2.34U/L±), ALP (59.3±0.60U/L) and GGT (230.8±1.12U/L) levels at 20 WAA when compared to 4 WAA extracts treated rats, AST (105.2±1.38U/L), ALT (73.0±1.12U/L), ALP (72.0±2.26U/L) and GGT (299.7±1.88U/L). The results suggest that the various fruit extracts possess varied degrees of potent antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo and may serve as important sources of antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Anthocyanins content and antioxidant were determined in the three main pigments toward ripening in Dacryodes edulis (African pear) fruit peels. The pigments were extracted with acidified (0.5% HCl) methanol and the extracts were hydrolysed and the applied on 3mm thin-layer chromatograms. The chromatograms were developed subsequently in one direction, using n-Butanol: Acetic acid: Water (BAW) (4:1:5 v/v). The anthocyanidin present in the three pigments, pelargonidin-3- glycoside, was identified according to their Rf values, UV-vis spectrum and reaction with NaOH. The results revealed that the concentration of anthocyanidin in the pink (premature, week4-12) stage was 0.20 mg/g, white (maturing fruit, week 14-16) stage 0.32mg/g and blue-black (matured fruit, week 18-20) stage 0.56mg/g, this results correspond to the capacity of the anthocyanidin to inhibits lipidperoxidation (TBAR) with 76.9% (pink stage), 81.2% (white stage) and 90.0% (blue-black stage). The result demonstrated a positive relationship between Anthocyanins (flavonoids) and antioxidant activity. Hence, Dacryodes edulis is better consumed when fully matured.

Slums are available in the port area of Chittagong city. The general health conditions of the slum dwellers are very poor. This study was conducted to explore the possible association of different disorders of post area people with their life style and socio-demographic status. A survey based prospective observational study was performed at Chittagong from July 2017 to January 2018. A total of 200 (125 from port area and 75 from city area) were identified as a quite effective sample for this study. A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to the participants. Majority of the respondents were married male in this study. Illiterate, ill-educated and day laborer people were available in port area when compared with city area. 35.2% people’s monthly income was below Tk. 10000 with poor household condition in port area. Most of the people were drinker (51%) and smoker (71%) in port area when compared to the city area. The values were 21% and 48% accordingly in city area. Various types of sound and sleep related problems are more common in port area people. Different physical disorders like fever, stroke, diarrhea and chest pain were more frequent in the port area when contrast to the city area. Moreover, mental problems such as depression, frustration, restlessness, stress and over pressure are also more common in port area than city area. Poverty, illiteracy and low socio-economic status is associated with many adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Evidence-based planning, decision-making and practice can help improve the health status and quality of life of people.

Employee performance is one of the most important variables for organizational survive and thrive. Majority of previous studies investigated the employee performance in business organization. However, few have investigated it in universities. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework of performance of academic staff. A literature review was conducted as well as a preliminary interview with the some academic staff. Building on the literature, this study proposed that transformational leadership and its dimension (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation) as well as the organizational commitment and its dimension (affective commitment, continuous commitment, and normative commitment) have positive effects on the performance of academic staff. The study proposes also a mediating role of organizational commitment between transformational leadership and performance of academic staff. The conceptual framework was discussed and direction for future work was highlighted.

Ameloblastoma is the most frequent odontogenic tumor ascending from dental epithelium, and is branded by its histological resemblance to the enamel organ of the developing tooth germ. Although defined as a benign neoplasm, ameloblastomas are locally disparaging and a high recurrence rate is observed if the lesions are not entirely expurgated. Management should be built on precise clinical details, radiographs, special imaging and a illustrative biopsy, followed and reviewed by an oral pathologist and a maxillofacial surgeon. Each case is distinctive and has to be considered in the clinical context and the relationship of the lesion to its surrounding tissues, histological type, and recurrence rate. The present article is a review of the existing literature concerning management of ameloblastoma.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. MVP usually has a benign course, but it occasionally leads to serious complications, including clinically significant mitral regurgitation (MR), infective endocarditis, sudden cardiac death, and cerebrovascular ischemic events. 100 diagnosed case of mitral valve prolapse (by echocardiography) were studied retrospectively. Most common age group was 15-39 years. 2) Most common symptom was palpitation with chest pain. 3) Most common sign was systolic click. 4) Most common ECG finding was early repolarization. MVP is benign entity which most commonly affects young age group. Most of patients present with chest pain and palpitation but some may be symptom free. Most common ECG finding was early repolarisation but to consider this as diagnostic test we need more broader study.

The twin-block appliance, described by Dr. Clark in the year 1977, is frequently used functional appliance. Contemporary studies suggest that, in growing patients, skeletal Class II malocclusion can be treated with this appliance. During the active phase, it guides molar eruption, and helps in reduction of posterior open bite by eruption of buccal teeth into occlusion. After which, an anterior inclined bite plane is used to maintain corrected occlusion. This is a case report of growing skeletal Class II patient who was successfully treated by twin block appliance.

