The structures supporting the tricuspid valve leaflets are called chordae tendinae. They are collagenous. They are also known as tendinous cords. The tricuspid valve cusps are attached into the atria, during ventricular contraction, by the chordae. Tension in the chordae tendinae is regulated by specialized muscles called papillary muscles which contract along with the ventricular muscle. The chordae tendinae are attached to the papillary muscles. The chordae tendinae have been found to be involved in causing valve dysfunction and have shown variations in their number and attachment causing tricuspid valve dysfunction. Hence, the study was undertaken to describe their morphology and report any variations. 96 hearts were studied, which were collected from cadavers allotted to undergraduate students for dissection, over a period of time. Hearts were removed by dissection method. Window dissection of the anterior ventricular wall and the posterior right ventricular wall exposes both the papillary muscles & the chordae tendinae. The following types of Chordae tendinae were observed. They were 5 in number and were as follows: Basal chordae, Fan shaped chordae, free edge chordae, rough zone chordae and Deep chordae. No abnormal deviations were observed.

Abstract: The weight of youth unemployment is felt globally with over 70 million youths being unemployed across the globe causing a decline in youth participation in the labour force. Kenya with the largest economy in East Africa has the highest unemployment rate in the region with 39% of the active population unemployed. The various initiatives by the government to alleviate youth unemployment has achieved much and the rate of youth unemployment is high in Nairobi City County due to migration to the city in search for employment, with Clay City Ward being the highest hit. A descriptive survey design was adopted on a target population of 400 unemployed youths in Clay City Ward aged between 21-25 years. A sample size of 30% of the target population which is 120 respondents was obtained through simple random sampling and a questionnaire administered. Key informant interview was also carried out with five youth leaders. Lack of proper technical and vocational training, capital, experience and dependency on parents and relatives was a major cause of youth unemployment. This has led to low living standards, low self-esteems, moral decay and some youths opting not to marry due to unstable income to support themselves and family. However some youths have taken the initiative to exploit their soft talents to earn a living. Despite the government investment in youth’s initiatives not much has been achieved due to poor governance and lack of accountability. The ministry of devolution and planning should devolve the youth’s funds and make it more accessible with adequate training for sustainable job creation.

To evaluate clinical performance of three different resin composites (microfilled, nanohybrid, nanofilled) polished with one-step polishing system in cervical restorations after 24 month. Thirty adult patients were selected from outpatient clinics with a total of 90 restorations (30 of each type of dental composite resin). All of the restorations were finished using fine grit finishing diamond under water-cooling to remove gross excess and polished with one-step polishing system. All restorations showed only minor changes and no differences were detected between their performance at any time period. Nanofill and nanohybrid composite resin showed a satisfactory clinical performance after 24 month as microfill composite resin.

Electrolyte abnormalities are common cause of morbidity and mortality in ICU patients. Quick and accurate results are required for immediate treatment. Conventionally these are measured in serum by electrolyte analyser but now point of care analysers are available to determine them in arterial blood by ABG. To measure electrolyte levels in venous and arterial samples and to evaluate the difference in them. The study was conducted in the department of biochemistry, GGS Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot. It was conducted on the total of 115 patients of either sex admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU). Arterial blood sample was collected for ABG and venous blood was processed in the electrolyte analyser. Results show that there is quite a difference between the mean values of these parameters in venous and arterial blood, with sodium having mean of 124.22 ± 9.18 in arterial blood and that of 137.09 ± 8.71 in venous blood. The mean value for potassium is 3.49 ± 1.28 in arterial blood and 4.21 ± 1.08 in venous blood. For chloride it is 108.54±9.9 in arterial blood and 101.77±7.2 in venous blood. The p values for all the parameters was <0.001. As we observed significant difference between electrolyte levels of venous blood done on electrolyte analyser and that of arterial blood done on ABG analyser so these cannot be used for in exchange for each other and so physicians should be cautious while reporting the results.

This research aims to know the influence of the application of mathematical approach is realistic and critical thinking towards problem-solving ability of grade V primary school in Tangerang. This type of research is to experiment with the use of the technique of simple random sampling has been done to 60 students. Retrieval of data obtained through tests and analyzed using the variant analysis (ANAVA) two lanes with a design treatment by level 2 x 2.Research results showed: (1) problem solving Ability among students who are taught using realistic mathematical approach higher than students taught using conventional methods, (2) there is the influence of the interaction between the application realistic mathematical approach to critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, against (3) problem solving Ability among students who are taught using realistic mathematical approach higher than students taught using methods the conventional group of students who have a high, critical thinking and (4) problem solving Ability among students who are taught using conventional methods is higher than students taught using a mathematical approach is realistic on a group of students with critical thinking.The results of this research show that the mathematical approach with a realistic critical thinking was able to increase the ability of solving math problems.

