The spatial patterns of urban land use at both the macro and the micro levels are a central issue in global change studies. The land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes are real important to have proper provision and use of natural resources and their management. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use /land cover and possibilities for their optimal function is essential for the selection, preparation and implementation of land use schemes meet the increasing needs for basic human needs and welfare It was done by using the data SOI Toposheets, Landsat TM, (1991), Landsat ETM+ (2001), LISS-III (2011) and LISS –IV (2016) and with the aid of using Remote Sensing and Geographical information Techniqnies. The supervised classification method is used to classify the land use and land cover of the study area. The major findings of change detection analysis revealed that the maximum change in the land use and land cover from 1981 to 2016 has been seen in the instance of the built-up area, which has varied from 2.89% to 40.36%. The major expansion of the built-up area is mainly along the highways and the outskirts.

Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye (1754-1817) was born and raised in Hausaland (presently Northern Nigeria) where the inhabitants lived in a darkness of ignorance about Islam. The aim of writing this paper is to analyse the struggle of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye in Hausaland when he wanted to reform people‟s attitude towards Islamic Faith. Firstly it starts by briefing the biography of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye, it also discusses the situation and activities of people in Gobir Kingdom before and after the reformation of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye. Then the paper underlines the approaches of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye in reforming the Faith and Social Vices among the people in Gobir Kingdom. The method used in this research is analytical method. The paper ends by conclusion and some recommendations which if well used Hausaland will be turn to a land of peace and prosperity.

This complete-enumeration, before-and-after type of study (without controls), was conducted in April 2018 on 53 First-year MBBS students (24 females: 45.28% and 29 males: 54.72%) at a medical college in Kalwa, Thane, Maharashtra, India. After explaining the purpose of the study to the prospective participants, written informed consent was obtained. Those who did not give written informed consent or those who were absent during either pre- or post-test were excluded. The pre-test, conducted after traditional didactic lectures on respiratory system, comprised 15 questions (2 marks each; total 30 marks). The post-test was conducted after case-based learning, using a questionnaire that was identical to that of the pre-test. The outcome studied was the difference in cognitive domain scores after attending traditional didactic lectures (by a pre-test) and after case-based learning (by a post-test). The difference between the mean pre-test score (14.11 +/- 5.12; 95% CI: 7.13 - 15.49) and post-test score (25.92 +/- 4.63; 95% CI: 24.68 - 27.17) was highly significant (Z=12.455; p<0.0001). In the pre-test, the first quartile score of female students was on par with the third quartile score of their male counterparts while the third quartile score of female students was on par with the maximum score obtained by males. The pre-test result also exhibited higher variability in scores obtained by male students. In the post-test, the overall scores of male students improved and the maximum score and third quartile were identical for students of both genders. In the pre-test, the gender differences in mean scores were statistically significant for 5 out of 15 questions, while the mean scores in the post-test did not exhibit significant gender differences. Extension of this study to other topics in the First-year MBBS course may enable formulation of suitable teaching-learning techniques.

This study examined stress and stress management amongst undergraduates of Nnamdi Azikiwe University (Unizik), Awka, Nigeria. The person – environment fit theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. Cluster and simple sampling techniques were used for this research work, while the sample size used was 200. Data was collected via questionnaire and in-depth interview. Questionnaire data from the field was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The study revealed that there is no relationship between sex of a student and their awareness and knowledge of stress management techniques. Also there was no relationship between the academic level of students and their acceptance that stress influences academic performance in various ways. The researcher recommended that the school management should add stress management skills as part of the school curriculum, inform students in advance of the difficulties they might face and encourage them to develop their own strategies to achieve personal goals during the orientation week for new students. It was also recommended that close lecturer - student relationships be cultivated so that students can approach lecturers on personal issues to improve their academic performance. The paper concluded that when students are exposed to knowledge and skills relevant to stress management, they will effectively cope with school related stress, graduate with good grades and in turn, be in a position to contribute positively to national growth.

