Prevalence of air borne Nosocomial infection is a major attribute to morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Two methods are commonly used for measurement of bacterial density in hospital environment particularly Operation theater. Air samples from conventionally ventilated operating rooms and intensive care units were taken simultaneously by the sedimentation method (settle plate) and with the HiAir petri air sampler. Bacterial density was calculated in form of colony forming unit (cfu). The isolated bacteria were identified by conventional methods. The investigations showed that the number of colony forming units per cubic metre obtained with the sedimentation method was, on an average, higher than those found with the HiAir petri air sampler from the same area. The most common isolate from settle plate method was Bacillus subtilis (54.91%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.09 %), Co-agulase negative staphylococcus (30.12%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.85%), Acinetobacter baumanii (23.12 %), Escherichia coli (10.22 %), Staphylococcus aureus (8.32%) and Proteus mirabilis (2.72%). Settle plate method was found to be more informative than the air sampling system for bacteriological analysis of air in present study.

Abstract: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare neoplasm. We report a case of 45yeras old female patient who consulted for a mastalgia. Clinical examination showed limited painful breast nodules. On ultrasound and mammography it was a well-limited mass without malignant signs. Core needle biopsy of the breast was done. Diagnosis was based on histopathological exam completed by immune-histochemistry. It’s a triple negative phenotype. The patient was treated by mastectomy plus radiotherapy and remains alive in remission.

The development of bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics and increasing popularity of traditional medicine has led researchers to investigate the antibacterial compounds in plants. One traditional medicine in that category is turmeric (Curcuma longa) which belongs to the ginger (Zingiberaceae) family. Its major constituents are fat soluble, polyphenolic pigments known as curcuminoids which give turmeric its unique aroma, flavour and medicinal properties. In this study, the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of Curcuma longa rhizome was investigated against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6571), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Bacillus subtilis (6633) using the agar well diffusion method. Different concentrations of the extract were prepared ranging from 12.5 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to the extract with zones of inhibition ranging from 13 mm to 27 mm. Escherichia coli was the least sensitive with zones of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 22 mm. Mean Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were as follows: S. aureus (12.5 mg/ml), E. coli (25 mg/ml), S. typhi (50 mg/ml), P. aeruginosa (50 mg/ml) and B. subtilis (12.5 mg/ml). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and tannins.

Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PAGD) is an uncommon female sexual dysfunction that was first described in 2001. It is a condition that has been under-researched and not fully understood for so many years. Its prevalence is estimated to be between .5% to 6.7%, but it is believed to be under-reported because of the stigmatization of the disorder, as it is characterized by prolonged periods of persistent subjective feelings of genital arousal that are recurrent, intrusive and distressing, which usually subside by masturbation resulting in orgasm. These symptoms are not associated with sexual thoughts or urges, which prompted sex therapists and researchers to change its name from persistent sexual arousal disorder to PGAD. Now that we have a better understanding of its risk factors and pathophysiology, this review article will guide gynecologists, general practitioners and pelvic floor physiotherapists to diagnose, investigate the cause and treat patients with PGAD.

Isolation of microorganisms is very important for accurate treatment and is one of the important concerns for clinical microbiologists. The accuracy and rapidity of treatment are critical for successful treatment. The present study was undertaken to find the time duration for detection of various microorganisms with BACTEC 9050 system. Methods: The present study was done on inpatients the Thumbay New Life Hospital, Chaderghat road, Hyderabad from the period of June 2016 to June 2017. Samples are drawn from the patient and injected directly into BACTEC 9050 culture vials. Positive cultures are immediately flagged by an indicator light on the front of the instrument and displayed on the monitor. When positive vials are identified, it is removed and isolated for identification of organisms. Results: Out of total 475 samples collected during this duration 315 samples were from male patients and 160 from female patients. Out of 315 male samples, 69 were found to have a positive culture in 69 (21.9%) samples. Similarly out of 160 samples from females 41(25.62%) were found to have a positive culture. The most common organism detected by BACTEC in positive cultures Enterobacteriaceae in 39 (35.45%) out of 110 samples Staphylococcus aureus in 21 (19.09%), Streptococcus spp in 15 (13.63%), CoagulaseNegative staphylococci in 13 (11.81%). The conventional method showed the growth only in 77 (16.21%) of the total 475 samples during the study period however the same samples in BACTEC showed 110 (23.15%) growth Average time to detection was highest in Cryptococcus spp in 78.9 hours, Corynebacterium spp 72.1 hours, Candida spp 65.5 hours. Least time to detection Enterobacteriaceae was 14.9 hours. Conclusion: it can be concluded that the BACTEC culture method is superior to the conventional method as it detects the presence of bacteria faster and it is not affected by patient's use of antibiotics and it is also economical. Hence BACTEC culture methods must be used whenever it is feasible.

