Finger Tip Unit (FTU) is being considered as a means of quantifying dosages but rough guides are provided in literature and it is without psychometric value. The primary aims of this study were to determine reference values for FTU metric length (FTUML) and compare values of 6 different age groups. 600 participants were purposively recruited. The weight, height and selected anatomic girths were measured using standard procedures. The FTUML was measured from the tip of index finger to the distal palmar crease using an inelastic tape measure. Body Somatotype and BMI were computed. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The mean FTUML for participants between 11 and 20 years, 21 and 30 years and other age groups were 2.5cm, 2.7cm and 2.4cm (SD = 0.3cm each) respectively, There was significant difference between the FTUs of different age groups (F= 15.37, P= 0.001). The FTUML of age group of 21-30 years was significantly higher than that of others (p=0.001). There was significant correlation between FTUML and height, wrist, ankle girths and body Somatotype (r- values= 0.410, 0.234, 0.472 and -0.106 respectively, p<0.01). Age and other independent variables considered were significant predictors of FTUML (F=32.46, P=0.001). The variables contributed 39.9% to the prediction of FTUML. The predictive equation obtained for FTUML was valid (r = 0.63, p = 0.001). It was concluded that the Fingertip Unit Metric Length of the participants ranged between 2.4 and 2.7cm and it differed across different age groups. Age, height, weight, Body Mass Index, girths and somatotype were significant correlates and predictors of Fingertip Units Metric Length

Gastroretentive systems can remain in the gastric region for several hours and hence significantly prolong the gastric residence time of drugs. Prolonged gastric retention improves bioavailability, reduces drug waste, and improves solubility for drugs that are less soluble in a high pH environment. The present work describes the formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive system of an antiretroviral agent, Stavudine, based on the concept of altered density. Emulsion gelation technique was used to prepare the floating microcarriers using sodium alginate as the polymer. Microcarriers containing oil was prepared by gently mixing and homogenizing oil and water phase containing sodium alginate which was then extruded into calcium chloride solution. The prepared microcarriers were evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency, particle size and shape, micrometric properties, buoyancy and in-vitro drug release studies. The results of FTIR spectroscopy showed stable character of Stavudine. The mean particle size of microcarriers was in the range of 0.59-1.25mm. Microcarriers were spherical and free flowing. The drug entrapment efficiency was found to be 44.6-69.1%. The microcarriers remained buoyant for more than about 12h. The drug release study showed that Stavudine from the microcarriers was prolonged more than 10hrs. The results demonstrate that the amount of the oil entrapped in each microcarrier is play role in particle size entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release

In order to recognize Chinese herbal medicine quickly and conveniently, we development telephone recognition platform by Java language. Object to the focus on health and Chinese herbal medicine, we put forward the system idea based on Android telephone to meet the requirement of herbal medicine recognition and help people recognize Chinese herbal medicine in travelling or outsides. The telephone application software developed by Java platform of micro edition can recognize Chinese herbal medicine by similar key word retrieving in the condition of plant characters and environment conditions

Around the globe, occupational-related diseases are widespread and common. Posture during work and duty hours are the major risk factor in the development of musculoskeletal disorder. The rationale behind the study is to find out the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder among dentist. Data was evaluated by using chi square test. The duration of the study was from Dec 2016 to Feb 2017 including pilot survey. 60 dentists were elected randomly and were questioned about personal characteristics, job history, work load, physical risk factors at work place and about low back pain (LBP) and neck pain. 5 point Likert Scale was used to measure responses and 10 item-scales was used to evaluate the prevalence of MSD. Informed consent was signed by the participants. Non-probability sampling technique was applied Confidentiality was assured. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 21.00 version. As evaluated from a study that back and neck pain is highly prevalent among dentist. According to results, 75% dentist exhibited back pain, 45% showed shoulder pain, 10% had elbow pain, 3% had wrist pain, 36% had upper back pain, 48.3% had lower back pain, 16% had hip, buttock and thigh pain, 8% showed bilateral knee pain, and 5% had bilateral ankle pain

Etoposide is an anticancer drug that belonging to topoisomerase II inhibitors, it used to treat various human malignancies. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. The present study evaluated the possible protective potential of oral treatment of ginger oil (75&150 mg/kg body weight) three times weekly for 21 days against the genotoxic effects of etoposide oral administration (1mg/kg body weight) three times weekly for 21 days on bone marrow in male albino rat (Rattus norvegicus). Sixty adult male albino rats were used as the following, 30 rats (5 for each group) were prepared for DNA, evaluated the oxidative status in liver tissue (they were received the treatments for 21 days). The other 30 rats were used for chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow in addition to mitotic index in bone marrow (they were received the treatments for 72 hours only). Animals treated with etoposide showed DNA fragmentations on agarose gel electrophoresis and a significant increase in the percentage of bone marrow total chromosomal aberrations (TCA: 183.3±2.7) with significant decrease (P<0.01) in mitotic index in bone marrow (22.3± 2.25 ). Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as indicators for oxidative stress showed an increase (2.42 ±0.05, 24.25 ±0.41) respectively, in contrast superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione showed decrease (P<0.01) with values (15.2 ±0.20, 5.42±0.31, 1.43±0.09) respectively, after etoposide treatment. While treatments with ginger oil (either 75 or 150 mg/kg b. wt.) normalize the oxidative status in liver tissues. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that ginger oil exerted a protective effect against genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by etoposide that may be due to its antioxidant effects. Consequently, we recommended that ginger oil can be suggested to be administrated as co-medicine in chemotherapeutic treatments of cancer