Complications involving the lungs as a sequela of a systemic disease process are not uncommon, and in fact, pulmonary involvement could be the first or even the only manifestation of systemic disease in a handful of clinical cases. Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by mucosal inflammation involving the GI tract that can follow a relapsing-remitting course. Respiratory tract diseases in the setting of IBD can be quite variable and warrants clinical recognition and proper treatment as it could have a significant impact on the patients' health. Here I summarize the potential pathological involvements of the respiratory system in the cohort of IBD patients and summarize the clinical assessment steps necessary to achieve the proper diagnosis.

This research is about meninkatkan ability of student in mastery of Indonesian student vocabulary by using picture and picture method. The purpose of this research is to improve students' vocabulary mastery through picture and picture method. This research method is action research consisting of two cycles. The subjects of this study were the 3rd graders of elementary school, which amounted to 25 students. In completing this study, the authors of observation methods, written tests and field notes, as a means of collecting data collection. By conducting this action research, it was found that using the picture and picture method can improve students 'ability in mastery of students' vocabulary in each cycle. The results can be seen from the improvement processes in improving students' vocabulary mastery in each cycle. The first cycle found the mean completion criteria and the second cycle found an average value of 95.7 which means above the completeness criteria minimal, so the use of picture and picture method can help students in improving students' vocabulary mastery.

This study was designed to compare the properties, kinetics and stability of the immobilized lettuce protease with the free one. We also aimed to test the use of the immobilized lettuce protease for the production of novel bile binding and tyrosinase-inhibitory peptides from plant food processing wastes (cauliflower midrib and broad bean leaves). Immobilized lettuce protease was prepared previously from Lactuca sativa (lettuce) seeds. Free lettuce protease was immobilized on alginate-glutraldehyde beads by covalent bond at optimum conditions with high immobilization efficiency. In the present study, immobilized protease showed optimal activity 221.5 U/mg enzyme protein at pH 10 and 70°C, while the free one showed 22 U/mg enzyme protein at pH 7 and 60°C. Km values of the immobilized and free protease toward azocasein were 1.143 and 1.442 mg, and Vmax values were 142.9 and 24.6 U/mg enzyme protein, respectively. Immobilization of lettuce protease resulted in an increase of activation energy (Ea) for azocasein hydrolysis from 9.6 to 23 Kj/mol. Immobilization improved its turnover number Kcat (15.96 Kj/mol) and catalytic efficiency Kcat /Km (13.96 Kj/mol) compared to that of the free one (3.09 and 2.143 Kj/mol, respectively). Deactivation energy (Ed) values were 38.76 and 55.41 for the free and immobilized protease, respectively, confirming the enzyme stability by immobilization. Free protease could be stored for 70 days at 4°C with loss of only 20% of its initial activity, while the immobilized one could be stored for 23 and 46 days with retention of 114 and 74.5% of its initial activity at 9°C, respectively. CaCl2 increased the rigidity, stability and activity of the immobilized enzyme by 125%. Cauliflower peptides were enzymatically prepared from cauliflower protein. It had higher bile binding and tyrosinase inhibitor potency than the parent protein. Immobilized lettuce protease and cauliflower peptides could be applied in food and pharmaceutical industries.

There has already been the ongoing trend in the shift of focus in specialized translator training from domain-specific knowledge training to an all-round competence development. Based on the analysis of the current problem with the specialized translator training with subject knowledge, this study is to propose suggestions as to how translators deal with the problem of lacking in subject knowledge. Provided in this paper is the detailed illustrations of four methods of selfenriched translator training with specialized subject knowledge, i.e. self-training in efficient subject knowledge management, self-training for efficient reading, selftraining to reuse translations in parallel corpus, self-training to use post-editing machine translations. This study aims to contribute to the future specialized translator training by serving as a reference source or even an inclusion as component parts in these training programs.

The Aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of non-fixed combination (NFC) of dorzolamide (2.0%)/timolol maleate (0.5%) versus NFC of latanoprost (0.005%)/timolol maleate (0.5%) regarding reduction of intra ocular pressure in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. This was a 12-week, randomized, open label, parallel group study with primary open angle glaucoma (IOP range: 24 – 36 mmhg), which included 40 subjects in dorzolamide/timolol group [dorzolamide (2.0%) instilled twice daily and timolol maleate (0.5%) twice daily] and 40 subjects in latanoprost/timolol group [latanoprost (0.005%) instilled once daily, timolol maleate (0.5%) twice daily]. IOP was measured at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks at 10 am. Adverse events were recorded at each visit. The difference in reduction of IOP in two treatment groups from baseline to 12 weeks was the main outcome measure. Mean IOP was similar at baseline for both groups. Absolute reduction in IOP from baseline to 12 weeks was 9.6 mmhg in dorzolamide/timolol group (P <0.001) and 9.7 mmhg in latanoprost/timolol group (P <0.001). No significant difference was found regarding reduction of IOP between the groups (P < 0.85). Both treatments were well tolerated. NFC of dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol showed comparable efficacy in reducing IOP. They were also comparable regarding safety profile.

