Institutionalization during old age requires tremendous adaptability. Reminiscence therapy has proven to be among the most effective at minimizing these outcomes. Loneliness, anxiety, and depression are common problems for older adults in long-term care. Reminiscence therapy is a non- pharmacological intervention that may be of some benefit. In comparison to individual reminiscence therapy, group reminiscence therapy is a preferred option when dealing with the resource constraints of long-term care. The current study aims to understand the researcher has done an extensive literature review to understand in depth concepts and ideas about Reminiscence Therapy on Depression among the elderly. The objective of this systematic review is to provide healthcare professionals with information to assist in their decision to utilize reminiscence therapy for depression reduction in older adults outside of the primary care setting. Reviewed studies that were randomized controlled trials not only varied in person, outcome measurement, control, and exposure/intervention, the results of these studies was also diverse. About half of these studies showed that reminiscence therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in depression. Despite that reminiscence therapy requires further testing, it should be considered as a valuable intervention. Future directions of studies on reminiscence therapy are suggested.

Since the introduction of mobile phones in the late eighties, many studies have raised concerns about the possible adverse effects on health, as a result of the exposure to RF and microwave electromagnetic fields as RF-EMR can penetrate deep into organic tissues and get absorbed producing many biological effects in human body. As brain is involved in very important functions and RF-EMR might have damaging effects on its different parts, the present study was undertaken with an aim to study effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) emitted by mobile phones on cerebellar cortex of albino rats under light and electron microscopy and to evaluate such changes after exposure to graded dose of RF-EMR. The present study was carried out on twenty four adult albino rats of either sex weighing 180-200 grams each. The animals were divided into four groups: 1 control and 3 experimental and were exposed to RF-EMR via complete missed calls of 45 seconds duration each. Both the experimental and control groups were then sacrificed and cerebellar cortex was isolated for tissue processing. The processed tissues were then studied under light microscope (Hematoxylin & Eosin Staining) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Light microscopic findings of the present study showed that cellular size of neuronal cells in purkinje layer of cerebellar cortex of RF-EMR exposed rats decreased along with condensed cytoplasm and nucleus. Electron microscopy showed swollen and vacuolized mitochondria with disordered cristae fewer in number. The rough endoplasmic reticulum also exhibited sacculated distension. From the findings of the present study it appears pertinent that in order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value and efforts are underway to harmonize the different standards in existence.

The aim of this study was to assess the self-perceived strategies on administration of antibiotic prophylaxis among dental practitioners. The study duration was of one month duration from June 2016 to July 2016. A self-designed structured and pretested questionnaire was administered among all the registered dental practitioners and dental institutional teaching faculty of Durg-Bhilai, Chhattisgarh. Questions regarding the common antibiotics prescribed and the indications for which the antibiotics prescribed were included in the questionnaire. Total of 127 dentists responded to the questionnaires with a response rate of 100%. It was observed that Amoxycillin (91.3%) was the commonly preferred antibiotics followed by fluoroquinolones (20.5%). Endodontic procedures (57.5%) and surgical procedures (45.7%) are most common procedures for which antibiotic prophylaxis were prescribed. The drug of first choice for patients with an allergy to penicillin was clindamycin (30.7%). 74.8% of respondents have never undergone any form of training on antibiotic prescription. Amoxicillin was the most commonly preferred antibiotics subsequent to different dental procedures. There is a clear need to emphasize correct diagnostic methods and develop contextualized prescription guidelines and educational initiatives, so that the optimum effect of antibiotics will be achieved without compromising patient‘s health.

The objective of the present study was to develop and optimize an oral pulsatile drug delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium to mimic the circadian rhythm of the peptic ulcer by releasing the drug with a distinct predetermined lag time. Six fast disintegration core tablets were prepared for preliminary trials using direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability assay and dissolution study. The best formulation were selected for optimization to study the influence of Micro crystalline cellulose (MCC) and Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) using 32 full factorial design. The optimized formulations were selected for coating for pulsatile delivery. The results of the study indicate f3 formulation was suitable for scale up

