The major objective of this study was to know about the efficacy of neural and spinal mobilization in patients with cervical radiculopathy and difference between the end results of both techniques. The sample population included participants with cervical radiculopathy, who followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Simple Random sampling method was used for sample size of 30 participants. Sample design was Experimental Comparative study. This study used assessment forms, Consent forms, Examination couch, Goniometer, Visual Analogue Scale, Neck Disability Index Scale and Hot pack. Two groups were arranged including 15 participants each receiving Hot pack and Manual traction in common but Group A in addition received Butler’s neural mobilization while Group B received Maitland’s spinal mobilization. After the treatment participants were evaluated for their pain profile using VAS, their ROM using the universal Goniometer and neck disability using NDIS. Time Frame for this study and data collection was one year and the source of data was Liaquat National Hospital Physiotherapy Out Patients Department, Karachi, Pakistan. Ethical and human subject’s issues were resolved by consent forms, signed by every single participant. The results indicated that both technique produced a hypoalgesic effect as revealed by improved NDIS and decreased VAS. Both the techniques when compared with each other with respect to post treatment NDIS, VAS and ROM, showed no significance difference (VAS P= 0.222, NDIS P= 0.324, Cervical Ranges > 0.05).The combination of all findings has supported the use of both techniques in C5-C8 cervical radiculopathy.

PCR has been commonly used for genomic viral diagnosis for its sensitivity and accuracy. It showed a higher sensitivity when compared to virus isolation in tissue culture and also in antigenemia detection. Definitely, DNA samples are critical factor in PCR validity. Out of 167 serum samples subjected to this study and extracted by Wizard® DNA purification mini kit, 47 samples (28.1%) were positive PCR. While, 21 samples (12.6%) only out of the same population study (167) were positive PCR for EBV DNA in native serum samples (without DNA extraction). This result was confirmed the importance of DNA extraction from serum samples for detection of EBV which, subsequently lead to more sensitive diagnostic tool of an ongoing EBV infection.

This research was designed to assess the effects of oral administration of varying doses of ground Nutmeg seed on the histomorphology of the testes and the hormonal profile of thirty adult male albino wister rats weighing between 140 g and 250 g. The rats were divided into six equal groups, namely A,B,C,D,E and F. Group A served as the control and were administered only water and 100 g of rat feed; while groups B,C,D,E and F, the treatment groups, were administered varying doses (1 g, 5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g/kg body weight, respectively) of the ground Nutmeg seed, mixed with 100 g of rat feed, respectively, for 26 days. The weight measurement was done every seven days. The testes were harvested immediately after sacrifice, fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, and was later made to undergo Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining method. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for serum testosterone analysis. Data were expressed as Mean + standard error of the Mean and subjected to one way analysis of variance. Significance different between mean was assessed by student-New-Man-Keuls post hoc test. 95 % level of significance (P = 0.05) was used for statistical analysis and Microsoft Excel 2010 package was used for graph and error bars. The histopathological results revealed no structural defect on the testes of rats administered 1 g and 5 g of ground nutmeg. There was dose dependent alteration of the histomorphology of the testes of rats given 10 g and above. There was also persistent elevation in serum testosterone level in treatment groups B to F, compared to the control Group A. Hence, consumption of high dose of nutmeg is toxic to the testes.

In last few decades, though significant progress has been made in the treatment and control strategies of tubercular infections by introducing new diagnostic and monitoring tools and combination therapy, it still continues to be severe problem. Thus with the aim of developing novel molecule with improved potency for treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain infections and with decreased probability of developing drug resistance, herein we report the synthesis of isatinyl thiazole derivatives, starting from ethyl acetoacetate , by microwave organic reaction enhancement method (MORE) and results of investigations of their antimycobacterial and antimicrobial activities. Many compounds have shown promising activity while others were inactive.