Dengue is a vector born viral infection that belongs to family Flaviviridae. It is a single stranded RNA virus and endangers 2.5 billion people world wild. Dengue viral (DENV) infections cause a broad spectrum of illnesses from self-limited fever to severe hemorrhagic manifestations and increased vascular permeability. Cardiac manifestations of dengue are rarely associated with severe dengue fever. There are ample of dengue with myocarditis reported all over the World. But dengue with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is rare, we reported dengue with AMI during the last outbreak and also we reported our challenges faced during the management period.

It is important for any health system to provide Nursing care and treatment with great quality and respond the client’s necessities. About Hepatitis C disease discrimination and stigmatization is very common in health care sector. In India nursing college student stated that Patients with hepatitis C often encounter incrimination and prejudice in the hospitals, by the family and common people. Because of increasing prevalence of Hepatitis C, It is very important to take appropriate action regarding HCV in Government Hospital of Jhang. The aim was to assess the exact knowledge and attitude of Nurses about care and treatment of Hepatitis C. Quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design was used and questioners on five point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree were distributed . Simple convenient sampling technique was used and Sample size was 222 Nurses from selected hospital. Reliability was checked on Cronbach, s alpha, it was .886 for knowledge and .738 for attitude that is reliable. Data was analyzed SPSS software 21. Most of the participant shown negative attitude regarding HCV 65% (n=146) shown sorry for HCV contracted through blood transfusion. 72% (n=160) respondent not like treating patient with HCV. 69.8% (n=155) respondent were not willing to treat HCV patient. 72.4% (n=162) not believe that their profession plays an important role in HCV treatment. 83.7% (n=186) agree that that they do, not have skills needed to effectively and safely in treating HCV patient .There was association between knowledge and attitude score. Study result shows lack of readiness about HCV patient, that is due to bias and stigmatization .It is therefore very important to improve Nurses knowledge and attitude about hepatitis C disease.

The aims of the present investigation were to evaluate (1) HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and risk perception among the physiotherapist in Chennai, Tamilnadu, India (2) to identify predictors of willingness to provide care for patients with HIV infection. A cross sectional survey was done among 300 physiotherapists working in different hospitals, physiotherapy clinics and institutions offering physiotherapy services in Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. The internal constancy for HIV/AIDS related knowledge was found to be 0.717. The attitudes and risk perception among the participated physiotherapists was found to be 0.723. The results indicated that HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and risk perception among the physiotherapist in Chennai Tamilnadu, India was acceptable. From the present investigation it was also found that there was significant association between physiotherapist’s attitude towards HIV/AIDS and their willingness to treat HIV/AIDS patients.

Nursing education is a program in which, through nursing training, nursing student becomes a competent nurse. Nursing training is a mixture of two learning, Theoretical learning and practical learning. Nursing Students in clinical setting learn from the behavior, knowledge, experience and skills of their clinical instructor, clinical Teaching Behavior and students learning have a significant relationship to each other. The Purpose of this study was “To assess the relationship of the teaching behaviors of nursing faculty in clinical site with students learning”. This study was carried out by using descriptive cross sectional study design an the data was collected through convenient sampling method from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital and Mayo Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Sample size was 180 and the consent were taken from the participants prior from data taken. Questionnaire was adopted from previous study and data is analyzed through SPSS version 21. Statistics of the study shows that All of 180 students were female students, 77% participants having education level of FSc and take admission in Nursing Diploma. 86% of the participants fall in age group of 18 to 22. The Overall result shows that 89% of teaching behavior have string and positive relationship with students learning and it affect the students learning significantly and this is concluded from this study that the behaviors of clinical teaching faculty have positive relationship and influence students learning.