The study was undertaken to find out the effects of chronic consumption of oxidized palm oil on renal handling of Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- in Wistar rats. Twenty four male wistar rats weighing 140-160 grams at the begining of the experiment were randomly divided into four groups namely: control, fresh palm oil diet fed (fed 15% w/w fresh palm oil), photoxidized palm oil diet fed (fed 15%w/w photoxidized palm oil), thermoxidized palm oil diet fed ( fed 15% w/w thermoxized palm oil) groups. All four groups received water at libitum. At the end of twelve weeks, urine and blood samples were collected for the analyses of the concentration of Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-. Results showed that Plasma Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the TPO and PPO groups were significantly lower than the control (P<0.001) groups and FPO (P< 0.001 and 0.01 respectively)groups. Their (TPO and PPO) Na+ urine concentrations were however significantly (P<0.001) higher than the control and FPO. K+ plasma levels on the other hand, were significantly higher in the TPO (P<0.001) and PPO (P<0.05 and P< 0.01respectively) groups when compared with the control and FPO; but significantly (P<0.001 and P<0.01)lower in the urine. Plasma HCO3- concentration in the TPO group was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the control, FPO and PPO groups while that of PPO was significantly (P<0.05) lower than FPO. Urine K+ concentration of TPO was significantly(P<0.001) lower that the control and FPO while PPO levels were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the FPO only. In conclusion, chronic consumption of oxidized palm oil causes hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and hypobicarbonatemia.

There is the need to move away from chemical growth promoters to natural products in the poultry industry, as these have negative effects especially with regard to fat accumulation. In this regard, Moringa oleifera is known to have a number of beneficial effects on hematology and serum chemistry of humans. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of M. oleifera leaves on lipid profile and some serum enzymes in Nigerian local Chickens. Thirty adult Chickens were used for the study. The birds were randomly assigned to three groups(n=10).One group served as control while two treatments received a daily oral dose of 12.5mg and 25mg Moringa leaf solution respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Results indicate that the mean values of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, Triglycerides were statistically similar for all groups. Furthermore, mean values for serum levels of aspertate aminotransferase, alanins aminotranferae and alkaline phosphatase were statistically similar for all treatment groups. It is concluded that the administration of M. oleifera leaves at the dose used in this study has no significant effects on lipid profile and the serum enzymes evaluated. It is recommended M. oleifera leaf meal can be used to supplement expensive protein sources in chicken diets.

Pakistan stands among the top five highest tuberculosis burden countries. Emergence of multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis limited the spectrum of drugs of choice to treat tuberculosis. Among several, the activation of efflux pumps is one of mechanisms that mediate drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. Here, we tested efflux pump inhibitor verapamil and third line tuberculosis drug linezolid for antimicrobial activity against locally isolated multi drug resistant M. tuberculosis isolates using MGIT 960. M. tuberculosis isolates were collected from two tertiary care hospitals based in Lahore. Out of 100 isolates, 56 % (n=56) were found to be multi drug resistant (MDR). Out of MDR-TB, 5.36% (n=3) were additionally resistant to linezolid and 41.07% (n=17) were resistant to amikacin. One moxifloxacin resistant isolate was identified. In linezolid resistant strains, rplC gene was sequenced where rplC T640C mutation was identified in two of three linezolid resistant strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration of verapamil in 84.5% isolates was 256 μg/ml and the growth of remaining 16.5% isolates was inhibited by verapamil at the concentration of 512 μg/ml. Assessment of synergism between verapamil and other drugs including rifampicin, isoniazid, linezolid, amikacin and moxifloxacin revealed that verapamil at the concentration of 256 μg/ml inhibited the growth of MDR-TB isolates in presence of respective drugs. Our findings suggest that linezolid resistance have started emerging in local isolates. Further studies are required at higher level to identify the exact mechanism.