Urolithiasis is the process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and urethra. The prevalence of urolithiasis is approximately 2 to 3 percent in the general population. The development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, xanthine, oxalate, cystine, urate and phosphate. Herbal plants have been the basis for medical treatments since ancient time, and such traditional medicines still widely practiced today. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. In this study in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of Citrus limetta was done by two methods. Method A. was test by turbidity method in which method activity of the extract was tested in terms of inhibition of calcium oxalate formation by the method of Prachi Khare et al. with modification and Method B.was test by calcium oxalate dissolution method in this second method the role of plant extract in dissolving the already formed calcium oxalate stones nucleus in artificial system. The experiment was carried out in four arrangements according to the method of Unnati Atodariya et al. with modification. In the method A it was observed that the extract with 100 mg/ml concentration has shown higher percentage of inhibition (35.29%) of calcium oxalate formation than the extract with 250 mg/ml concentration. While the standard drug has shown percentage inhibition of 58.82% and in Method B the Low Dose of the Extract (50 mg/ml) had shown 15.2% of dissolution and High Dose of the Extract (100 mg/ml) had shown 27.7%, while the standard cystone (50 mg/ml) had shown 68% of dissolution of calcium oxalate. From the study it can be concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of Citrus limetta possesses in-vitro anti urolithiatic activity which can be due to the presence of phyto-constituent such as flavonoids present in it.

Isolated laryngeal tuberculosis is rare and presents less than 1% of the manifestations of this disease, it poses a problem of differential diagnosis with other affections mainly tumors. The aim of this work is to emphasize the diagnostic difficulty of this entity and its management. We report the case of a 21-year-old patient hospitalized for progressive dysphonia. Endoscopy showed an ulcerous-budding process of the two vocal cords (which were mobile) extending to the laryngeal vestibule and vestibular bands. The histological examination of the biopsies performed was in favor of a caseo-follicular tuberculous laryngitis. An anti-bacillary treatment has been introduced which has allowed a total resolution of clinical, biological and endoscopic signs. La is healthy 2 years after the end of treatment.

Present study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of Tribulus terrestris (TT) and vitamin C against permethrin induced oxidative stress in goat testicular tissue in vitro. Testicular tissue was divided into control and three experimental groups EI, EII and EIII. All the groups were cultured in TCM-199 nutritive media at 95% humidity, 5% and 39℃ in CO2 incubator for 4hr. and 8hr. duration. In group EI, the testicular tissue was exposed to 100µg/ml and 200µg/ml of permethrin. EII group was exposed to 100µg/ml and 200µg/ml of permethrin along with 0.1mmol of vitamin C. While EIII group was tested for 100µg/ml and 200µg/ml of permethrin along with 100µg/ml hydro-alcoholic extract of TT. Present study revealed that the activity of antioxidant markers such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in permethrin treated groups as compared to control in both dose and time dependent manner. Maximum decline (62.69%, 39.4%, 51.5% decrease in level of CAT, GPx, GSH respectively) in the antioxidant status of the tissue was reported at 200µg/ml for the duration of 8hr. However, 100µg/ml of permethrin resulted in 29.3%, 14.3%, 29.5% decrease in CAT, GPx, and GSH level respectively for the same exposure duration i.e. 8hr. The activity of antioxidants was found to be improved in vitamin C (EII) and TT (EIII) supplemented groups (p<0.05). From the present study, it is concluded that permethrin induce a decline in the status of antioxidant enzymes. Vitamin C and TT are potent antioxidants that mitigate the toxic effects of permethrin by elevating the level of antioxidants.

Wide range of inter-annual climatic variability and frequent occurrence of extreme climatic events is a great concern. There is a need to assess the impact of such events on agriculture and to suggest suitable agri-management options for sustenance. The appropriate regional based agro-advisory needs to be established for the farmers and other stake holders. Inter-annual climatic variability has to be linked through growth and yield of crops and cropping systems in various production environments of Bangladesh. Climate change is a global concern, and we must identify vulnerable regions as well as identify suitable mitigation and adaptation strategies through various agronomic and management options to sustain the agricultural production. Development of climate resilient agriculture is of paramount importance. Agri-response must be evaluated in relation to future climate change scenarios, in which crop modelling can play an effective role. With the help of crop simulation tools, assessment can be made for newer production centres and identifying suitable resource management options for maximizing production. Impact of climate change needs to be worked out on regional scales by integrating crop models with relational layers of bio-physical and socio-economic aspects. For this purpose use of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing tools is needed. In this review article, we have discussed about the inter-annual climatic variability and occurrence of extreme climatic events in Bangladesh and their association with agricultural production system. In this paper, we have demonstrated the potential of crop models viz. INFOCROP, DSSAT to assess the impact of this climatic variability and its change on growth and yield of crops and cropping systems and thereby suggesting appropriate management options for sustenance.

