Himachal Pradesh is lying between 30.22' to 33.12' North latitudes and 75.47' to 79.04’ East longitudes. The area of the state is 55,673 km2 with almost mountainous elevations ranging from 350-6500 m above the mean sea level. Shimla is surrounded by Mandi and Kullu in the north, Kinnaur in the east, Uttarakhand in the southeast, Solan to the southwest and Sirmaur in the south. It is the third most populous district of Himachal Pradesh, after Kangra and Mandi. In the present study 24 climber species belonging to 12 families and 19 genera have been reported. Cucurbitaceae and Ranunculaceae with 4 species, Apocynaceae with 3 species, Convolvulaceae with 2 species, Dioscoreaceae and Menispermaceae with 2 species and other families with one species.

Software has frolicked an increasing significant role in methods acquisition, engineering, development, mainly for large complex systems. For such systems, accurate estimates of the software costs are a perilous part of effective software management. The preparation of forecasting the cost of the software has evolved, but it is far from perfect. Constructive cost model is the most widely used among all the models available. The proposed model focusses on data set obtained from 91 models nick named as “Maxwell”. The projected model is tested and the test results from the neural network are matched with that of COCOMO model. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the amalgamation of the proposed model for the “Maxwell” data has proved better than the existing COCOMO and another model as obtained from literature.

Recent economic developments are more dependent on the value created by intangible assets than tangible company's assets. Intangible assets in question are intellectual capital that is recognized as the basis of individual, organizational, and general competition in the 21st century. The rapid global economy and technological innovations that have led to tough competition in the business world make IC creation, management, measurement, and evaluation an important indicator in improving company performance that will affect the value of the company in the future. This study aims to determine the strong influence of intellectual capital on company performance, and how the influence of human capital on structural capital and relation capital by distributing questionnaires to 100 employees of banking companies in Jakarta for middle and upper positions. Approaching method used is Partial Least Square (PLS). Based on research that has been conducted, it can be concluded that human capital has influence on relation capital and structural capital. Similarly, human capital and relation capital has a significant influence on company performance, but structural capital doesn’t have significant effect on company performance.

Rosuvastatin calcium is hypolipidemic drug and has low oral bioavailability of about 20% due to poor aqueous solubility and hepatic first-pass metabolism. These are major boundaries inefficient delivery of RC by oral route. Several delivery approaches are known to moderate the difficulties of solubility and increase the oral bioavailability of RC. Among numerous approaches, nanotechnology-based delivery of RC has prospective to overcome the challenges associated with the oral administration. This review focuses on various nano-based delivery systems such as nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, SEDDS and SNEDDS and tried for improving the aqueous solubility, dissolution and subsequently bioavailability of RC upon oral administration. Of all, solid lipid nanoparticles appear to be promising delivery system, based on current reported results, for delivery of RC, as this system improved the oral bioavailability and possessed prolonged pharmacodynamic effect.

Langerhans cells are dendritic, antigen-presenting cells which reside within the stratified squamous epithelium of skin and various mucosae, where they function as the outermost arm of the immune system. Langerhans cells play an important role in inflammation and immune responses, including anti-tumour activity. Thus this study is aimed to identify the role of Langerhans cell in oral dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Quantitative analysis of Langerhans cells were done in normal oral mucosa (n=10), oral dysplastic epithelium (n=20) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (n=20) with immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody against CD1a. Counting was done in ten non-overlapping consecutive high power fields by two independent observers. An increase in the number of Langerhans cells were observed from normal mucosa to oral dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. There was no statistically significant increase observed from oral dysplastic epithelium to oral squamous cell carcinoma. The immune system responds to the dysplastic and invading epithelium in oral squamous cell carcinoma by recruiting Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells present altered antigen to naïve T cells, thus initiating an immune response. However, tumour microenvironment has a critical role in modulating the recruitment and function of Langerhans cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Water is one of the most natural resources in dry areas, as it controls the presence, distribution and density of plants, animals and humans. Water is scarce or non-existent on the surface of dry lands around the world, it is clearly characterized by the appearance of dry areas on the appearance of the adjacent rain areas, However, in order to utilize dry areas in grazing and in stable agriculture, in trade, in the utilization of mineral resources, and in the establishment of urban centers, water must be found in sufficient quantities that are reliable and have qualitative characteristics that allow for selected economic activity. The western Anbar Plateau (116,000), or 26.5% of Iraq's total area of 438,317 km2 and 84.2% of the Anbar region, is characterized by low water availability. It is therefore necessary to increase efforts and harness energies to discover new water sources which are represented by ground water that compensates for the shortage of surface water quantities, especially as its use (groundwater) began to increase in most countries of the world. Generally water is the source of life for all human creatures on the surface of this planet, In the near future; the conflict will also be over water rather than energy. Here the problem of the research appears which is identified by the following question: - Is there in the western plateau of Anbar, despite the large space occupied by the scarcity of water sources mature development projects rely primarily on the investment of groundwater reservoirs located therein, which contributes to the regular redistribution of the population. The hypothesis of the research was summarized as: - Defining the requirements of economic and social development that contribute to the foundations of human stability in that region by studying the groundwater and its areas of presence in the western plateau of Anbar.

