Abstract: Tannery Liquid effluents collected from the Challawa Industrial Estate in Kano City were treated with aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds whereby 20gms of the seed powder was extracted with 250cm3 of distilled water. Then 20cm3 of the aqueous extract was used in the treatment of 100cm3 of the effluent as the extract volume was found to be the optimum level that would provide the best treated effluent water quality. Some physicochemical and biochemical parameters of the treated effluent were measured using standard analytical techniques. When the results were compared with effluent samples treated with alum, remarkable improvement in the water quality was observed in favour of the samples treated with the plant extract. For instance, improved turbidity values on samples obtained from the production lines in one of the tanneries and other areas within the estate ranged between 54% and 79% above what was obtained using alum. The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera was very effective in the removal of the solid matter in which 100 per cent effectiveness were obtained for the total, dissolved as well as suspended solids. The advantage of using the aqueous extract of the Moringa oleifera seed powder is the wide dose range over which effective treatment can be achieved and maintained without affecting the recycled water quality.

This study draws on online focus group discussions made up of convenience sample of five businesses and face-to-face focus group discussions with fourteen participants randomly selected from university students in different faculties/departments at Delta State University, Abraka to explore the utilization of Instagram in Nigeria. Data were obtained differently through online response to questions from business operators via e-mail and direct interaction with participants through questions and answers sessions, and responses to the questions were coded by hand, and analyses using comparative method to determine majority and non- majority opinions to each question. The results yielded demographic picture of Instagram users serving as potential influence on the platform usability. Furthermore, the results indicates that Instagram is offering a new dimension in business advertisement and marketing of products to consumers, and photos and live videos as communication strategies, reflective of the semiotics principles The results noted that Instagram is creating a new life of sociability, and of selfpresentation and selfies as contemporary social behaviour with posting /selfportrait photos and live videos as identity marker and self-performance The study discussed the limitations relating to Instagram use and provide suggestions for further investigation to determine the impact of Instagram in Nigeria. The author concluded that the study has contributed to the advancement of literature in Instagram functionalities and social media research.

Learning in SMKN 5 Jambi city took place with conventional methods suspected causes of students tend to be passive in learning. For that sought the effort to change the method of learning that can make students active. The research aims to: 1) To study the procedure of developing instructional media based on adobe flash CS3 program. 2) To study adobe flash CS3 program-based learning media that is feasible to use. Research type is research and development with reference to Lee and Owens development model that is ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Develpoment, Impelementation and Evaluationi). The subjects of the study were the students of class X in SMKN 5 Jambi city totaling 22 students. Instruments used: Observation, questionnaires, evaluation of media experts, evaluation of materials experts, media evaluation by teachers of study, media evaluation by students, and pretest and posttest questions. Research findings obtained: first: the analysis phase. Student needs analysis on learning media, second: design stage, making of media design that is storyboard, third: development stage, manufacture of media product, in form of typing and revision from experts, fourth: implementation phase, product trial, fifth: evaluation phase, based on questionnaires of media experts, materials, teachers and students can be concluded that the learning media has decent criteria. Result of research that, 1) The development of instructional media based on adobe flash CS3 program on economic and business introduction subject, done systematically by fulfilling the development model of ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). 2) Learning media based on CS3 developed adobe flash program is feasible to be used and can improve the effectiveness of student learning on economic and business introduction subjects. From result of validation test of instructional media conclude: 1) expert validation result that is validation of content or material obtained by 87% very decent category, 2) result of media expert validation obtained by 85% decent category, 3) result of teacher study field is obtained equal to 88 % category is very feasible, and 4) the results of the assessment of the students obtained by 90% very feasible category. Development of instructional media of adobe flash program is done systematic model of ADDIE and Development of learning media can improve result of learning post-test result is 73%.

Teacher’s instructional materials and Educational Physical facilities are key inputs required to accelerate effective learning. The Government of Kenya sets aside a considerable amount for capital investment, this is through teacher training and remuneration.This study established the teachers’ work load in public primary school for global Competitiveness and also determined the impact of FPE funds on resource improvement in public primary schools.The study was anchored on educational production function theory. Descriptive Survey Design was adopted which utilized the questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis to gather information from a sample of 920 respondents from 40 schools who took part in the research. The Study used Stratified proportionate sampling, simple random sampling, systematic sampling and purposive sampling procedures to select the sample for the study. Data was analysed descriptively using output from SPSS version 17.0 in terms of; Frequency distribution tables, mean, standard deviation and percentage distribution techniques to establish the variations in independent and dependent variables. The findings of this study established that overcrowded classes, heavy workload, insufficient toilets and inadequate provision of physical facilities hampered the efforts by teachers to provide quality education in Kenya. This study recommends that provision of teacher proficiency courses should be streamlined and accelerated, teacher distribution should be balanced in the district for maximum utilisation of the teacher resource, existing facilities be expanded to gather for the influx of pupils and the teaching/learning resources in schools be utilized to the maximum.

