This study aims to analyze the differences before and after the formation of waste banks in students, while the long-term goal is reporting and business strategy of Waste Bank at school (including a simple model of financial statement). The method used in this study is method of comparison with different test. The assessment of student performance between before and after the established of waste bank there is significant difference in the assessment of student performance at elementary school.

This paper assesses the comparative study of the role of tax audit and tax investigations in developed and developing countries (emphasis on Nigeria and United Kingdom). The two research questions that guided the research include; to what extent does effective tax audit and investigation curb incidents of tax evasion in developed countries?; to what extent does effective tax audit and investigation in developed countries enhance their tax revenue generation?. For developing countries, Nigeria as a case study, the methodology employed for data collection is only primary source, which involved the use of questionnaires, in which 48 questionnaire were administered to the members of staff Port Harcourt branch of Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS) and all the questionnaire were returned. Conversely, for developed countries, a critical look was given to published journals and some published information on databases that have confirmed that tax evasion occurs less often in UK owing to effective tax audit and investigation. Such journals have equally confirmed that one of the reasons for increase in revenue derivable from tax is as a result of effective tax audit and investigation as well as reliable tax laws. A Simple random sampling technique was adopted in distributing 48 copies of questionnaire, which were returned. Presentation and analysis of primary and secondary data collected with questionnaire were done using table, charts and simple percentages. It was established that effective and efficient tax and investigation has not been optimally put in place in developing countries hence the rampant incidents of tax evasion and low revenue generated through tax administration systems in such countries. On the other hand, in developed countries such as UK, tax audit and investigation is effective and efficient and for that reason, higher revenue is generated and less incidents of tax evasion. The study therefore concludes that for increased revenue generation and prevention of tax evasion, reliable, efficient and effective tax audit and investigation should be put in place in both developing and developed economies. It is the recommendation of the study that developing countries urgently embrace functional audit and investigation exercises to increase their revenue base through taxation and prevent uncontrollable loss of revenue through tax evasion while developed countries should maintain and strengthen their tax audit and investigation activities for a sustained optimal performance.

The study aimed to examine value chain of sesame varieties in some areas of Bangladesh. The specific objectives were i) to estimate the cost and return of Binatil-1and Binatil-2, ii) To identify the value chain of Binatil-1 and Binatil-2 iii) To determine the constraints of Binatil-1 and Binatil-2 cultivation; and iv) to suggest recommendations for policy guidelines. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Descriptive statistics analysis using average, percentage, ratio, etc. and value chain analysis were done in this study. The average cost of production of Binatil is BDT. 30341.08 per hectare and yield is 1.23 t ha-1; which indicates to a production cost of BDT 24.81/kg. The average human labour cost was BDT 19803.83 per hectare; fertilizer cost was BDT. 3990.84 and land preparation cost was BDT 3164.84 per hectare. The cost of human labour, fertilizer and land preparation are the major cost items of Binatil production. The average price for Binatil 1& Binatil 2 was BDT 38 and net return was BDT 16306.42. In case of Binatil-1, producer share was 65 percent for value chain-I and 55 percent for value chain-II and it was 63 and 56 percent respectively for Binatil-2.

Abstract: This study aims at examining the dietary intake status of adolescent swimmers. It also compares nutrient intake against the recommended dietary allowances and its associated implications on athlete’s health. A total of 65 subjects aged between 11 to 18 years was purposively selected; 35 swimmers and 30 non-swimmers. A structured Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to collect data. Correlations between continuous variables, association between BMI of swimmers and non-swimmers were calculated using ANOVA. The χ² test was used to compare the nutrient intake with the RDA of control and experimental group. Swimmers were taller, heavier and had higher waist hip ratio to a non-swimmers. The experimental and control groups reported a significant BMI and MAC. Females in two groups consumed meat protein than their male counterparts despite that the groups had many non-vegans. Although not statistically significant, men's consumption of food stuffs was higher than women; with χ² reflecting 3.4897 and 6.4371 respectively at 5%. Comparing MAR and NAR from swimmers and non-swimmers, nutritional intake in both swimmers and swimmers were seen to be inadequate in calcium (93%; 97%), riboflavin (91.7%; 92.6%), zinc (71%; 78.5%), and absorbic acid (94.2%; 95.7%) whereas intake of iron (0.4%; 1.1%) and protein (8.3%; 12.2%) was found adequate except for few swimmers. The means for groups were 0.71 and 0.75 respectively indicating that one or more nutrients were lower than the RDA. Despite that most energy intakes from the subjects were higher than RDA, mean of male and female swimmers on total fibre and fat were below the recommended daily allowances though significantly statistical at 5% level as 2.2645 and 2.1732 respectively. Adolescents showed that they were not consuming less water compared to other drinks of water even after training sessions. A healthy diet throughout is important to provide nutrients that support optimal physical growth and cognitive development.

The Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst (COC) represents a heterogeneous group of lesions that exhibits a variety of clinicopathologic and behavioural features. Therefore a proper categorization of the cases is needed for better understanding of each variant. Ameloblastoma is one of the well-known odontogenic tumours that could be associated with Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst. Very few cases of Ameloblastomatous calcifying odontogenic cyst have been reported in the literature. In this report we present a case of ameloblastomatous transformation of calcifying odndontogenic cyst.