The descriptive term ‗Orofacial Granulomatosis‘ has been used for any granulomatous process of unknown etiology involving the oral cavity, which on lesional biopsy shows lymphodema and non- caseating granulomas. The diagnosis is based on exclusion of possible systemic diseases and conditions that are capable of producing similar histopathologic and clinical features. Orofacial granulomatosis can be a distinct clinical disorder or can be an initial presentation of an underlying systemic disease such as Crohn‘s disease or spectrum of related disorders that may go undetected for a long period of time.

The experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur under Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701 during the period from December, 2015 to April, 2016 to observe the effect of nitrogen and zinc on the growth and yield of late sown wheat. The experiment comprised four nitrogen levels viz. (i) N0= Control (No nitrogen), (ii) N1=140 kg ha-1, (iii) N2=160 kg ha-1, (iv) N3=180 kg ha-1 and five zinc levels viz. (i) Zn0 = Control (No zinc), (ii) Zn1= 2 kg ha-1, (iii) Zn2 = 4 kg ha-1, (iv) Zn3=6 kg ha-1, and (v) Zn4=8 kg ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications assigning N-levels in the main plots and Zn-levels in the sub-plots. The interaction effect of N and Zn levels showed significant variation regarding grain yield and the highest grain yield (1.96 t ha-1) was found in N2Zn3 combination ascribed to the highest number of tiller (376.33 plant-1), grain (37.07 spike-1) and 1000-grain weight (36.26 g) significantly different from other combinations. Grain yield decreased significantly beyond the levels N2 and Zn3 due to their either individual effect or interaction effect. The lowest level, N0 and Zn0 gave significantly the lowest grain yield due to their either individual effect or interaction effect (0.69, 1.24 and 0.61 t ha-1 respectively).

The historical weather datasets of different locations of India were complied for solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hours. Solar radiation is vital parameter, measured only at 35 meteorological stations all over the India. Our country, with diverse agro climatic zones, although covered by huge network of 550 Automatic Weather Stations but still faces the problem of acquisition of data related to key meteorological parameters. This paper aims to calibrate the coefficient of two equations: 1) Angstrom Prescott Equation [Rs= (a+b*n/N) Ra], which has input of sunshine hours data 2) Supit–Van Kappel Equation [H=Ho (a √Tmax-Tmin +b√ (1- Cw/8) +c), with the inputs of easily available temperature and cloud cover data, on the basis of 25 stations all over India representing diverse agro climatic zones. Extrapolation technique was used for the stations that are located within radius of 200 km. The relationship of solar radiation with square root of the difference in maximum and minimum temperatures was significant. The northern region showed greater range of predictability, i.e. 0.43 to 0.86 in winter; 0.19 to 0.82 in pre monsoon; 0.25 to 0.84 in monsoon and 0.40 to 0.89 in post monsoon which was statistically significant. The degree of prediction was higher for locations in northern and western regions, which was poor for all location in southern and eastern regions. The transmissivity of the atmosphere for global solar radiation under perfectly clear sky conditions is given as the sum of the regression coefficient a & b of Angstrom Prescott Equation. Also, the transmissivity of an overcast atmosphere is interpreted as the value of the intercept, a. From our regression constants (a = 0.23 and b = 0.38), it is observed that the atmospheric transmissivity under clear skies is 0.61. This result compares well with the value of 0.67 to 0.70 reported for the humid tropics [4]. The clear-sky transmissivity of most tropical regions in general seems to lie between 0.68 and 0.75 [1, 8].

Tetracera rosiflora Gilg is a medicinal plant used in the Congolese pharmacopeia for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this work was to achieve the micrographic analysis of the powder of leaves of T. rosiflora from Pumbu City (Kinshasa) and Lukala areas (Kongo Central), to determine their chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant activities of their different extracts. Extracts from leaves of this species were characterized for their chemical fingerprint by Thin Layer Chromatography and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using ABTS, DPPH assays. Microscopically leaves can be characterised by non-glandular trichomes, sinuous anticlinal epidermal cells, and parenchymal cells with cristal of calcium oxalate, polycytic stomata and spiraled vessels. Thin Layer Chromatography showed that leaves of Tetracera rosiflora contain varied phytochemicals such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins, iridoids, phenolic acid, tanins and the terpenes. All tested extracts (methanolic and dichloromethane) have exhibited high antiradical activities. The obtained results showed that the interesting bioactivities of T. rosiflora correlated with the chemical composition, which depends on several factors including climatic conditions. T. rosiflora is a phytogenetic resource of the Congolese pharmacopoeia with promising therapeutic potentials for the management of various pathologies associated with oxidative stress.