To determine antimycobacterium and dTDP rhamnose inhibitor activity of the synthesized azetidinone, thiazolidinone derivatives of thiazole, we studied different derivatives for the activity. One pot synthesis of 2-amino-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester has been carried out and synthesized different derivative compounds. Compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against different strains of microorganism and antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Compounds 7c, 7d, 7i, 8d, 8e, 8g and 8h, were showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhosa using Gentamycin as standard, while 7b, 7e, 7f, 7i, 8b, 8e, 8f and 8i showed very strong antimycobacterial activity using rifampicine as a standard. Thiazole derivatives especially with carbonyl group scaffold inhibit an enzyme RmlC, which is an essential component for the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose and produce good antimycobacterium and antimicrobial activity.

The search for alternative protein food source coupled with the cost of affordability and the ever increasing human population has become a serious problem. This research was aimed at exploring other protein food sources than meat, using an arthropod of the class insecta, Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman), (termite). The nutrient content of the termite, an edible insect, and beef of the Bos taurus species was determined through various laboratory procedures including titration, digestion and distillation of the various samples. Termites used in the study triumphed over beef in terms of carbohydrate content (termites 22.4 ± 0.01, beef 1.34 ± 0.01) and there was only a slight difference in protein content of beef when compared to termites (beef 10.41 ± 0.01, termite 10.06 ± 0.01). The research revealed that beef contains more lipid (beef 25.0 ± 0.05, termite 20.0 ± 0.05), which can be detrimental to human health. Insects can be used as an alternative source of protein to effectively replace the expensive available source (meat) and solve malnutrition in the ever-growing population of mankind. There should be more enlightenment of the general public on the great benefits of insects consumption to avoid the under usage of this food resource.

Preconception and pregnancy care is important for better pregnancy outcome. Awareness of both male and female is necessary for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing country like Nepal. The objective was to find out level of awareness on preconception and pregnancy care among bachelor level students of Dharan. Descriptive design was used for the study. Purposive sampling method was used to select 50 students from each college. Four colleges were selected through simple random sampling from 16 colleges and a total of 200 students who were studying bachelor final year were selected for study. Data were collected by self-administered Semi structured questionnaires. The result shows that 24.5% of total respondents heard about folic acid. Among them 7% were male respondents and 17.5% were female respondents. Majority (89%) of respondents accepts that male’s awareness is important for better pregnancy outcome. Female (mean awareness=55.2) were more aware than male (mean awareness=52.61) respondents on preconception and pregnancy care. Female were more aware on both preconception and pregnancy care. The source of information (media, newspaper) is associated with level of awareness. (p=0.010). Awareness level is related to employment status with higher proportion of employed individuals showing average awareness level (p=0.014). An equal to half (50.5%) of respondents have average awareness level on preconception and pregnancy care. The study concludes female (17.5%) have more good awareness level than male (7%) respondents.

The concept of sexuality education has been a topical issue and its inclusion in the school curriculum has generated and is still generating a lot of interest in Nigeria. The controversy around sexuality education stems from the fact that most people do not have an accurate understanding of what sexuality education is all about and the benefits that could be derived from it. Sexuality education is an education and moral process designed to assist young people in their physical, social, emotional and moral development as they prepare for adulthood, marriage, parenthood and ageing, as well as their social relationship in the socio- cultural context of family and society. Functional education, a major factor in the development process, to be relevant, must help appropriately an individual to understand his/her own culture and integrate into the other cultures, foreign or local, for the proper enhancement of his/her ways of life. The objective of sexuality education is to promote the proper development of personality, sexual well-being and quality of life of the population as a whole and thus implies that its contents cover all aspects of life in society, namely economic, political, social, legal, health, cultural and spiritual, making sure that both individual and collective interests work in harmony for the goodness of individuals and the society as a whole.