The study has investigated the status of private university students in the eye of employers. The study collected information from 16 employers who are directly or indirectly involved in hiring process through open-ended questionnaire. Data was analyzed to have an idea about employers’ attitude about private university students. The result shows both positive as well as negative picture about private university students. The study is going to contribute not only theoretically; fresh graduate will be benefited by getting the idea of employers’ attitude toward them.

Complete cleaning of the root canal system requires the elimination of organic and inorganic debris including the smear layer. Endodontic irrigation alone is unable to ensure adequate removal of deeply entrenched bacteria in the dentinal tubules. Use of a chelating agent in conjunction with endodontic irrigants is necessary. The most commonly used chelating agent is EDTA. However, it has certain disadvantages when used with Sodium hypochlorite like reduction in dentin microhardness and lesser antimicrobial activity. The search for alternatives to EDTA has brought up newer alternatives like Etidronic acid and Chitosan solution. Clinical studies have proved that these are equivalent to EDTA in certain actions during endodontic treatment. This study aims to compare the changes in dentin microhardness seen when cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is done using EDTA, Etidronic acid and 0.2% Chitosan solution. Results of this study showed that both Etidronic acid and 0.2% Chitosan had comparable effects on dentin microhardness which were similar to EDTA.

Rehabilitation of Maxillo-facial defects is a complex task, requiring an individualized approach and modification of existing techniques to suit the needs of each patient. A removable, suitably retained prosthesis that reduces the patient’s discomfort and involves a minimal amount of manual dexterity in its handling is the key to successful prosthetic rehabilitation in such cases. This paper describes a novel technique of the restoration of a complex orbital defect with a removable silicone prosthesis that is retained with the help of magnets incorporated in the prosthesis itself and the spectacle frame.

Hausa is a language of the people situated in Northern Nigeria, Niger, Ghana and as far as North Africa. The language was blessed with two writing systems: Ajami (with modified Arabic letters) and Boko (using Roman letters). The publication of Hausa Newspapers began in the year 1932 by the Translation Bureau in Zaria which was established in the year 1929. It was begun with a newspaper called Jaridar Nijeriya Ta Arewa. Since that time the Hausa newspaper has continued under different agencies and individuals up to the present time when over 130 newspapers are published in Hausa language. Out of this number, currently less than 40 are circulating and all the remaining ones have died. The aim of this paper is to assess the history of the publication of this newspaper starting from the background and finally suggest the way to empower them.

Modernized efforts for harnessing Nigeria‟s abundant water resources for municipal water supply; irrigation and power generation commenced around 1923 when the first earth dam was constructed. Subsequently many more dams were constructed in the 1970s during the oil boom. And presently more dams are built in a pattern described as a form of top down approach intervention or maladjustment that lacked proper planning; community participation that not only hinder optimal and efficient utilization of resources but threaten sustainability of the projects. Legal, institutional and policy framework / documents that evolved over time to create access, set standards and enforce regulations such as; the (Nigeria)Waterworks Act of 1915, the River Basin Development Authority (RBDA) Decree 25 of 1976 (1979 and 1987), the National Water Resources Master Plan, 1995, the National Water Policy 2004, National Irrigation Policy and Strategy for Nigeria of 2005 and the National Water Resources Master Plan 2013 among other legal/institutional and policy frameworks expounded on and intended to address challenges of water resources development and management in the Country. The aim of this paper is to present an appraisal of these policy and institutional framework in integrating or mainstreaming ecosystem based watershed management. We conduct a review of these frameworks. Our findings reveal that there is a paradigm shift from structural (engineering or hardware) approach to an integrated approach to water resources management that emphasized Ecosystem-Based Watershed Management. The most recent of these frameworks underlined the cross-cutting nature of water resources management and calls for synergy and collaboration, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels through participation, and with coordination and technical competence of specialized basin entities or Ministries, Department and Agencies (MDAs) as well as research institutions, donor and development partners. The recommendations are geared towards improving cooperation and complementing efforts and commitments of the MDAs.

Risks plays significant part in the construction projects success. Risk identification and assessment failure may result to inefficiency in the procedures of managing risks, in which may critically have an impact on the projects’ resources. A proper risk management is hardly applied in construction projects as a result of the lack of contractors’ awareness of critical risks. The purpose of this paper is to base its focus on the examination of risk factors in construction projects.

The first three gospels in the New Testament give their records in a similar way of expression, content and structure; however, these Gospels have differences in some similar narrations. The existence of similarities and differences in these Gospels is known as „the Synoptic Problem‟. The purpose of this study was to explore how different audience among the author of the Synoptic Gospel influenced the Synoptic Problem. The researcher used Exegetical study to investigate the story of the Gadarene demoniac found in Matthew 8:28-34; Mark 5:1-20 and Luke 8:29-39. Findings showed that the authors addressed different audiences who had different challenges and experiences who in turn led the authors to focus on their needs focusing on specific issues which in turn affected their style, form, rhythm, occurrences, inclusion and vocabulary of each presenter and finally differences and similarities came upon their canonical gospels.