An increasing antimicrobial resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) has been rapidly growing. The cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive study was conducted to investigate the current in vitro susceptibility pattern of clinically isolated K. pneumoniae. Patient data for 700 different clinical specimens were collected from the case records during October 2016 to March 2017. Following isolation and identification of 113 isolates of K. pneumoniae to the species level, antibiotic susceptibility pattern for all isolates was examined using standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Among113 K. pneumoniae isolates, 25 (12.6%) and 88 (39.5%) were isolated from outpatients and inpatients respectively were considered for the study. The isolates showed high levels of resistance to Penicillin (100.0%), Ampicillin (96.5), first-generation cephalosporins (>92.0%), Nalidixic acid (93.8%), Erythromycin (96.5), Roxithromycin (99.1%). The isolates were less resistant to Amikacin (27.4%), Imipenem (29.2%). Good antibiotics activity against community-acquired (CA) compared to hospital-acquired (HA) isolates and the difference in resistant rate between them was found statistically significant for several antibiotics. A general increase in the resistance pattern of K. pneumoniae was detected to all the antibiotics that confirm the greatest and frightening problem in our country. Mechanisms for HA infection control measures must be evaluated to reduce pathogenic resistant bacterial strains spreading. Also, strike regulation of the antibiotics buying and intake by the public need to be applied.

An integrated counseling and testing centre is a place where a person is counseled and tested for HIV, on his own free will or as advised by a medical provider. The main functions of an ICTC include: Early detection of HIV, Provision of basic information on modes of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS for promoting behavioral change, reducing vulnerability and link people with other HIV prevention, care & treatment services. ICTC data can guide in identifying the various risk groups for priority targeted interventions to reduce HIV transmission in the community. To estimate the prevalence, mode of transmission, risk behavior and socio-demographic characteristics of attendees who tested HIV positive at ICTC in IGMC, Shimla for the year 2016 and prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection among HIV positive cases. This study is based on the Record review of attendees at ICTC in Indira Gandhi Medical College & Hospital in Shimla from 1st January to 31st December 2016. Data was entered using Microsoft excel software and analyzed with the help of epi info v7. This study depicts the role of ICTC & its Implementation in a Medical College. Among the 9156 total attendees in a year 2016 at ICTC, 63 were HIV Positive, so the overall prevalence of HIV among attendees was 0.69%, in which 41 were males and maximum (29) were in the age group of 35-49 years. TB-HIV co-infection was present in 3 patients out of 41 who were referred to RNTCP centre. Most common (71.42%) mode of transmission was heterosexual. Govt/ Pvt services & truck driving were the common occupations among HIV Positive Patients. Present study shows that males, 35-49 years of age group, hetero-sexual mode of Transmission & Inservice (Govt/Pvt) and truck drivers by occupation were predominate among HIV Positives. So we need to focus on these groups by IEC or BCC activities to modify the risk behavior to reverse the HIV epidemic.

The Ritz method was used in this paper for the flexural analysis of a statically indeterminate Euler – Bernoulli beam with a prismatic cross section. The beam considered was a propped cantilever of length, l, fixed at x = 0, and simply supported at x = l; and carrying a linearly distributed transverse load on the longitudinal axis. Two cases of coordinate (basis) functions were studied. In the first case, the basis functions were constructed to satisfy the deflection boundary conditions, but not the force boundary conditions. In the second case, the basis functions were constructed to satisfy all the boundary conditions. It was found that the stiffness equations formed with the basis functions that satisfied all the boundary conditions gave the exact solutions for deflection, bending moments and shear force distributions along the beam’s longitudinal axis. The effectiveness of the Ritz method for solving statically indeterminate Euler Bernoulli beam flexure problems was thus highlighted.