Implementation of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) is associated with several complications that can be divided into early complications and late complications. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the different complications related to TIVADs in a single center in Morocco. Our study is based on a prospective analysis, which took place over a period between September 2015 and March 2016 in oncology department of the Avicenne military hospital in Marrakech, in collaboration with thoracic surgery department and vascular surgery department. 36 patients benefited from the placement of TIVADs, with 18 men and 18 women, with a mean age of 55.5 years (from 22 to 71 years). The type of anesthesia was local anesthesia (LA) in 97% of cases with 3% of cases requiring a slight associated sedation. The preferred route was a percutaneous approach. The surgical approach by surgical dissection of the cephalic vein was used only in 2 patients, in 6% of cases after failure of the percutaneous route. The most used vein in our series was the right subclavian vein (RSCV) in 69% of cases, followed by the left internal jugular vein (LIJV) which presents 14% of patients. All patients received a control x-ray after procedure. 50% of the indications were for breast cancers and digestive cancers. Intervention was difficult in 11% of cases. In our series 3 patients who presented complications: 1 case of pneumothorax (3%), 1 case of thrombophlebitis (3%) and 1 case of costo-clavicular clamp syndrome (3%). Elimination of risk factors such as the choice of a technique, the handling of CCI, the use of echo-guidance, aseptic measures can reduce certain complications and their early and adequate management.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication among cancerous patients as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf on oral induced mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil using histopathologic and tissue antioxidative markers assessment in male dark brown rats. In a prospective randomized double blind animal study, OM was induced in 64 male dark brown rats that allocated in 4 groups by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle on once daily on days 3 and 4. Starting from day 12, gel base, topical form and 600 mg/kg dietry form of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf were administered per day. Pouch histopathology score, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity were evaluated on day 14 and 18. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content also were measured. Histopathology scores of mucositis were lower in the systemic and topical treatment groups than the gel base and control groups (P<0.05). Higher activities of SOD, GPX and TAC were detected in the topical and systemic treatment groups in comparison to the others (P<0.05). The extract was rich in total phenolic content as antioxidant. The use of extract of Psidium Guajava leave may be associated with reduced intensity of OM, increased concentration of SOD, GPX and TAC on induced OM in dark brown rats undergoing 5-FU consumption. This may be due to appropriate antioxidant activity and phenolic contents.

Traditional medicine is the oldest form of health care system that has stood the test of time. The African continent holds an enormous resource in terms of floral biodiversity and its medicinal plants have remained a main reservoir of phytochemicals for pharmaceutical drug development. Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances that can be used to treat chronic as well as acute infectious diseases. In Cameroon, many plant species are used as traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases, and several interesting openings have originated for further inquiry following in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation. Typhoid fever is a systemic infection transmitted through food and water contaminated with human feces. Its causative agent, Salmonella, is a primary cause of food poisoning worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol fractions of five mixtures of Cameroonian medicinal plants, Enantia chlorantha, Echinacea angustifolia, Acalypha indica, Alchemilla vulgaris, and Vernonia guineensis on strains of Salmonella typhi, thus bringing out the importance of considering Traditional medicine as an important aspect of health care delivery system in Africa. The general objective was to show the efficiency and potency profile with which Enantia chlorantha bark, Echinacea angustifolia plant, A.indica leaves, Alchemilla vulgaris plant, and Vernonia guineensis have on strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhi, first as individual extracts, then as a recipe mixture, thereby demonstrating the possible use of this mixture in the effective treatment of typhoid fever. The specific objectives was: 1) To do a phytochemical screening that will permit the identification of the plants phytochemical components, 2) To prepare individual methanol extracts of each of the plants used in the composition of the typhoid treatment mixture, and use each of these extracts to test for antimicrobial activity on salmonella typhi serotypes, and then test for any antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the entire mixture of all possible combinations of all the plants and come up with possible results observed. Antibacterial assay shows us that while having antibacterial effect separately, the plants used in our recipe have a much more potent activity when associated together, and we can notice that there is an additive effect. With all the parameters put in place, we, rather than selecting either E24 or E25 as our most potent extract, decided to bring out, as our most potent extract, E30, containing the mixture of all the plant extracts (E. angustifolia, A. vulgaris, A. indica , V. guineensis and A. affinis), in its right proportion, with each plant having a role to play, and with an MBC/MIC value of 0.09.