Agarwood oil is a highly priced type of oil due to its unique aroma. Agarwood oil is widely used in perfume, medicine and cosmetic industries due to its unique properties and high medicinal value. The oil is generally extracted from the fragrant resins that form in the heartwood of agarwood tree. These unique properties of agar oils are contributed by the presence of certain chemical compounds. The market demand for agarwood oil is very high. Agarwood oil is traded based on grade, corresponding to expensive and cheap price. Currently, the grading of agar oil depends on its physical appearance such as color, odor and essential oil components, like present of sesquiterpenes. The present research analyzed essential oils from Aquilaria malaccensis obtained from Moulvibazar, Bangladesh based on GC-MS data and antimicrobial properties. GC-MS analysis found Sesquiterpenes, alcoholics, fatty acids and other chemical groups in the exportable agar oils. Farm-1 contained 94.95%, Fram-2 contained 95.37% and Farm-3 contained 93.90% sesquiterpenes which is the most important properties for stronger odors and high quality. All the agar oils contained about 75% 5-Azulenemethanol-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydryo.alpha.alpha.3.8- tetramethyl-3,7-Cyclodecad iene-1- ethanol.alpha.alpha.4,8–tetramethyl-[s-(Z,Z)]. They also contained other sesquiterpenes like Ledene oxide- II; Aromandendrene; Bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene,1,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-8-(1-methylene-2-hydroxyethyl-1)- 1H-3 a,7-methanolazulene, deca hydro-1,4,9,9-tetramethyl-Diethyl Phthalate; Isoaromadendrene epoxide. Other groups like alkane ~2%, alcoholics ~1% and fatty acid were found above 2%. The essential oils from all the farms except farm-2 have shown non-significant sensibility in antimicrobial test against E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella,Vibrio.

In an attempt our study was to assess health-related quality of life, anxiety & depression among patients with Rheumatoid arthritis. In this study demonstrates that the Rheumatoid arthritis patients evaluated were more likely to have lower Quality of Life, and high prevalence rates of depression and anxiety, the factors leading to an increased risk of depression among Rheumatoid arthritis patients included being female and older. As depression is the one of the major factor for medication non adherence ,So it could be better if Rheumatoid arthritis patients should be regularly assessed and should be monitored for accompanying anxiety and depression during follow-up, to achieve better therapeutic outcome, and to improve patient Quality of Life. We are taking Out of 50 patients, both men and women. It is a six months observational prospective cohort study conducted at King George Hospital, we have to assess the health-related quality of life in patients with RA along with Anxiety and depression in these who are patients suffering with Rheumatoid arthritis. In the data was collected from the direct patient-reported survey, and we are analysed the data by using the Microsoft excel spread sheet along with, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression HAM-D, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and we are taken informed consent forms and with proper compliance and age greater than 18 years those who are positively diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.

The study examined the impact of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the livelihood of the rural dwellers in the southern zone of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Three villages from within the vicinities of each of the three major towns in Ekiti South West Local Government area were randomly selected for this study. Fifty households in each village were randomly selected making a total of 450 households sampled in the study. Primary data were collected through semi structured questionnaire matrix administered to the head of each selected household. The results obtained revealed that the respondents were diverse and cut across the socio-economic classifications. These classifications were not pre-requisites to their consciousness on NTFPs. Eight important NTFPs were identified in the study area and valued for foods, soup or soup ingredients or spices or condiments, medicine, fuel wood, weaving, wrapping and sweeteners. A tripartite mode of NTFPs utilization was established in this study. While 14% of the respondents claimed exclusive consumption of the products, 7% claimed exclusive use of the products as sources of income while a vast majority of the respondents used the products for both subsistence and economics as sources of income. Three levels of respondents’ involvements were observed for NTFPs in the study area. These included collections, processing and marketing, each of which was dominated by females. Though the amount of income generated by considerable proportion of the respondents in this study is low compared to the national minimum wage yet serve as safety net for the poor and offer opportunity for employment. Diverse sources, including household area, household farms free area, and forest, abound for NTFPs species in the study area. Most of the species domiciled in the household farms were cultivated while those of free areas and forest were mostly wildlings. Constraints abound on transportation, storage and spoilage that greatly affect the contributions of the NTFPs in the study area, sustainable strategies that could ameliorate these problems and further boost the contributions of NTFPs were proposed.