As one of Chinese four great classic novels, A Dream of Red Mansions, which is considered as the encyclopedia of feudal society, is of great value to be studied. Up to now, most researches mainly focus on the translation, cultural and pragmatic fields. When it comes to the investigation on the dialogue in this works, most researches just center on the leading roles in the novel. Whereas, attention paid to the subordinate figures such as Granny Liu. Taking Granny Liu’s typical dialogues extracted from the English version of A Dream of Red Mansions translated by famous translator Yang Hsien-yi as corpus, this thesis launched an exploration on how the subordinate figures Granny Liu carried out communication in the three aspects of RT respectively including the ostensive-reference process, context and cognitive environments, and the optimal relevance. Surely, this analysis can exert favorable influence on readers to evaluate Granny Liu more comprehensively and objectively, and also nudges readers to appreciate the exquisite and superb artistic charm of this novel and digest the writer’s creation intension. Meanwhile, this analysis is of substantial benefit to expand the research objective and field about Relevance Theory.

Mentorship programs have been established in pharmacy education, both on the undergraduate and graduate levels. These programs are anticipated to improve the learning experience of mentees. The aim of this review was to assess the role and outcome of mentoring on pharmacy education. A systematic search of PubMed/Medline electronic database was conducted from 2000–2017, with relevant keywords (mentor OR mentorship) AND (pharmacy education OR pharmacy practice OR pharmacy training). Studies were screened by two independent reviewers for eligibility and data were extracted. This systematic review focused on the outcomes associated with application of mentorship programs in different educational settings. Our search retrieved 180 unique citations. Eight cross-sectional studies with a total of 662 pharmacy graduates were included. From included participants, there were 36 (5.4%) Masters, 58 (8.75%) pharmacy doctorates, 22 (3.3%) Baccalaureates, 60 (10%) assistant professors, and 20 (3%) PhD. All included studies reported that mentoring programs were successful, effective; and improved research skills, team working; and supported students' confidence. This study demonstrated that mentoring programs are effective, promising, and can be used as an adjunct to enhance student confidence, scientific, and professional efficiency. Outcomes of mentorship can be on organizational level, on mentees’ level, and on mentors' level. Thus, applying mentorship in pharmacy educational programs is expected to have significant results. We recommend further follow-up and research for the effectiveness of mentoring programs in all medical fields.

Based on Lillian’s (2008) and Chen’s (2016) studies on women’s courtesy titles, this study makes a comparison and contrast of women’s courtesy titles in mainland China and Taiwan, with reference to those in the Whites and Blacks. It is based on a survey of a questionnaire, which is almost the same as the one used in Chen (2016) that was modelled on the one used in Lillian (2008). The results confirmed that age is an influential factor in the selection of courtesy titles for women of different marital status. It also confirmed Lillian’s observation that a woman’s occupational status may outweigh her marital status. However, even mainland China and Taiwan belong to the same Chinese community, they have statistically significant difference in women’s courtesy titles, especially in the use of XJ (Miss). Its fill-in-the-blank method of collecting women’s courtesy titles, rather than fixed-choices method, also seems to be effective.

A holistic study of tinnitus to explore the etiology of tinnitus and to examine a successful alternative self-help approach, which combines the human voice (toning) with energy alignment. Four case studies of adults who suffered from tinnitus are used to illustrate the benefits of approach. Each adult sustained a three - week self-help programme of toning, colour and energetic alignment. The clinician researcher evaluates the methodology of the approach and cause of symptoms from a physiological and metaphysical perspective.

Determining sex plays important role in the identification of the unknown person. The positive identification of human remains requires the matching of physical characteristics of the deceased with records of the physical characteristics made before death. Several methods may be used to produce identification with an aggregate high level of reliability. Sex determination is usually done by osteometry, DNA analysis and even by odontometric parameters. Aim of the study was to identify gender using measurements of mesiodistal crown width of the six maxillary anterior teeth (later added to derive combined mesiodistal widths), fronto-occipital head circumference, height, and diameter of the skull on a lateral cephalography. In this study, 100 persons were evaluated. After obtaining informed consent from the subject selected, measurements of mesiodistal crown width of the six maxillary anterior teeth (later added to derive combined mesiodistal widths), fronto-occipital head circumference, height, and diameter of the skull on a lateral cephalography were performed. Combined data, male, and female data were analyzed separately for binary logistical analysis for sex determination to the parameters recorded and discriminant function equation were derived for each parameter. In the present study mean values of all the parameters were calculated and showed a statistically significant variation between males and females. Discriminant function analysis was performed for all the variables which correctly classified 91% of the cases. Our Study suggests that the discriminant functional analysis has proved that the sex of unknown sex skull can be determined using above mentioned parameters. Studies at a large scale are in need to approve or disprove the above factor.