This review assesses the impact of waterlogging and submergence on crop physiology and growth of important crops in Bangladesh along with its remedial measures. Waterlogging can take place because of heavy rainfall, inadequate drainage systems, natural flooding etc. Oxygen levels diminish very rapidly in waterlogged root environment. So, damage of crops depends on duration and severity of flooding. The oxygen deficient conditions hamper plant growth, development and survival based on their tolerance to excess water. Under such environment plants exhibit metabolic switch from aerobic respiration to anaerobic fermentation, resulting in reduced rate of energy production by 65-97%. Anaerobic roots may also die from self-poisoning byproducts of anaerobic metabolism. The flooding also impedes the diffusive escape and/or oxidative breakdown of gases such as ethylene or carbon dioxide resulting in its accumulations. The accumulated ethylene may slow root extension, while carbon dioxide can severely damage roots of certain species. Moreover, waterlogged plants often face the oxidative damage induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species. However, all the plants have the ability to detoxify the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by producing different types of antioxidants such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherols and carotenoids. Prolonged exposure of plants to flooding conditions could result in root injuries which in turn restrict photosynthetic capacity by inducing certain alterations in biochemical reactions of photosynthesis. Waterlogging is also known to induce adverse effects on several physiological and biochemical processes of plants by creating deficiency of essential nutrients like nitrogen, magnesium, potassium, calcium. Species with inherently surface-inhabiting root systems are notably tolerant of prolonged waterlogging. There are several options for mitigation of submergence and waterlogging problems like breeding of waterlogging tolerant varieties, improvement of drainage systems and changing in crop husbandry. Providing adequate drainage, foliar spraying of fertilizers and hormones can alleviate waterlogging problems. Bed planting in waterlogged prone areas and floating beds in flooded areas are good options for high value crops.

History as a master of the past; a commander of the present and subtle compass of the future is continuously bulging in length and breadth as new facts, intelligible methods of construction and auxiliary tools are discovered and used by professional historians to refocus emerging themes and concepts. With these new discoveries, the historical enterprise is expanding rapidly with a deal of both concord and disagreements arising from the analyses of commonly investigated historical facts. The ability of modern history to float freely and fittingly within the world of science and that of arts; further polished by its dynamism to use the other disciplines of the social science family to assert its causation and unique kinds of Historical truth, places the course on a complex paradigm. On a broad plain, European and western historians have fought hard to minimized disagreements on their historiography but African history and historiography is still bedevilled by the scourge of bias, misinterpretation and ignorance. The Republic of Cameroon at any point in time is a fine fitting to showcase the re-investigation of the past, understanding the present and casting the future. Going by colonial history, Cameroon shares a triple experience (German, British and French).By geography, her coastline gave her wider exposure to the Atlantic slave and legitimate trades and her geographical position permitted her to be influenced by historical developments in both west and central Africa.This paper from its various sources refocuses and interrogates the emerging debates and contrasting themes like colonial misgivings, self-centeredness of early nationalists and irresponsible leadership blamed for current multifaceted problems of Cameroon historiography today. It argues that the actors behind these themes and episodes can only be better appreciated and comprehended in the light of the prevailing circumstances at the time. Such a scholarship enterprise will create a sense of positive approach to Cameroon historiography thereby, giving us a command of the present trend of issues and casting an assuring future. It further perceives the diverse Cameroon historical heritage and the harm done to it by Eurocentric writings, not as vices but as potent episodes that reminds us of our foundational frames pointedly awful but worth being used to stimulate development and hope instead of remaining steadfast in the apportioning of blames in an era of abounding opportunities.

This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of competence, motivation, and facilities of education advice on the performance of teachers XYZ Senior High School Jakarta. The population of all teachers of XYZ Senior High School Jakarta is 50 teachers. The research method used is a quantitative approach and explanatory with survey method. Data were collected using questionnaires given to 50 respondents; with sampling technique used is census. Methods of research analysis used multiple linear regressions. Data processing used software program Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 20. The results showed competence, motivation, and infrastructure facilities have a significantly positive effect on teacher performance. The influence of competence, motivation, facilities, and infrastructures shows positive influence to teacher performance. Competence is the greatest variable of influence on teacher performance. The three independent variables namely competence, motivation and means facilities education have a positive and significant effect on teacher performance in XYZ Senior High School Jakarta.