Immune activation has been proved as a significant contributing factor to HIV disease progression. Serum hs-CRP increase and albumin decrease in HIV infected individuals as a response of immune activation through cytokines. In this study we estimated serum hs-CRP and albumin levels and hs- CRP /Albumin ratio in HIV seropositive and control groups. This is a case control study having 40 HIV patients with age, sex matched 40 controls. In our study we observed statistically significant difference in serum hs-CRP, albumin and hs-CRP /Albumin ratio in HIV seropositive compared to control group (p<0.001).This made us to propose that serum hs-CRP , albumin and hs CRP /Albumin ratio can be used as prudent prognostic markers in HIV infection and predictor of mortality.

The effect of extraction solvents (water, ethanol and hexane) on the content of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponins, total phenols, tannins and flavonoids in three selected medicinal ferns (Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl, Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott and Pneumatopteris afra (Christ) Holttum) in Ekiti State, Nigeria was investigated. Matured leaflets were collected from healthy plants in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Extracts from shade dried and powdered leaflets of each of the ferns were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard methods. The results showed the presence of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids in all the extracts of the ferns while saponin was present only in water extracts. Hexane was not able to extract alkaloids and saponins in the three ferns. The results showed that extraction solvents significantly affected the phytochemical composition of the ferns. The water and ethanol extracts had higher content of the phytochemicals than the hexane extracts. The diversity of phytochemicals found present suggests that the ferns could serve as sources of useful drugs.

According to World Health Organization, Mosquito borne diseases are the fast emerging viral diseases in many areas of the world. Mosquito borne diseases affects in the tropical and sub tropical regions in the world (Arunachalam, N., Tana, S., Espino, F., Kittayapong, P., Abeyewickrem, W., Wai, K. T., & Petzold, M. 2010). In Rural area of Lahore Mosquito Born Diseases is a big public health issue because in the developing countries they cause a large scale of morbidity and mortality due to poverty. The aim of this study is to evaluate Knowledge, Attitude, and practices related to improve sanitation conditions of the rural community and prevention from Mosquito Born diseases. A Cross-sectional descriptive research design was used knowledge, Attitude, Practices and prevention of Mosquito Born diseases of 100 people was collected door to door through questionnaire. Age group of participants was 15-50 years old. The respondents about (97%) have awareness about mosquito borne diseases, attitude of respondents was (67%) about the mosquito born diseases and practices of respondent (56%) The knowledge of respondent regarding mosquito borne diseases was found good in spite of good knowledge the respondent have poor implementation.

Coconut oil also commonly known as Copra oil is edible oil obtained from the kernel of harvested mature coconuts of the coconut palm .In recent years this oil has attained superstardom in the health food world. Celebrities are adopting its use, nutritionists advocating it, and patients acclaiming its many virtues. A number of health benefits have been attributed to this oil. These include benefits in skin care, hair care, stress relief, weight loss and cholesterol level maintenance, immunomodulatory effects, cardiovascular uses, and more recently in Alzheimer‘s disease .However for several years, coconut oil was demonized and consumers were made to believe that coconut oil is deleterious to health as it would block the arteries and cause heart disease. The tide has turned and in recent times recognition of the positive health effects of coconut oils have emerged stronger. The use of coconut oil, especially virgin coconut oil is in vogue, though some people still remain skeptical. This article attempts to scientifically review the therapeutic benefits of this oil.