The overall goal of the Pre-school (Early Childhood Education Development) investment programme is to enhance access, equity and quality of education for all Kenyan children aged 3-5 years, especially the most vulnerable living in ASALs, urban slums and pockets of poverty. The importance of Preschool Education includes development of mental functions of children in areas such as language, motor skills, psychosocial, cognitive and learning. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of learning resources in public pre- schools pupil enrolment in Kenya. The study target population was 45 Head teachers, 91 Teachers and one DICECE Programme officer. Simple random sampling, stratified and purposive sampling technique were used in choosing the sample size in Eldoret East Sub-County, Kenya. The data of the study was collected using questionnaires and checklist. The obtained data was analyzed using thematic approach, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and Simple linear regression. The findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between learning resources and pupil enrolment level this implies that with every unit increase in physical infrastructure there is increase in the enrolment level. It is recommends that the ministry of education should establish community related factors and psychosocial factors across the pre-school education sector. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be of great importance to policy makers on understanding the best strategies that will promote efficacies in the administration of Pre-School Education.

The present analysis gives an idea about the Hall current effect on an unsteady Magneto Hydro Dynamic flow of an incompressible viscous, electrically steering fluid through a vertically symmetric artery but horizontally non-symmetric arterial with a mild stenosis. Numerical observations of the laminar flow of a power law fluid in a multiple stenosed artery, in the existence of transverse magnetic field. Now, Hall current effect is taken in to consideration. The transformed governing equations in the present study were solved numerically by using FDM. Effect of stenosis, magnetic field , the Hall current parameter „ ‟, and power law fluid index „ ‟ on the velocity profiles, the wall shear stress and the axial flow are presented graphically.

The government work report is a kind of style with Chinese characters of language expression. Therefore, when translating it, the translator must first understand the source language’s expression and analyze the discourse in order to make effective language conversion. Cohesion is one of the important methods of discourse analysis. In this paper, the author, taking 2017 government work report as an example, analyzes the application of discourse cohesion in government work report, emphasizing the importance of cultivating the ability of intralingual understanding and the awareness of cohesion in the process of Chinese to English Translation.

Various models have been developed to help firms analyze and evaluate the perfect dividend policy and there is no agreement between these schools of thought over the factors that affect dividend payout. The dividend policy decision is one of the most important decisions in any organization. This study sought to establish the factors that affect dividend payout of listed commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically profitability, liquidity, firm size and past dividend were determined if they affected dividend payout among listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study was based on the Bird in Hand Theory. A correlational research design was used to examine relationship among the variables. The target population for this study consisted of all listed commercial banks in Kenya. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select listed commercial banks for the study. The study employed secondary data which was obtained from the financial statements of the commercial banks for a period of five years ranging from 2012 to 2016.. The study showed that profitability, liquidity, firm size and past DPS accounted for 77.69% of variations in dividend payout for listed commercial banks. All the four factors were found to be significant in affecting dividend payout for the listed commercial banks. Profitability and past dividend per share were found to be positively correlated with dividend payout while liquidity and firm size were found to be negatively correlated with dividend payout. The researcher recommends more research to be done taking into consideration other factors. These include factors such as the commercial banks management, legal environment and competition within the banking industry.

Plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) are the rhizosphere bacteria and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal spores (VAM) that enhance plant growth and suppress plant diseases.The current study was carried out at Ahmed Orabi Agricultural Cooperative Association, Ismailia, Egypt, to investigate the efficient antagonistic bacterial isolates and VAM against Fusarium wilt disease in pepper plant under filed experiment. A total of 49 bacterial isolates were isolated, out of which 4 (P1, P11, P19 and P42) were selected based on their antagonism of phytopathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of 16SrRNA sequences identified these isolates as new strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus aerius, Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Lysinibacillus fusiformis. The selected isolates produced high levels siderophore and hydrogen cyanide. Disease symptoms, disease index percent, phytochemicals and Metabolic indicators of resistance in plant as response to induction of systemic resistance (SR) in pepper plants were recorded. VAM and P42 were the best isolates and reduced percent disease indexes by 10 and 15 % respectively. P11, and PGPR (P1, P11, P19, P42) gave the same result 17.5%. and came next P19, (VAM+PGPR) and P1 which recorded 20,22.5and 30 % respectively. The beneficial effects of the used elicitors were extended to increase not only total phenol, total soluble protein content but also the activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase enzymes in comparison with control. At the same time, the results appeared that pepper infected plants treated with applied elicitors showed variation in number, molecular weight of protein bands as well as variability in number of polypeptide peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase isozymes in the leaves.