Awareness of poor visual acuity that can be treated easily and effectively in the student groups can add positively for their quality of life and quality of their study. A descriptive cross-sectional study done among students aged 14–19 years in secondary schools in Sulaimani city from six secondary schools both male and female are enrolled. To determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors in this students group and determine the prevalence of different types of refractive errors which include (Myopia, Hypermetropia & Astigmatism). The total of 848 students aged 14–19 years, were examined. Examination included visual acuity testing by E chart, and refraction was done for those having visual acuity less than 6/6. The refractive errors of the students' eyes were measured using streak self -luminous Retinoscopy and non-Cycloplegic auto-refraction. Out of 848 students, 737 (86.9%) were emmetropic (normal visual acuity) and 111 (13.1%) were ametropic. Of those 111 students, Myopia with myopic astigmatism was the commonest types: 41(36.9%), and 52(46.8%) students respectively. Hypermetropia found in 14(12.6%) students. Anisometropia was found in seven (6.3%) students, represents (0.8%) of the sample. Amblyopia was found in 11(10%) students, of overall sample (1.3%) had Amblyopia. Only one had bilateral Amblyopia. Bilateral vision correction to 6/6 was found in 81(73%) students, (9.6%) of the study sample, Six (5.4%) students (0.7%) had unilateral correction to 6/6, Nine (8.1%) students (1.1%) had bilateral correction to 6/9, and 15(13.50%) students, overall represents (1.8%) of them, their vision was correctable to less than 6/12. Those having glasses earlier were 35(31.50%) students represent (4.1%) of the sample while 76(68.50%) student need glasses. Prevalence of refractive errors was 13.1% of the sample. Simple myopia was the most prevalent refractive errors that corrected to 6/6, While. Amblyopia was more common in hypermetropic. Anisometropia was the least common of the sample.

The proliferation of small arms and light weapons is and has remained one of the major security challenges Nigeria, Africa and the World at large is currently facing. The thrust of this paper is on the impact of uncontrolled proliferation, stockpiling, trafficking, availability and usage of these arms on Nigeria‟s national security as it is believed to fuel alarming levels of armed crime, communal conflict, political instability, social unrest as well as making all the geo-political zones of the country to be flooded with small arms. The paper further argues that the inability of the Nigerian government and its law enforcement agencies to check the menace has led to a major challenge of security, as it was revealed that previous and current efforts at tackling the issue has not yielded much efforts as only a few number of seizures of illegal arms has been made hence the proliferation continues to sustain and exacerbates armed conflicts within the country. The study is anchored on the realist and failed state theories using secondary data, literature evidence, descriptive and historical methodology. Findings reveal that the impact of small arms and light weapons on the society is too grave and devastating to be treated with kid‟s glove as it leads to massive loss of lives and properties, erodes social capital, facilitate corruption and climate of impunity. The paper recommends that the government must rise up to the challenges of tackling the menace with all seriousness and commitment.

The gastroretentive drug delivery system is site-specific and allows the drug to remain in the stomach for a prolonged period of time so that it can be released in a controlled manner in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of the research work is to formulate and optimize the gastro retensive film (GRF) containing Propranolol hydrochloride in order to prolong the release time and improve the bioavailability. Five basic gastroretensive films were developed by solvent casting method for preliminary trial . The best formulation was subjected for two factor two level design approach. Independent variables selected were concentrations of Eudragit S 100 (X1) and Eudrajit RL 100 (X2) and dependent variables were Folding Endurance (Y1) Tensile strength (Y2) Elongation at break (Y3) and in vitro drug release (Y4). The results of the study indicate optimized formulation (P2) exhibit folding endurance 114, tensile strength 1.3 kg mm2, Elongation at break 22% and in vitro release 46.5 % for 12h. The in vitro release data were well fit into Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model and followed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The gastro retensive formulations can be used in diseases where an extended release of propranolol is required.

