The purpose of this paper is to examine and review the relationships among entrepreneurial marketing, innovation, and business performance. A conceptual model of the entrepreneurial and relationship marketing created increasing innovations, and the impact on business performance. Academic implications of this paper in exploring the concept of entrepreneurial and relationship marketing increasing innovation and their impact on business performance.

Introduction: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an audiologic emergency with an annual incidence of 5-20 per 100000. SSNHL is idiopathic most of the times however about 10-15% of cases are due to identifiable causes like Meniere's disease, trauma, autoimmune disease, infectious causes etc. Objective: To study the effect of early versus delayed treatment of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL) in hearing outcome. Methods: A retrospective study of patients with SSNHL was done from June 2016 to study the effect of early versus late treatment in hearing outcome in July 2017. Patients receiving treatment within 3 days of onset of symptoms were placed in early treatment group (ET) and those receiving treatment after 3 but within 7 days were placed in late treatment group (LT). Hearing outcome was assessed using pure tone average (PTA) and was carried out at presentation and then at 3,7,14 and 30 days after treatment. A mixed between and within subject design ANOVA test was used to analyze the results using SPSS 20.0. Results: There were 46 patients in ET group and 39 patients in LT group. Mean age of the study population was 36.37 years (SD-7.868). The M: F ratio was 0.39:1. There was a significant interaction between time and treatment group, Wilk's Lambda= 0.382, F (1.52, 79.196) 19.83, p <0.001, partial eta squared =0.541. There was a substantial main effect of time, F (1.52, 79.196) = 180.36, p <0.001, partial eta squared 0.776 suggesting significant improvement of hearing levels with time. The main effect comparing early and late treatment groups was also significant, F (1,52) = 5.799, p=0.02, partial eta squared = 0.100 suggesting significant difference in hearing levels in between the two treatment groups. Conclusion: Onset of treatment after the initial symptom significantly affects the outcome of hearing improvement in SSNHL. There are higher chances of improving if treatment is started within 3 days of onset of symptoms.

The aim of this study is to show a brief analysis on credit sales for future services to protect the financial stability of businesses that offer them. An introductory review on the existing demand of future services is done, some theoretical basis on the concepts of savings funds, investment funds and future services are analyzed in order to understand their differences. Finally, a formula to estimate costs for future services is proposed in order to obtain the approximate costs of the services they are selling today to the moment when they are required in a future date and to make this profitable by using a financial scheme based on ordinary annuities.

Objectives: To thoroughly evaluate the causes, associated risk factors, and management of anxiety and depression (AD) among young adults by synthesizing current literature. Methods: A thorough search of pertinent databases was done in order to find studies that satisfied the requirements for inclusion. A thorough search of PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Science Direct was conducted to find pertinent literature. Results: Nine studies, including a total of 13628 participants diagnosed with anxiety or depression or both, and 4972 (63.2) of them were males, were included in our data. Earlier use of cannabis, poverty, romantic love, and internet addiction were found to be associated with AD in young adults. Brief psychodynamic therapy seems to be a promising strategy for young adults experiencing mild to moderate AD. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) classes, even for short durations, are also beneficial in treating student patients' AD. Referring patients with more severe symptoms to a psychologist skilled in CBT may be beneficial. Conclusion: The development of AD among young adults is multifactorial. Psychodynamic therapy was recommended for mild to moderate AD, while CBT was proposed for young adults with severe forms. Longitudinal, prospective, and randomized trials are needed to study the interventions that may improve AD among young adults as well as the possible causes.

The improvement of public service delivery involves capacity building in public servants. Training programmes are one of the most popular capacity building approaches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of these human capacity development programmes on public service delivery. The objectives of the study were to find out how training influence performance improvement in the public service. The research used descriptive research design with stratified random sampling to select the samples. The samples were picked through simple random sampling thus enabling all members of the target population to be represented. The target population comprised of 300 active members of the African Association for Public Administration and Management (AAPAM) and 20% of the target population formed the sample size. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The study found that training has a moderate positive influence on service delivery and this is attributed to effective training content and training methods. The study recommends adoption of proactive human capacity development strategies and incorporation of technology to enhance their positive influence on service delivery and mitigate on the negative influence to ensure efficient services are offered to the citizens.