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial and analgesic activities of ethanol extract from Solanum torvum (Family: Solanaceae) aerial parts. The bioactive compounds such as glycoside, tannins, sterols, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and proteins are detected in ethanol extract shown promising antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria viz. B. subtilis and S. aureus. Analgesic activity was evaluated against both thermal and chemical induced stimuli, which were evidenced from acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion and formalin induced paw licking test. The assessment of peripheral analgesic effect of the ethanol extracts exhibited a significant percentage inhibition in the writhings which were induced by acetic acid in mice. Similarly test drug significantly increased the latency period in the tail immersion test and the formalin study showed that both the aphasic and tonic pain was blocked by the extract. The overall analgesic effect of ethanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) was lower than the standard drugs aspirin. The presence of flavonoid compounds in ethanol extract of Solanum torvum aerial parts may be responsible for the analgesic effect

Dengue and chikungunya are two mosquito-borne viral ailments transmitted by the same species of mosquito, Aedes aegypti and these ailments are of great public health concern in country like India. Thus, the present study was aimed to check the influence of antagonistic crustaceans on population of Aedes mosquitoes. Based on our laboratory experiments, the best ratio of antagonistic crustaceans (Cyclopoid copepod, Mesocyclops aspericornis and cladoceran, Daphnia magna) was chosen against Aedes aegypti larvae to test the influence of these crustaceans under simulated conditions. During the study it was observed that overall time taken for the larvae to convert into adult was 14.82±2.65 ranging from 14.0-21.0 days i.e. 4 days longer than the control sets. L1 larval stage was more prone to mortality i.e. 42.35±0.69 than other larval stages. Total adult emergence was significantly reduced i.e. 52.30±1.57 (31.65±0.69 males and 20.65±0.88 females). Significant reduction in body size of both male and female was observed i.e. 3.79±0.16 mm (control 4.44±0.07 mm) and female size significantly reduced to 4.17±0.15 mm when compared with control sets i.e. 5.48±0.08 mm. Life span of males was reduced from 15.35±1.20 to 9.33±0.33 days and in case of females longevity was reduced from 22.00±1.15 to 11.67±0.66 days.

Himachal Pradesh is lying between 30.22' to 33.12' North latitudes and 75.47' to 79.04’ East longitudes. The area of the state is 55,673 km2 with almost mountainous elevations ranging from 350-6500 m above the mean sea level. Shimla is surrounded by Mandi and Kullu in the north, Kinnaur in the east, Uttarakhand in the southeast, Solan to the southwest and Sirmaur in the south. It is the third most populous district of Himachal Pradesh, after Kangra and Mandi. In the present study 24 climber species belonging to 12 families and 19 genera have been reported. Cucurbitaceae and Ranunculaceae with 4 species, Apocynaceae with 3 species, Convolvulaceae with 2 species, Dioscoreaceae and Menispermaceae with 2 species and other families with one species.

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the increasingly important topic of women empowerment which plays a determining role in the economic development of any nation. The paper is designed to study the empowerment of women through microfinance in the context of a developing nation like Pakistan. Pakistan is a largely patriarchal society where women face numerous challenges in terms of setting up and managing business ventures while respecting the cultural norms and practices deeply embedded in the society. This a review paper and the methodology used is desk research. A number of scholarly articles and reports have been reviewed to get an insight into this topic. The paper mainly attempts to identify the definition of empowerment, women empowerment; major challenges faced by women globally, Pakistani women in the labour market, the outreach of Microfinance Institutes to women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Last but not the least, it provides recommendations for the future on how to further increase women empowerment in Pakistan.

TV talk show is a program in which a host communicates with a guest about a certain topic or person. Usually, the host and guest follow the cooperative principle during their communication, but both sides violate the cooperative principle in the program, realizing the conversational implicature of avoiding answering questions directly, implicit expression and additional information and so on. This article, based on Grice’s Cooperative Principle, attempts to analyze the similarities and differences between Jin Xing Show and A Date with Lu Yu in terms of programming orientation as well as host style from the perspective of violation of cooperative principle. And the examples in this article are chosen from two Chinese shows, in which Hu Ge, a popular actor in China as the guest. It is hoped that this study can provide some reference for other talk shows, and can improve people’s ability of daily conversation and enhance people’s language charming and communicative competence.

In an attempt to maintain a stable exchange rate and price level in Thailand given shocks from the United States, China, Euro Area, and Japan; the top five trading partners of Thailand, this study employs the system equations of VAR model techniques. Results show that the interest rates, demand shocks, and foreign prices affect the stability of the Thailand exchange rates and price levels. More so, empirical evidences validate the existence of unidirectional causality between Thailand exchange rate and domestic (as well as foreign) price inflation.

Langerhans cells are dendritic, antigen-presenting cells which reside within the stratified squamous epithelium of skin and various mucosae, where they function as the outermost arm of the immune system. Langerhans cells play an important role in inflammation and immune responses, including anti-tumour activity. Thus this study is aimed to identify the role of Langerhans cell in oral dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Quantitative analysis of Langerhans cells were done in normal oral mucosa (n=10), oral dysplastic epithelium (n=20) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (n=20) with immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody against CD1a. Counting was done in ten non-overlapping consecutive high power fields by two independent observers. An increase in the number of Langerhans cells were observed from normal mucosa to oral dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. There was no statistically significant increase observed from oral dysplastic epithelium to oral squamous cell carcinoma. The immune system responds to the dysplastic and invading epithelium in oral squamous cell carcinoma by recruiting Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells present altered antigen to naïve T cells, thus initiating an immune response. However, tumour microenvironment has a critical role in modulating the recruitment and function of Langerhans cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma