Given the rising cost of secondary education, leading to allocation of large amount of resources to secondary education, students’ academic performance is expected to be better. This study analyzed the influence of Unit Cost on learners’ academic performance in Day and Boarding secondary school in Nandi County, Kenya. The study was guided by Cost Function derived from the Education Production Function theory; it employed a survey as a research strategy. The study targeted all the principals in 186 public secondary schools in the Nandi County. It employed stratified random sampling and then systematic random sampling. Questionnaire and document analysis were for data collection. A pilot study was used to determine the reliability of the instruments. For validity of the research tool, experienced team of supervisors carefully and critically examined the instruments. Data was analyzed using means, percentages and linear regression analysis. It was found out that, average unit cost Ksh. 22,263 and Ksh. 54,828 for Day and Boarding secondary schools respectively. Furthermore, the findings revealed that, academic performance for the period (2012- 2015), recorded an average mean of 7.1184 and 4.7391 for Boarding and Day secondary schools respectively. From the study, there was a positive significant (p=0.000) relationship between academic performance and unit cost in Boarding schools t(28) = 4.192, p<0.05. Similarly, there was a positive significant (p=0.014) relationship between academic performance and unit cost in Day schools, t(91) = 2.503, p<0.05. The recommendations are; there is need to priorities expenditure for acquisition of teaching and learning resources and thus enhance learner achievements. The Ministry of Education to explore cost effective measures to reduce unit cost of secondary education so as to improve access and performance. The findings generate ideas for better and more resourceful cost management in secondary schools, which is useful for policy makers and managers in education sector.

This is a preliminary descriptive study of college students’ attitude toward natural health remedies where the researcher uses captive audience survey to collect data from undergraduate and graduate students attending private and public colleges and universities in the United States. Five factors are especially important in describing college students’ attitude toward natural health remedies: Economics (costs of healthcare), Knowledge (familiarity and understanding of health and healthcare), Relational or Relationship (influence of family, friends or significant others on healthcare choices), Beliefs (perceptions regarding health and healthcare), and Security (concerns about safety regarding healthcare practices and methods) - “EKRBS”. Quality and Satisfaction (Q-S) were also found to be important factors when it comes to attitude toward healthcare and natural health remedies. Overall, Knowledge (familiarity and understanding of health and healthcare) is the most important factor affecting college students’ attitude toward natural health remedies, followed by Economics (costs of healthcare). All these factors are revealed to have varying impact on students’ attitude toward natural health remedies

Pastoralists are members of the human race who occupy extremely disadvantaged regions of the world. The environmental conditions in these regions make this group of people very harsh and cruel. They practice weird cultural practices which derail the efforts of the government towards attainment of universal primary education. This paper examines how the social cultural practices of this group of people influence the implementation of Free Primary Education in West Pokot County, Kenya. The findings are a result of a study which adopted a descriptive research design and was based on the Action Reaction Theory. Data was collected by use of questionnaires from 300 pupils randomly selected from primary schools in the entire West Pokot County. 50 parents, 50 head teachers and 1 Director of Education were purposively selected to participate in the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in data analysis. Findings highlighted in this paper will help in formulating policies which are suited for pastoralists to widen and broaden their quest for education.

The purpose of this research is: 1) To know and analyze Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), BOPO, and SIZE, partially and simultaneously to Return on Assets (ROA) at Conventional Rural Bank in Indonesia; 2) To know and analyze the influence of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), BOPO, and SIZE, partially and simultaneously to Return on Assets (ROA) at Conventional Rural Bank in Indonesia. The population in this studies all credit banks in Indonesia period 2008-2016. This research is explanatory. The type of data is secondary data (publication of Central Financial Services Authority, Central Bank Indonesia, and other relevant publications), analytical tools using multiple regression. The results showed: 1). CAR tends to be higher in the healthy predicate, LDR is in the category of the healthy category, NPL is still in the predicate category, but the trend is getting worse, BOPO is still controlled and categorized as the healthy category, and Size shows growing trend positive; 2). partially CAR and NPL, negatively significant is not significant, LDR has a positive effect is not significant, while BOPO and size have a significant negative effect on Return on Asset; simultaneously tested that CAR, LDR, NPL, BOPO, and SIZE have a significant effect on Return on Assets.

The complex relationship between pastoral communities and their socioeconomic background casts more doubts as to how the local people are involved in policy process of improving access to Primary Schooling, Mugwe, 2006. The study reiterates the usefulness of case studies for educational research given its variety and complexity in making formative evaluation and in educational policy making. This is in agreement with Cletus, B [34] which emphasizes the critical role of evidence- based policy and practice. Investigation was carried out to examine implications of Free Primary Education (FPE) on access to schooling. The study adopted ethnographic research design that utilized purposive sampling technique and saturation procedure to select a total of 170 respondents that included head teachers, teachers, parents, school dropouts, educational managers, community leaders, and Non-Governmental Organizations drawn from Turkana South sub-county. Purposive sampling was used to select individuals, groups and organizations that would provide insight into the study. Data was collected using focus group interviews, structured and unstructured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Subsequently, data was collected by use of questionnaire that was sent to head-teachers and education officials and was used only to validate the qualitative data. The collected data was coded, analyzed, described and summarized. The statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) 12.0 for Windows was used to analyze coded information for the purposes of checking for internal consistency, creation of composite scores, and correlation. The study identified various implications of FPE on Primary Schooling for pastoralists as the following: increased enrolment; shortage of teachers; high transition rate; poor handling of children with special needs; increased dropout rate and lack of funds for school feeding program. The findings also concluded that if the roles of various stakeholders were properly articulated, it would improve access to Primary Schooling among pastoralist communities.

The study analyzed business risk of fast food firms in Calabar metropolis, Cross-River State, Nigeria. Specifically, it assessed the operations of fast food businesses, analyzed rate of growth of the firms, evaluated the different risks involved and determine the effect of risk variables on their performance (profit). Both primary and secondary data were used while data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, business risk model and multiple regression analytical technique. The results revealed that 75.6% of the firms source their raw materials from the markets; their mean growth rate was 5.78 with a mean coefficient of variation of 67.16%, showing that most firms were exposed to high level of risk. The regression results revealed that business risk, volume of sales, age of the firms, variable costs, business equity growth rate and total revenue were significant on profit. Consequently, the study recommended that, in setting up a fast food business, the social setting of the people particularly their food preferences should be considered, managing variable costs through bulk purchases could improve the profit of these firms and that the significant variables should be considered for optimum performance and sustainability.

From the above medical crises it is strictly order to for the first fifteen minutes of the blood transfusion the nurse should stay with the patient to closely monitored c for any signs of adverse effects (Allan & and Bates 2004). The main purpose of the study is to assess the practices of blood transfusion among clinical nurses at a public tertiary care hospital Lahore. In this study across sectional descriptive design was used. The study was conducted at Mayo hospital at all the critical and other inpatients areas. A questionnaire adapted from thesis of Ebenezer tetteh (2015) “Knowledge and practice of blood transfusion among nurses in Ghana: experiences from the cape coast teaching hospital, this questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondent. Questionnaire consists of 2 parts first focusing on demo-graphic data of participant and second is lekert scale questionnaire which is based on practice data. Analysis of variables was done on SPSS 21. The overall practice results shown in the above table and graph reveals that there were no participants in the poor practice category. 63.56% of the participants had moderate practices having score of practice between 45 and 80 on a maximum score of 108. 36.44% of the study participants had good practices and scored above 80 score on a maximum of 108 practice total score. Majority of the participants was having moderate practices of Blood transfusion but there were no as such poor practices.

Abstract: The Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the second largest Arab country, with a population estimated at 32.9 million, growing at 2%, in 2015.The maternal mortality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been substantially reduced within a reasonably short period. The maternal mortality rate in the year 1990 was 40 per 100,000 live births but it was drastically reduced to 12 in the year 2015. This is an example to many countries with unacceptably high maternal deaths. Poor antenatal care, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and obstetric haemorrhage are the leading causes of maternal deaths. In KSA, rapidly changing attitude of women towards childbirth is occurring through progressively increasing female education and community health programmes in the region. Further reduction of maternal mortality rates in the community is envisaged through greater patient acceptance of medical advice, family spacing and proficient obstetric services. The quantitative and qualitative development of health services has led to improvement of maternal healthcare indicators. The MMR in Saudi Arabia will very soon match the developed countries with advanced health facilities. This article reveals the improvements in general improvement in socio-economic condition, increase in the female literacy rate, shifting from home delivery to hospital delivery, skilled care during pregnancy, labour and puerperium and contraceptive practice and reduction in fertility rate are the key factors contributed in improving the maternal health care in Saudi Arabia.

Protein-Energy Malnutrition has been identified as a major public health and nutritional problem in India. It not only leads to childhood morbidity and mortality but also leads to impairment of physical and possibly of mental growth of those who survive. Protein-Energy Malnutritionis a most lethal form of malnutrition; children are its most visible victims of malnutrition. "The silent emergency is an accomplice in at least half of the 10.9 million deaths is there in each year. Protein-Energy Malnutrition is a global problem. Nearly 150 million children under 5 years in the world and 70 - 80 million in India suffer from protein-energy malnutrition, nearly 20 million in the world and 4 million suffer from severe forms of Protein-Energy Malnutrition like Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, Khokar. A et al., [5]. The study was based on Rosenstock’s and Becker’s health behaviour model. The data was collected by descriptive method, 150 mothers were selected from the urban slum area by simple random sampling technique. Data was collected by using structured interview schedule for a period of 4 weeks. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The study findings revealed that the majority of mothers were illiterates. Hence there is a need to educate the mothers regarding correct feeding practices and that helps in. After the detailed analysis of this study shows that Nurses can adopt the health education module to educate the mothers about ProteinEnergy Malnutrition. They can impart the knowledge to the care givers regarding do's and don'ts of feeding practices which leads to the occurrence of Protein-Energy Malnutrition and can educate the mothers regarding prevention and control of Protein-Energy Malnutrition.

The aim of the study is to assess the mental health literacy among care providers working in beggar relief and rehabilitation center. The study setting is Bangalore beggar relief and rehabilitation center. Focused group discussion was conducted to identify mental health literacy. Two separate focused group discussion were conducted. One for nurses and one for warders. Eight nurses and eight warders working in the center were selected using purposive sampling technique. The method used to analyze the data is interview transcribing. The Reponses shows that nurses has some knowledge and warders had poor knowledge about causes, commonly seen mental illness, signs and symptoms, treatment, medications and side effects of mental illness. But intense training will help the nurses and warders to improve and affirm their knowledge. The focused group discussion concludes that the mental health literacy among nurses and warders need to be improved to better care the mentally ill inmates of beggar relief and rehabilitation center. The nurses had better knowledge compared to the warders.

This study was designed to assess oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices among secondary schools students in Sana'a city, Yemen. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted on (1000) of secondary school students, (500) male students and (500) female students with an age ranged from 16-19 years. A selfadministered structured questionnaire consisting of 24 questions on socio-demographic data, oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices was distributed and collected data was subjected to statistical analysis. The mean knowledge scores for the secondary school students was 72.27 with a statistically significant difference between males and females (P = 0.001). Nearly 75.5% of them reported that regular visits to the dentist are necessary. In contrast, nearly (60.3%) of them visited the dentist when they felt pain and toothache was the most leading reason provided for visiting the dentist (62.1%). Moreover, nearly 42.9% of them reported that fear of needles and drilling was the major reason for their fearing of visiting the dentist. The use of toothbrush and paste was the most oral hygiene method used (78.6%). About 44.6% of them brushed their teeth once per day and 36.8% of them spent one minute for brushing their teeth. Nearly 44.3% of them reported that the time of tooth brushing was before going to bed only. Finally, most of them (74.1%) reported that their parents advised them about the importance of oral hygiene without their watching and did not supervise them. It showed that the students had good oral health knowledge. However, their oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices were bitter in female students than male students.