Optimizing nurse assignments is crucial for maintaining quality care and improving patient outcomes, as nurse staffing represents 40% of hospital costs. A change from assigning nurses at random to using scientific criteria has affected operations, funding, worker happiness, and patient safety. Patient diagnoses, continuity of care, and nurse-to-patient ratios are important factors to take into account. Improving nursing productivity and lowering turnover now depend on skill mapping, which assesses nurses' competencies according to hospital requirements. Improving nurse satisfaction and the caliber of patient care requires effective staffing strategies that are adapted to the needs and acuity of the patients. This review of the literature looks at how skill mapping and acuity tools can be combined to improve patient outcomes, maximize resource usage, and improve nursing activities. It demonstrates how useful Perroca's instrument is in guiding care planning and management decisions.

Gaussian Mixed Model (GMM) has seen an increase in terms of usage especially to tackle the issue or problem of fraud activities in telecommunication industry. Like any other methods, GMM has its equal share of problems related to the maximum likelihood estimation and the determination of the number of components in GMM. In this paper we will highlight solutions to the said problems such as Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm and the methods that are normally used to determine the number of components in GMM, which include the most recent research work done by the authors using Kernel method and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC); and the successful derivation of hypothesis testing in the determination of the number of components in GMM. The said derivation has never been attempted before due to the difficulty and complexity of GMM, as exemplified by the use of EM algorithm in solving its maximum likelihood estimation problem. The performance of the hypothesis testing, which is positive and promising despite using different percentage of overlapping; and the comparison of hypothesis testing to AIC, which produced conflicting results under certain conditions will also be highlighted

Introduction: Oligohydramnios, a common amniotic fluid disorder, is marked by reduced fluid volume for gestational age. This study aims to assess its risk factors and clinical outcomes to enhance maternal and neonatal care in a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of risk factors and clinical outcomes in pregnancies with oligohydramnios at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at BSMMU, Dhaka, from June 1, 2016, to May 31, 2017, enrolling 200 pregnant women with oligohydramnios. Data on antenatal and postnatal histories, clinical examinations, and investigations were collected. SPSS version 22.0 was used for descriptive analysis of demographics, maternal and neonatal outcomes, and risk factors. Result: In a study of 200 pregnant women with oligohydramnios, the mean age was 23.9 years, with 65.5% aged 20-25. The most common risk factor was idiopathic oligohydramnios at 24.0%. Maternal outcomes revealed 58.0% had normal vaginal deliveries and 42.0% cesarean sections, primarily due to fetal distress. Among neonates, 54.5% were appropriate for gestational age, 70.9% had low birth weight, and 65.4% had APGAR scores below 7 at 1 minute. Conclusion: Oligohydramnios is a prevalent complication in pregnancies that requires vigilant monitoring and timely interventions to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes, given its association with low birth weight and increased cesarean delivery rates.

Abstract: This article reports on estimating credibility factor using Empirical Bayes Credibility Theory. The credibility factor determined will help insurance companies to determine accurate credibility premium in order to charge aggregate premium that is reasonable in the coming year per risk using credibility premium formula. Thirteen risks/portfolios, from the Metropolitan Insurance Company, Ghana were used for the study. Among other things, the study results reveal that the distribution of all number of claims follows poisson distribution. . The study indicates that motto comprehensive, third party, workman compensation, fire material damage and asset risk had the highest credibility factors (Z_i>0.5 ) showing reliance on expected individual aggregate claims X ̅_i and those with credibility factors (Z_i<0.5) indicating reliance on risk parameter of overall risk E[m(θ)] or Expected Aggregate Claims. The results further indicate that expected range of volume of business in the coming years for all risks/portfolios was estimated as (V_B±t_(α/2) s/(√n) ) and the empirical bayes credibility theory premium was R_p×(V_B±t_(α/2) s/(√n) ).