Nurses provide care to patients and they feel hope to get comfort and recover. Nurses use the knowledge and skills to provide care to the patients. There are many health care professionals who involved in providing care for sick patients but nurses are the central part of this process. There are many tasks which nurses have to perform in routine and medication administration is one of them. To assess nurses’ perception about medication administration errors and the factors that are associated with the medication packaging, physician communication, pharmacy process, nursing staff and medication administration. Descriptive cross sectional study design and quantitative survey technique was used in this study. The sample size of this study was 264. The self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 300 nurses of Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan through convenient sampling and all the participants were females. The study found that nursing related factor is the highest reason of the medication error among the nurses of the Children hospital Lahore, Pakistan. However, pharmacy is the lowest reason of the medication error. Thus, management should focus on the training and development of the nurses regarding medication error so that the better health care services can be ensured

We describe a rare case of hypertension and bilateral pleural effusion simultaneously in twenty-two years old otherwise healthy young female in March 2017. The patient presented with an allergic reaction to an insect sting. Hence, she developed a generalized rash and shortness of breathing where she received a methylprednisolone 80 mg intravenously every 8 hourly for five days where she was discharged home. However, the patient readmitted within 24 hours with non-resolving shortness of breathing, dry cough, hypertension and bilateral pleural effusions more significant on the right side are confirmed clinically and radiologically. Five days after methylprednisolone was discontinued, patient became normotensive and chest x-rays was normal. These manifestations that include symptoms, signs and radiological images and their resolutions are given a name of a syndrome called “Yahya Al –Fifi’s syndrome

Abstract: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of both type-1 and type-2 diabetes, which affects over 90% of the diabetic patients. The distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) is the commonest clinical form of diabetic neuropathy, affecting more than 90% of the patients. Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is one of the most common of all type of the long-term complication of diabetes, affecting up to 50% of patients. The most common sites of pain are in the periphery involving the feet, toes, and hands. DNP continues to represent a therapeutic challenge as its pathophysiology is not yet fully understood and pain relief is still unsatisfactory. Clinical guidelines recommend pain relief in PDN through the use of antidepressants such as amitriptyline and duloxetine, the γ-aminobutyric acid analogues gabapentin and pregabalin, opioids and topical agents such as capsaicin. Of these medications, duloxetine and pregabalin were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004 and tapentadol extended release was approved in 2012 for the treatment of PDN. This review does not widely discuss all possible treatments for painful neuropathy; however it provides a systematic approach designed to guide clinicians in tailoring therapies to the individual patient.

This study aims to analyze the influence of competence and organizational culture on motivation. The design of this research is quantitative by using survey method. The population of this study are all sub districts and their devices scattered in 12 districts in Bekasi City and identified 56 urban villages and 224 urban village. Determination of the number of samples refers to the distribution of cluster-based areas that are scattered based on the existing sub-districts in the city of Bekasi. Assuming that each urban village will be taken by 4 respondents, 1 urban village and 3 head of affairs, the total sample area is 35: 4 = 140 urban villages expressed as sample area. This research uses multiple linear regression analysis technique. SPSS 21.00 analysis tool. The result of this research is that Competence and Organizational Culture have positive and significant effect to Motivation. There are still other factors that influence motivation apart from the two variables of Competence and Organizational Culture.

Abstract: This essay aims to examine the relationship between prejudice and discrimination on the basis of social dominance theory. Discrimination and prejudice are different concepts that many people experience frequently. Identities which create “we” and “other” are based on personal characteristics such as sex, age, sectarian or ethnic origin. Prejudice we feel for “others”, are the basis of discrimination. It is defined as a thought coming to mind arising from prejudgements while discrimination is behaviour of this prejudice. The theory of social dominance argues that one or more groups are more dominant and stronger than the others in the social structure and control resources. According to the theory, all social structures are prone to become group-based social layers, all societies are composed of hierarchically organized layers. While dominant social groups shape social values and have material resources or significant social symbols, the disadvantaged groups strive to have them. As a consequence, dominant groups have intention to maintain the circumstance by way of discrimination and favoring the inner group. The theory asserts that group-based social hierarchies emerge through aggregated individual discrimination, aggregated institutional discrimination and behavioral asymmetry. In this process, discriminated individuals, while reducing the values of their social identity by recalling that their groups have low position on the one hand, also make discrimination to be seen as the cause of failure instead of personal reasons.

Time out protocol for surgery is very important for the declination of mortality rate because two hundred and thirty four millions surgeries have been performed every day worldwide in which 7 million had adverse complications. To assess the attitude and practice of surgical team members regarding time out protocol before surgery in Operation Theater. A descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study design was done. An adopted questionnaire have been distributed among 154 participants to collect data from Services Hospital Lahore. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were applied. In this study out of (N= 154) respondents 50 %(n=77) of the participants were male and 50%(n=154) were females and 58..4%of the respondents were between the age of 26-30 years.45% of the surgeons and 27% of anesthetists and only 26%of the nurses were participate in the study.50% of the participants were 6- 10 year of job experience. Respondents towards the attitude of time out protocol were positive.87%of the respondents think that check the patient identity, procedure side is a joint responsibility.92% of respondent said that time out protocol can avoid incorrect surgery.76%of the respondent confirm the patient identity before every operation.81% of the respondents confirm that surgical procedure before each operation. The Time out protocol is one of the important strategies to minimize the hazardous situation in Operation Theater. It is important in Operation Theater and surgical ward as well as in overall hospital to identify the patient properly, his diagnosis, his treatment planning, his medication and the site or part of surgery to be carried out