Poverty is a very complex problem, which is not only limited to economic issues but also related to issues in other fields. State policy (government) is needed in helping solve the problem related to poverty especially in the field of law that is by providing legal protection through the provision of legal aid to the citizens. It is an attempt to fulfill and at the same time be the implementation of a legal state that recognizes and protects and guarantees citizens' human rights on the need for access to justice and equality before the law and fair trial. Islamic values not only regulate the things that are private but also public policies and also constitutional so that the jurists make Islamic law as one of the primary references in establishing positive law in realizing the certainty of law and justice one of them through the fulfillment of the right to legal aid that is part of the legal system of the Pancasila Legal State. Judging from the perspective of dignified justice, the provision of legal aid to the underprivileged is one manifestation of humanizing humanity, that is the manifestation of respect for one's dignity and dignity. The policy of legal aid should be oriented to the legal philosophy of human beings. That is, the law, including the arrangement of legal aid for justice seekers who can not afford, must serve human beings.

Amrutharistam is a vital Ayurvedic formulation used for all kind of fever and rheumatic fever, which is prepared by fermenting the decoction of Tinospora cordifolia containing berberine as one of the active ingredient. Preliminary analysis indicated the presence of berberine being the largest concentration. The HPLC carried out in Lichrospher 100, RP-8e (250*4.6*5) column, mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (70: 30). The determining wavelength was confirmed as 343nm. Five marketed formulations of Amrutharistam A-I, A-II, A-III, A-IV and A-V showed berberine concentration to be 9.63µg/ml, 10.10µg/ml, 10.20µg/ml, 9.64µg/ml and 10µg/ml respectively. The result showed the peak area response is linear within the concentration range of 10-50µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. Recovery studies 50%, 100% and 150% were conducted by standard addition method and found to be 99.804%. The developed and validated method can be effectively applied to the quantitative determination of berberine in Amrutharistam.

The aim of the study was to establish the attitude of students to learning Biology, to examine the academic performance of students in Biology and to compare the attitude of male and female students towards class size. This study investigated the attitude of students to class size and learning Biology. It established the effect of class size on students’ academic performance in Biology in Senior Secondary Schools in Gombi Educational Zone, Adamawa State. The study adopted survey design Three research questions and three hypotheses were postulated. The target population for the study comprised 17, 523 senior public secondary school students in Gombi Educational Zone, Adamawa State, and a sample size of 400 was selected by stratified sampling technique. The research instrument titled “Attitude of Students’ to Class Size and Learning of Biology Questionnaire (ASCSLBQ)” was adapted from Omwirhiren & Faith, 2016. The instrument comprised of 46 items divided into 3 sections. The face and content validity of the instrument was established by two experts in Counselling Psychology and Test and Measurement in the Department of Science Education, Adamawa State University, Mubi. Test-retest method was used to carry out the reliability test and the reliability coefficient was 0.82. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which included percentages, mean, Standard Deviation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings revealed that classes are very rowdy because students are too many, making students not hearing the teacher well during lessons, students love Biology as a subject, because they feel at ease in Biology class, feels good when they solve Biology questions, and are willing to spend more time reading Biology books. There is no significant difference between male and female students attitude towards class size. There is significant difference between the male and female students’ attitude towards the learning of Biology; and there is significant difference between male and female students’ academic performance. Biology is a general subject offered by all senior secondary school students, but the classes allocated to them are too small, as a result the classes are overcrowded. Even though the students have keen interest in Biology, they cannot perform practical very well because the teachers cannot give individual attention to the large numbers of students, others cannot even hear him well during lessons because there are no public address systems. This factor could adversely affect students’ academic performance in Biology. Based on this finding it was recommended that number of students in a class should be streamlined to at most 40 students. In addition, government should provide materials for teaching and learning Biology.

This study aimed to determine the quality of Lebanese olive oil by analyzing their chemical composition and their physicochemical characteristics. Olive oil samples were first collected from three different Lebanese areas. Physico-chemical investigation (acidity, peroxide index, specific extinction, total polyphenol content as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid contents) of the samples associated with fatty acid analysis by GC-MS technique and NMR characterization demonstrate the compatibility of samples with the standards of International Olive Oil Council (IOC) norms. However, obtained results showed that olive oil samples exhibited a high oxidation status, revealing the necessity of improving oil extraction procedures as well as its storage conditions. Our results confirmed further that olive crushing; harvesting as well as maturity stages have a great impact on the overall quality of obtained oil.