Introduction: PCOS is a common condition that increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) due to insulin resistance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between PCOS and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and the development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in pregnancy. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from June 2015 to May 2016. It involved 100 pregnant women, 50 with PCOS and 50 without, who underwent fasting glucose, 2-hour OGTT, and HOMA-IR tests. Data on gestational diabetes and pregnancy complications were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Result: The study revealed that the PCOS group was older (29.4 ± 4.1 years) compared to the Non-PCOS group (27.2 ± 5.0 years), with a higher incidence of GDM (26.00% vs. 10.00%). Pregnancy complications like preterm birth were more common in the Non-PCOS group (24.00%), while GDM occurred more often in the PCOS group (26.00%). Additionally, the PCOS group had higher fasting and 2-hour OGTT glucose levels and showed greater insulin resistance (3.5 ± 1.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.9). Conclusion: This study confirms that women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and exhibit impaired glucose metabolism, underscoring the importance of close monitoring during pregnancy.

The study investigated the academic success of secondary school students in Ondo State. The study employed the survey design technique. The population for the study consisted of secondary school students III in Ondo State. The sample of 500 students was selected using simple random sampling technique. Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected from the three senatorial district in Ondo State using simple random sampling technique. Fifteen secondary schools were selected from the three LGAs using simple random sampling technique. Thereafter, 500 students were selected across the 15 schools using intact class of the senior secondary school students III. An adapted instrument titled “Personality Traits, Cognitive Styles and Academic Success Questionnaire” (PCAQ) containing four sections was used to collect data from the respondents. Data collected were analysed percentage, Pearson product correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. The results showed that 40.8% of the students possessed high level of academic success; 34.0% had moderate level while the remaining 25.2% of students demonstrated low level of academic success. The results showed that neuroticism with 45.4% was the prevalent trait among the students. Also, the results showed that 68.4% of the students employed field dependent cognitive style. Again, the results showed positive and significant relationship between openness (r = 0.991; p < 0.05); conscientiousness (r = 0.991; p < 0.05), extraversion (r = 0.989; p < 0.05), agreeableness (r = 0.984; p < 0.05) and neuroticism (r = 0.984; p < 0.05) and academic success of students. Further, it was showed that field dependent cognitive style had negative and significant relationship at (r = - 0.477; p < 0.05) while field independent cognitive style had positive and significant relationship (r = 0.989; p < 0.05). The results revealed that openness (t = 6.12; = 0.41); conscientiousness (t = -455; = -024), extraversion (t = 9.1; = 0.28); agreeableness (t = 1.66; = 0.047) and neuroticism (t = 1.92; = 0.055). Also, the results for cognitive styles showed that field dependent (t = - 11.03; = -.069) and field independent yielded (t = 7.12; = 0.00). While the results of openness, extraversion and neuroticism were significant at 0.05 level of confidence, values of agreeableness and conscientiousness were not significant. Also, both field dependent and field independent cognitive styles were significant at 0.05 level of confidence. It was concluded that more students demonstrated neurotic trait and few had high level of academic success.