This study explored antediluvian and contemporary developments in human history and critically scrutinized their impacts in chronological developments of accounting. Considering the fact that the study is theoretically designed, it is therefore considered as literature based .The research design adopt is an explanatory research design. Secondary data is used and sources of information include text books, journals and other related materials in existence taken on in explaining the research variables. The study revealed some prehistoric phenomenal events that have influenced accounting techniques and horizon over the decades or centuries. Equally demystified are some contemporary happenings around the globe such as technology advancement (among others) that have orchestrated globalization with its attendant accounting responses such as the emergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).How such developments have shaped accounting as a field of study is highlighted. It equally brought to limelight the import of each of the significant prehistoric and contemporary happenings in relation to how such developments have shaped accounting. It was discovered that accounting as a field of study has antediluvian origin and it has kept evolving even till date. The study concluded accounting cannot be alienated from the wide range of prehistorical developments (both ancient and modern) in our environment because they have a way of forcing accounting as field of study to metamorphose and this has made accounting sciences highly dynamic. The paper established that accounting developed purely in response to the needs of the time orchestrated by changes in the environment and societal demands. At some other points, the development of the science of accounting has itself driven the evolution and development of commerce since it was only through the use of more precise and clear-cut accounting techniques that modern business was able to grow, thrive and respond to the needs of its owners and the public. It is therefore recommended that academics and professional accountants should be well informed of the dynamic nature of accounting with a view to being on the alert in order to respond timely and appropriate to up-and-coming challenges technologically, economically, politically and otherwise that may confront accounting.

This study aims to determine the effect of debt ratio (DR), current ratio (CR), and working capital turnover (WCT) on return on assets (ROA) at companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange tourism, hotels and restaurants sector period of 2012-2016. Sample selection in this study using purposive sampling method and got 6 companies which are suitable with the criteria. The research data is obtained from Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used in this research is panel data regression analysis and it is found that the more appropriate model used is random effect. From the result of research got the value of adjusted R-Square equal to 9.13%. It indicated that current ratio variable has significant positive effect on return on assets (ROA) with regression coefficient equal to 0,0286. However, the variable debt ratio (DR) has insignificant negative effect on return on assets (ROA) with the regression coefficient of 0,6852 and working capital turnover (WCT) variable does not positively influence dividend policy with the regression coefficient of 0,6768.

The paper looked at science as a systematic or step-by-step procedure requires in acquiring or obtaining knowledge that is objective, empirical and rational. The paper talked about the elements of scientific inquiry such as concepts variables, hypotheses, measurements and theories. It further highlighted the characteristics of sciences like objectivity, empiricism, universal applicability, systematic, predictability, verifiability, testability, logicality, experimentation and cumulative knowledge. Various conceptions of science were treated which includes realist conception, conventionalist conception, and traditional conception (a theory, operationalization and observation). Social research is viewed as a systematic way of search for knowledge of understanding social reality. Some types of research were identified as descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, longitudinal, exploratory, and clinical among others. One of the scientific approach, the paper viewed quantitative research and qualitative research as having step-by-step procedures in the collection and the analysis of data collected in the field. The paper concludes that both quantitative and qualitative data are scientific with quantitative research being more rigorous related to positivist science and qualitative to non-positivist conception. The paper further suggests the need for mixed method in social research in order to overcome the shortcomings of both quantitative and qualitative approaches.

In the past decade, academic world established a variety of fragile states index systems. They were generally based on the evaluation of society, environment, economy and government. Given that climate change has far-reaching impact for the quality of humankind and the development of a country, we have reasons to believe that climate change may have increased fragility of a country. We used analytic hierarchy process and established fuzzy synthetic evaluation models to identify when a sate is fragile, vulnerable, or stable. And we used the gray correlation method to analyze the correlation between climate change and each evaluation indicators. Then, we combined with Yemen's specific situation; we found that climate change makes its more fragile through the impact to food production, water supply, natural disasters and other evaluation indicators. We also demonstrated that Yemen will not become so vulnerable without these adverse weather effects.