The aim of the present investigation was to develop controlled release tablet of Abacavir sulphate using. Azadirachta indica (Neem gum) and comparison with official guar gum (BP). Additionally, physiochemical properties of the gum were evaluated. Totally five batches abacavir containing extended release tablets were designed using neem gum / guargum characterized for preliminary trial. Best formulation was selected for optimization by 22 central composite design. In this Input variable were Neem gum/Guargum (X1) and Microcrystalline cellulose (X2). The output variables were Hardness (Y1) friability (Y2) swelling index (Y3) and in vitro release (Y4). The optimized formulations were subjected for inviro-invivo correlation. The study results revealed optimized batch A2 showed hardness of 5.8 kg / cm2, friability 0.63 %, swelling index 84.3% and in vitro release of 90% over the period of 12 h. A higher similarity between optimized tablets and Abamune tablets (Cipla) was established with similarity factors f2 was 50 .7.pH 6. 8 phosphate buffer. Also the in virtro in vivo correlation coefficient obtain from point –point analysis of optimized tablets was 0.98. The optimized tablets exhibit super case 11 mechanism.

Nigerian economy is a multi-sector economy with agricultural and manufacturing sectors as the prime sectors. This study focused on the effect of commercial bank credits on the output of agricultural and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria. It spanned for the period of 31years (1986-2016) and made use of secondary data extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical (CBN) Bulletin for various years. The study adopted ex-post facto research design and employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test and Ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis considering necessary diagnostic tests such as unit root test, test of normality, heteroskedasticity test, and cointegration test. The findings revealed that commercial bank credits have significant positive effect on the productivity of agricultural and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria. The implication of the findings is that more credits to agriculture and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria will increase output in the respective sectors. Hence, the researcher recommended among others more lending to agricultural and manufacturing sectors so as to boost productivity of these sectors.

The paper investigates the impact of the contribution of road infrastructure expenditure on economic growth of Benin Republic using Jarque-Berra, White test, Breusch-Godfrey, Cusum and Cusum of squares techniques for the period (1985-2015). Overall the results reveal that gross domestic product, gross capital formation, labor productivity and road infrastructure expenditure play an important role in economic growth in the Benin Republic. More importantly, the study finds that road infrastructure expenditure in the Benin Republic has a significant positive contribution to economic growth in the long run than the short run. It is the same result with the gross capital formation. The labor production has a significant positive contribution to economic growth in long run. On the basis of these results analysis, it is strongly suggested to formulate certain recommendations in the field of economic policy that improves the road infrastructure expenditure as well as gross capital formation for sustainable economic growth in the Benin Republic. A new model has been proposed to the General Directorate of Public Works in effectively monitoring the level of road infrastructure expenditure in terms of growth and poverty reduction objectives

The Qur‟an contains the Divine revelations of Allah (The exalted) to mankind. It is the message from Allah to man and therefore of utmost importance to us. Therefore, some special knowledge of the circumstances that surround the Glorious Qur‟an is also necessary for fuller understanding of its meaning and implications. This paper, therefore, studies one of the important science of the Qur‟an (that is Miraculousness of the Qur‟an) comparatively from the views of two prominent Islamic scholars, such as; Shaykh „Abd Allah bn Foduye who was born in the year 1179A.H/1766-7.C.E and (d. 1829 C.E), and Bediuzzaman Sa‟id Nursi who was born in 1877 C.E in the small village of Nurs in the province of Bitlis in eastern Anatolia of the old Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey) and (d. 1960 C.E), who had a good numerous of things in common and differ with Shaykh Abd Allah in some explanations especially in „Ijaz al-Qur‟an (Miraculousness of the Qur‟an).This paper attempts to discuss definition of the „Ijaz al-Qur‟an, the views of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi and Shaykh Abd Allah bn Foduye on „Ijaz al-Qur‟an. The paper also explains where these two prominent Islamic sages are compatible and incompatible concerning their thoughts on the Miraculousness of the Qur‟an. This paper also explicit the two great scholars have expresses this aspect of „Ijaz alQur‟an (Miraculousness of the Qur‟an) in details. The whole idea of selecting these renowned scholars, despite the difference in the time of their existence and place of activities, is for a number of reasons. Firstly, to show the efforts of the two scholars in reviving the religion of Islam in their respective domains and times and vindicating its truth despite the challenges they encountered from those who were against the teachings of Islam. Secondly, is to show the people of these two continents that there are great scholars who worked vigorously about Qur‟an and to benefit from their knowledge and good character. Looking at the nature and scope of this research, analytical method was employed by studying and analyzing the works of the two scholars.