Background: Missing teeth can significantly affect the intercuspal position (ICP) and contribute to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, which in turn impact the overall masticatory function and oral health. This study investigates the effect of missing teeth on ICP and TMJ symptoms and evaluates the outcomes of prosthodontic rehabilitation. Methods: A total of 120 participants with varying patterns of tooth loss were enrolled in the study, which took place from January to December 2016 in the Department of Prosthodontics at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and Beau-Dent, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results: The study included 69 males (57.5%) and 51 females (42.5%) with a mean age range of 36–50 years (40.8%). The results showed that the shift in ICP was most prominent in participants with posterior tooth loss (80%), followed by mixed tooth loss (85.7%) and anterior tooth loss (71.4%). TMJ symptoms were common, with clicking reported by 41.7% of participants, pain by 29.2%, and restricted movement by 16.7%. After prosthodontic rehabilitation, significant improvements were observed in several measures: occlusal contacts increased from 4.5 ± 1.8 to 7.8 ± 2.1 (p < 0.001), bite force improved from 150 ± 30 N to 320 ± 45 N (p < 0.001), and TMJ symptom severity decreased from 3.8 ± 1.2 to 1.2 ± 0.8 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Missing teeth have a significant impact on intercuspal position and contribute to TMJ symptoms. Prosthodontic rehabilitation effectively restores ICP, improves bite force, and reduces TMJ symptoms.

Most public pre-school centres in Kenya have stalled programmes marked by irregular and delay of teachers’ salaries, inconsistent feeding programmes, poor infrastructure and unclear policy guidelines. It is clear that financial management strategies are crucial for efficiency to be realized in finances in ECDE centres. This study was guided by the following objectives: . To establish existing planning strategies in the financing public pre-school education and to examine alternative planning strategies for financing public pre-school education in Eldoret East Sub-County. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study targeted 1 sub-county education officers, 174 Head Teachers, 174 Pre-school teachers and 174 SMC chairpersons in the Eldoret East Sub- County. It used a purposive sampling for the 1 sub-County educational officers and simple random sampling for the 52 Head Teachers, 52 Pre-school teachers, 52 and 52 SMC chairpersons. The researcher used questionnaires and interview. Data was presented using tables and figures. The study findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between planning strategies employed and financing preschool education. The study recommends that there is need for ECDE management committee to plan for resources early enough before spending to curb waste.

Saudi banks under the guidance of SAMA, had expanded their branch network, introduced stronger management methods and new technologies, raised new capital, improved their profitability and set aside large provisions for doubtful accounts. The aim of this paper is to analyze the capital adequacy ratio and its impact on Saudi Arabian Banking Sector. We compared the Capital Adequacy Ratio of Islamic and Conventional banks listed in Tadawul Stock. After analyzing the financial statements of the banks for five years (2013-2017) the present study concluded that. Alinma Bank had the highest mean among the Islamic Banks while Samba Bank had the highest mean among the Conventional Banks. The present study also studied the BASEL III norms of banks in Saudi Arabia. The two-way ANOVA test was applied to evaluate the financial performance of Islamic and Conventional Banks. Our results also indicate that there was no significant difference between the Capital Adequacy Ratio of the Islamic and selected Saudi Conventional Banks.

The drinking water (potable water) is that water which is safe for human consumption .The analysis of drinking water determines the identification of bacteria and the effect of some other metals on them. The work was carried out in Sri Ganganagar zone. The samples were collected from 15 to 35 km. area of Sri Ganganagar,Rajasthan. The work was completed in the department of microbiology of Tantia University, Sri Ganganagar. Isolation and cultivation of Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) was done by using varies isolation techniques like serial dilution method, spreading etc. and applied different media like nutrient agar, Eosin Methylene Blue , MacConkey agar and special media and various biochemical reactions. Therefore, S.aureus and E.coli strains were selected for this antibacterial study. Both gram positive and gram negative microorganisms were used for the test and Al, Zn, Mn, and Fe metals were selected for study of antimicrobial effects. Prepared the cultured plate of E.coli and S.aureus and add the metals in the middle of the Petri plate and after overnight incubation obsevered the effect of metals. The result shown that Mn has no antimicrobial effect but Al, Fe and Zn has antimicrobial properties. Fe shown strong effect as compared to Al and Zn. The object of this study to investigate the antimicrobial effect of metals such as Mn, Al, Zn and Fe on drinking water bacteria such as E.coli and S.aureus. Antimicrobial properties of metals will be use for purification of drinking water and remove the bacterial contamination from the drinking water with the help of metals.