The article investigates the relationship between possible measures to overcome gender differences and high profile jobs relating to institution policy change and development in selected Universities of Western Uganda. The study adopted an observational, cross-sectional exploration design with both quantitative and qualitative as paradigms in order to describe the data and its characteristics. Questionnaires and an interview guides were employed to gather information from the respondents. Data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and bar graphs. Study findings showed that there was a positive correlation between addressing gender differences and top job positions in universities in western Uganda. The study suggested remedies like; that there is need to advertise and give scholarships to young and well qualified women to go and pursue further studies for their career development and for helping their organizations to grow. There is need to encourage girl child education through the practice of positive discrimination and affirmative action in society. The study recommend also the practice of gender mainstreaming for all academic institutions to avoid the problem of under representation of both sexes , sensitization of stakeholders for girl child education, encouraging female candidates to apply for higher job positions and addressing gender-imbalance through staff development.

Recently the normal values of pulmonary test parameters [1], level of hemoglobin [2] and glycated hemoglobin [3-5] in Sudanese have been found to be different from the international reference values. The study aimed to compare the values of serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++) level in Sudanese with the international values. 100 normal healthy adult Sudanese with aged between 18 and 65 years (50 males and 50 females), who were nonsmokers, not Known to be hypertensive or diabetic , have no renal or thyroid problem, living in Khartoum city were included in our study. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire then the levels of Na+, K+ and Ca++ were measured. In the males group the means of Na+ level range was 129-141 mEq\dl, K+ was 3.6- 8.2 mEq\dl while Ca++ had a level range of 7.2- 12.2 mEq \dl. In the females group the means of Na+ level was 134.94 ± 3.86mEq/dl; K+ was 4.34 ± 0.46 mEq/dl while Ca++ had a level of 8.95 ± 0.84 mEq /dl. There are slight difference from the international ranges, yet a further bigger scale study is needed to verify those findings.

Over the past three decades, rapid urban sprawl, a changing economy, and shifting demographics have caused rapid developments, which included the urban regeneration of existing neighborhoods. In the 1940s, after oil and natural gas discoveries in the State of Qatar, Doha experienced massive transformations on social, economic, cultural and environmental levels. These transformations have created (A) the need for creating sustainable neighborhoods and (B) raised questions related to how existing neighborhoods can be more sustainable in the future. This study investigates the neighborhood of Msheireb Downtown Doha and the reasons which have caused its urban regeneration. The study investigates (1) practical forms of sustainable urbanism principles by analyzing the Msheireb project and (2) how this urban project can be enhanced according to these principles. The research design encompasses a summary of the literature, the site analysis, structured interviews and a resultant vision of a sustainable concept for Msheireb to define the actions needed to implement the sustainable neighborhood concept. The findings reveal that, comparing the image of old Msheireb with the current regenerated one, the later neighborhood is compact, pedestrian-friendly and mixed use, which in turn encourage people to engage and promote a higher level of social interaction and therefore, contribute to enhancing the urban livability of the neighborhood.

A study on the contraceptive prevalence amongst married women residing in Bayelsa State was carried out. Its principal objectives was to carry out a random estimate of contraceptive prevalence amongst married women in Bayelsa State, and to determine the contraceptive prevalence, types of contraceptive used and factors affecting the latter amongst women in Bayelsa State. The study was aimed at promoting general public awareness on family planning amongst women in Bayelsa State. A Non-experimental study design on the contraceptive prevalence amongst married women residing in Bayelsa State. A sample random method was employed where only four hundred and ninety eight (498) women within the age range of 15 – 45 years of age were interviewed. Out of the five hundred (500) questionnaires only four hundred and ninety eight (498) were retrieved and used in this study. The highest contraceptive prevalence were between age range of (21-30) (75, 15.7%) highest users based on educational level are Tertiary 142 (28.5%) occupation was business women 99 (19.9%) based on children 1 – 2 surviving children 104 (28.7%). From the result of the research carried out, contraceptive prevalence rate amongst married women in Bayelsa is low when compared to worldwide figure, though higher than the national figure in Nigeria. Education of eligible women on the use of contraceptive should be encouraged.