In the light on the new recent mobility - driven by ongoing and forced migration, resulting from political instability, and economic and social problems, many social efforts have been made in order to integrate these new arrivals and therefore ensure a social cohesion. Educationally, many conferences and seminars were held in order to help teachers promote a good learning atmosphere among the new arrival of learners who bring multiple languages and mobile experiences into the classroom. As far as language teaching is concerned, language teachers have been given a noble and a social, but huge, responsibility to help solving social problems. However, the question that may impose itself today is that do foreign language teachers take sufficient training programmes to meet the new needs and fulfill such roles? What teaching training programmes are being undertaken by foreign language teachers? It is argued that teachers’ roles have always been didactical – instructor, facilitator, integrator, designer, etc. However, based on the new responsibilities assigned to language teachers, their teaching training programmes should be reconsidered. Our main goal in this work is to stress the need for practical teaching training that suits the multilingual classrooms, in which the foreign language teacher does not act only as an instructor, but also as a social assistant whose responsibility is to help solving the social problems.

This study was done in Arusha Municipality to find out relationship between Christian Parenting and Employment in SDA perspective. Objectives which guided this study were; to investigate the problems of Christian parenting in SDA Church perspective in Arusha municipality, to find out ways in which parents will balance Christian parenting and employment in SDA perspective in Arusha municipality and to recommend a model of a better balance of employment and Christian parenting in SDA perspective in Arusha municipality. The study employed qualitative approach which dealt with perspectives and believes of SDA believers on how they view relationship between Christian parenting and employment. Five Pastors from Arusha municipality, five Lectures from the University of Arusha, 25 church elders and church member from five SDA churches in Arusha municipality were purposive selected to represent other DSAs in Arusha municipality in regard to this topic. Findings showed that Christian parenting and employment are related and parents are not supposed to ignore employment because of situation analysis of the contemporary world; moreover they are not supposed to overlook parenting responsibilities because of the busy world of employment, both are needed in the family cycle. Therefore parents should balance by establishing self employment, or mothers may retire from work during first eight years of their children and also mothers may look for employment after eight years of their children.

The study assessed the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) competencies possessed by students of Teacher Education Department, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It adopted a descriptive survey design. Six research questions guided the study. Two hundred (200; 82 males and 118 females) teacher education students formed the sample of the study; the sample comprised fifty (50) students from each level. A validated fifty-nine (59) items on a four point Likert scale questionnaire titled Students’ Competencies on Information and Communication Technology (SCICT) was used for data collection. Cronbach Alpha was used to establish the reliability index of the instrument as 0.71. The data collected were analyzed with frequency, simple percentage and mean. It was found that respondents possessed competencies in basic computer knowledge, word processing and electronic communication and fair in spreadsheet, power point and multimedia applications. It was recommended, among others, that students in Teacher Education Department should be given sufficient training on how to use ICT in their academic studies.

Drought causes decline in bio-productivity, affects livelihoods and threatens food security. However, it has been observed that access to assets (such as natural capital) and diversification of livelihood help in ameliorating drought risk. The aim of this paper is to examine the contributions of ownership of assets and livelihood diversification in the overall adaptation to drought of farming communities in Bungudu, Dange, Dawakin-Tofa and Rimi in Northwestern Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling adopted by this study led to the selection of four localities and eighty smallholder farmer households. The research used indicators for measuring adaptive capacity to construct an adaptive capacity index. The values of the indicators were normalized. All the normalized scores lie between -1 and 0. Then scorecard method was used to compare and rank contributions of ownership of assets and livelihood diversification to the adaptation to drought of the four communities. The Adaptation Index generated has shown that Dawakin-Tofa with scores the highest score (43.5) has been ranked 1st is among the communities with highest ownership of small ruminants and is the most adaptive among the four communities. The findings of this study have corroborated work that shown that low adaptation to drought is associated with among other things lacking of livestocks (including small ruminants). It is concluded that ownership of small ruminants scored highest and has been ranked 1st in its contribution to adaptation to drought in ¾ communities of the study area. The recommendations of this study are geared towards enhancing sustainable livelihood of the communities.

The study aimed to examine the impact of knowledge management on supply chain performance. To achieve such goal a self-administrate questionnaire was designed and distributed over a sample amounting 110 subjects. The study concluded that There is a statistically significant impact at (α<.05) of knowledge management (knowledge creation, knowledge acquiring, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing, and knowledge application) on supply chain performance. The study recommended that telecommunication companies in Jordan are requested to motivate their employees to exchange and share knowledge to get the best benefit for all. Knowledge mangement has an impact on supply chain mangement.

The law about national education system shows that in learning process, a student as an object of learning is not adequate due to student’s role itself is equal to teacher. Learning process in elementary school is found interesting on condition that teacher is able to optimalize the implementation of proper learning media. In other words, by optimalizing the use of media, learning process would amuse the students and provide a valuable meaning needed in developing the result itself. This article aims to highlight innovation or optimalization of learning-media use established at X Elementary School Bandung in 2015. Research findings show learning process in X Elementary School is unable to comply with expectation. Based on observation result, it shows that learning process is monotonous due to a dull presentation and unvaried performance. By involving students into implementation of learning media, their point of interest in learning can develop as learning process becomes uncomplicated to perceive.