Evaluation of the lateral ventricle in second trimester is an important indicator for normal brain development. We sought to analyze the difference in the mean fetal lateral ventricle in second trimester among the consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriages in Indian population, in this retrospective cross sectional study. Study was carried out in the Department of Radiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, from June 2017 – June 2018. A total of 1067 patients in their second trimester (18 – 24 weeks of gestation) were included in this study (740 Non consanguineous and 327 consanguineous marriages). Lateral ventricle measured in true symmetrical axial plane at the atria of lateral ventricle and glomus of choroid plexus, opposite to the parieto occipital sulcus. Mean lateral ventricle dimension was 6.40 mm in consanguineous marriages and 6.42 mm in non consanguineous marriages. There is no significant difference in mean lateral ventricle size in consanguineous marriages and non consanguineous marriages at this period of gestation.

One of the most common chronic diseases in closely all states is Diabetes Mellitus. The world occurrence of diabetes amongst elderly (20-79) in 2010 was 6.4% distressing 285 million adult and all ages and probable to be increased to 7.7% distressing 439 million adult in 2030. In Pakistan Diabetes Mellitus (DM) the recent occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is 11.77%. The prevalence is advanced between male than females, the occurrence of (DM) Diabetes Mellitus in urban areas are more common than rural areas. (DM) Diabetes Mellitus is a set of diseases categorized by great level of blood glucose causing from faults in insulin excretion, and its action or both. We compared the echogenicity of pancreas with the surrounding organ superior mesenteric artery (fat around (SMA). The size of the pancreas is slightly decreased as compare to the normal individuals. To determine the sonographic differentiation of pancreatic appearance between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals of age 45-55years. A cross sectional comparative study was conducted at Gilani ultrasound clinic Lahore. Total 150 individuals of both diabetic and non-diabetic were included in this study to compare the sonographic appearance of pancreas in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Peoples from the age group of 45-55 years are only included in this study. According to the result Fatty pancreas was seen on ultrasound hyperechoic and the normal pancreas was hypoechoic. The size of the pancreas is slightly decreased in diabetic patients as compare to non-diabetic individuals. Glucose level in diabetic patients was more than normal individuals. The mean age group was 49.9133. Out of 75 patients 43 patient pancreas were seen hyperechoic. The mean of pancreatic head was 22.22mm, pancreatic body was 21.11mm and pancreatic tail was 21.87mm. In our study female were more than male. Highly echogenic pancreas is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM).

CT scan is a revolutionized diagnostic imaging modality that allows threedimensional visualization of a region of the body in different planes. Besides its advantages, CT has disadvantages as well. The radiations used in CT scans are ionizing X-ray radiations which increase the risk of cancer progression. The rate of unnecessary CT scans has increased over the past few years which has resulted in increased exposure to the patient and increased healthcare cost as well. The aim of this study was to determine the actual rate of unnecessary CT scans in a tertiary care hospital of our country. The study was conducted on 385 patients in the Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital, Gujrat in time duration of three months. It was an observational cross-sectional study. Scoring of the results was done by the co-supervisor having an experience of over 15 years. The scoring system was categorized from score 0 to score 2.Score 0 had no pathological finding, score 1 had suspicious finding and score 2 had confirmed pathological finding mentioned in the request form. A total of 385 patients were included in this research 162 females (42.1%) and 223 males(57.9%) with a mean age of 38.2±22.5-year (1-100 years).In this study 147 patients(38.2%) were categorized underscore 0 they were having no pathological finding and their results were normal,25 patients(6.5%) were categorized underscore 1 they had suspicious findings and were considered for follow up scan and the remaining 213(55.3%) patients were categorized underscore 2 they had confirmed pathology. Results concluded that the rate of unnecessary CT scans performed in this country is 38.2% which is considerably high. Unnecessary CT scans can lead to the risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) due to radiation exposure. The high cost of this test may cause a delay in the treatment of the patients.

The aim of the study was to of ventricular remodeling in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) I-III functional class (FC). In patients with CHF left ventricular remodeling leads not only to re-structure of left ventricular (LV) which accompanied by dilatation and thinning of the cavity, reducing myocardial contractility, but also to changes of geometric shapes of left ventricular and to diastolic dysfunction of LV with domination of the disturbance of relaxation.