There is a need for a rapid and reliable test to predict dengue so that the patients are managed and monitored. Beckman Coulter LH series instruments provide data on leukocyte cell volume, V; conductivity, C; and light scatter, S which is useful in distinguishing viral and bacterial infections. This prospective study was undertaken in Chennai - India for a period of one and a half years. The cell population data for the dengue positive and negative patients were retrieved from the hematology analyzer Beckman Coulter LH780. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc for Windows version 15.0. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the VCS indices between the different groups. Dengue positive, suspected and controls were 499, 493, 499 respectively. Male: female ratio is 1.4:1. The platelet count, standard deviation of volume and conductivity of monocytes, volume and percentage of lymphocytes and platelet counts were used to construct a tree model which distinguishes dengue from suspected cases with sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of 94.84%, 77.88% and 89.59% respectively. A classification tree was developed using changes in monocytes, lymphocytes and lymphocyte and platelet counts.

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the increasingly important topic of women empowerment which plays a determining role in the economic development of any nation. The paper is designed to study the empowerment of women through microfinance in the context of a developing nation like Pakistan. Pakistan is a largely patriarchal society where women face numerous challenges in terms of setting up and managing business ventures while respecting the cultural norms and practices deeply embedded in the society. This a review paper and the methodology used is desk research. A number of scholarly articles and reports have been reviewed to get an insight into this topic. The paper mainly attempts to identify the definition of empowerment, women empowerment; major challenges faced by women globally, Pakistani women in the labour market, the outreach of Microfinance Institutes to women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Last but not the least, it provides recommendations for the future on how to further increase women empowerment in Pakistan.

The largest outbreak to date was the epidemic in West Africa, which occurred from December 2013 to January 2016 with 28,616 cases and 11,310 deaths. The aim of this work was to assess by a systematic literature review the impact of surveillance in health systems of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria in combating Ebola Virus Disease outbreaks. Specific objectives include identifying the strength of their surveillance systems and exploring the impacts of surveillance on the containment of Ebola virus disease in the region. The PRISMA procedure was used in carrying out the study. The SPIDER tool was chosen and modified to establish the research question. Five databases were searched in this study viz., the Cochrane librarycentral, Medline, Google Scholar, PsycINFO and a grey literature called Open grey. Studies were critically analyzed and assessed using the Crowe critical appraisal Tool (CCAT). The search strategy generated a total of 30 articles, out of which 6 articles (5 studies and 1 report) were selected for data extraction. The need for professionalism and competence cannot be overemphasized in the healthcare and surveillance systems of West African countries, especially the ones under study.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most important causes of pelvic masses and is the fifth leading cause of cancer related mortality. As in all cancers, method of early diagnosis for ovarian cancer should be easily applicable, economically, has high safety and specificity. Our study included 155 cases that were operated due to adnexial masses at Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic of Trakya University. Inclusion criteria for the study were decision of surgery due to an adnexal mass and presence of preoperative evaluation for parameters examined in this study such as age, serum CA125 value, Ultrasound score, menopausal score and thrombocyte count. Risk of Malignancy Index was calculated. Localization and amount of vascular flows in adnexial masses were evaluated using Color Doppler USG. Ages of the cases ranged between 17-75 years. Histopathologically 122 benign, 6 borderline, 27 malignant masses were detected. As surgical approach to malignant tumours is similar to borderline tumours, they were assessed within malignant tumour group. Malignancy was suspected in 27 of 155 cases which were evaluated with RMI. Malignancy was suspected in 33 patients evaluated with CDUS and malignancy was suspected in 26 cases evaluated with thrombocyte count. Evaluation of RMI according to histopathological results revealed that there was no difference between the two assessment methods. Specificity of the RMI evaluation was 98.4% and its sensitivity was 75.8%. Thrombocyte count demonstrated malignancy in 16.8% of the cases. Evaluation of CDUS findings revealed that 122 cases diagnosed as malignant in pathology were also diagnosed as malignant in CDUS and the other cases were detected to be benign with Doppler. CA125 values were below 35 U/mL in 86.8% of the cases with benign adnexal masses and above 35 U/mL in 72.7% of the malignant cases. Better preoperative benign-malignant differentiation will enable performance of optimal surgery in experienced centres. RMI which can be used for early detection and differentiation of malignancy has opened the way for objective evaluation of adnexal masses.With use of parameters such as CDUS, thrombocyte count, and age together with RMI benign-malignant differentiation of adnexal masses can be made more effectively.

New challenges about how to measure the performance of organizations have arisen since big data can be found everywhere. In order to make proper decisions, management needs to have strong insight into what is important to the firm and how to improve it. This study looks into logistics companies that rely heavily upon labor as the examples. While transportation and distribution are very important processes for logistics companies to meet customers‟ requirements, the process of creating appropriate measures is difficult due to the complexity of these activities. The aim of this research is to evaluate the relationship among these key performance indicators and find out the possible direction and coverage of improvement for such companies using hybrid DANP1 cause-effect and Influential Network Relation Map models. We collected data through expert questionnaires with questions based on discussions with experts (including managers and scholars). The research results help support managers‟ decision making for improvements in their firm and also can be applied in employee reward systems.