Nigeria’s democratic experiment has come a long way. Just like any other political entities, the electoral experience is not without some teething challenges such as ballot box snatching, violence, rigging, etc. in the recent times, a new electoral challenge has just been added into the political lexicon: merchandisation of votes otherwise called vote buying and vote selling. A situation whereby votes are commoditized and political gladiators curry political favor from the electorates by devising series of monetary strategies to win elections; while the electorates also sell their votes to meet their financial lack. Investigating the preponderance of merchandisation of votes in the Nigeria’s forth republic, the paper focused on the just concluded July 14, 2018 gubernatorial elections in Ekiti state, Nigeria. Rational choice theory, a variance of Political Economic Approach (PEA) was handy as the foundational basis of the paper. The paper also used contextual analysis source of data collection as the instrument of investigation in other to extrapolate the electoral challenge. It is observed that the politicians and political gladiators embarked on vote buying as a desperate strategy to win elections, so as to gain the plenipotentiary power to authoritatively allocate state resources/values. The electorates on the other hand, sell their votes, because they see it as a way of getting their own share from the politicians who seldom forgetting them after the elections; because of poverty, lacks, famine, in other words, lack of basic family needs; unemployment, illiteracy etc. as some of fundamental reasons for selling their votes. This menace is not without some socio-political and economic implications on the political system. However, the paper observed that to checkmate the merchandisation of vote in Nigeria, certain proactive strategic options are needed such as behavioral and attitudinal change, poverty reduction or eradication schemes, socio-political education, economic empowerment, provision of gainful employment etc. as part of strategic options to ameliorate or eradicate the menace in Nigeria.

The presence of airborne microbes and their relationship to disease has become an important area of study, as many bioaerosols in indoor and outdoor environments have been found to cause adverse health effects. This study was carried out to assess the application of sterile food samples as a novel technique in the bacteriological probing of air quality. In this study, different food items (pawpaw, meat and yam) were sterilized by autoclaving, and exposed to an outdoor air condition, in order to isolate bacteria capable of causing contamination of sterile materials, including processed food samples exposed to the air environment. Five (5) grams each, of the various food samples were exposed at varying elevation to a maximum height of 40 feet above ground level and studied at daily intervals for five consecutive days. The bacterial population dynamics as well as diversity was determined and was observed to vary with respect to the food type used as sampling substrate and exposure duration. In the overall analysis, meat had more bacterial load than pawpaw, while yam was the least. The results obtained from the investigation showed that E. coli (25.9%), Klebsiella pneumonia (16.9%), Pseudomonas auroginosa (15.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.9), Shigella spp. (11.7%), Bacillus spp (9.1%), and Salmonella spp (7.9%) were the most frequent bacterial isolates in the air environment studied. The study reveals a novel method of air quality determination using sterile food samples. The study further recommends proper waste management at the tropospheric level to prevent upward movement of particles.

This study investigates the effect of the quality of doctor services on patient loyalty via the mediating influence of patient satisfaction. Variables like gender and proximity were also controlled for. Quantitative methods were used to analyze the data collected from a questionnaire that was randomly administered to out-patients (2500) in the five referral hospitals in Ghana. Results from the t-tests and ANOVA revealed that gender does not have an effect on patient satisfaction. Likewise, proximity did not have an effect on satisfaction and further loyalty. Correlation analysis results showed strong positive relationships between quality of doctor services and patient satisfaction, the quality of doctor services and patient loyalty and finally patient satisfaction and patient loyalty. This finding proves that the quality of services rendered by doctors influence the satisfaction of patients and further earns their loyalty.

Background: Germ cell Tumours (GCT) of testis accounts for majority of the testicular tumours while Non germ cell tumours of testis are generally rare. Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a common benign mesenchymal tumour that is commonly seen in the kidney and other than this site is generally very rare. The Aim is to study the different testicular lesions and to search for the rare tumours of testis. Materials and methods: It is a Hospital based Prospective observational study over a period of 3 years in orchidectomy specimens. Sample size includes 100 cases. Results : Non neoplastic testicular lesions accounts for the majority of the cases with most commonly seen in second decade of life while the Neoplastic lesions seen mostly in the 3rd and 4th decades of life with encountering one rare case of Testicular Angiomyolipoma. Conclusion: Diagnosing rare tumours of any organ is always a challenging task for every pathologist and it is also a visual treat. Hence it is imperative to maintain hawks vigil during microscopic diagnosis to identify such rare tumours for better management strategies.

This paper examined the relationship subsisting between banking sector reforms and money market. Annual data collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin spanning the period 2004–2018 were analysed using the OLS model. The study adopted commercial paper as a proxy for money market performance, while banking reforms was proxied by credit to the private sector (CPS), broad money supply (M2) and total bank deposit (TD). Our findings revealed that an increase in the credit to the private sector (CPS) and total deposits (TD) will lead to a significant rise in the volume of commercial paper (CP) traded on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. While an increase in a rise in the total money supply in the economy will lead to a significant fall in the volume of commercial paper (CP) traded on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. To this tune, we recommend amongst others that the government continue to consolidate on existing reforms to improve deepening of the money market.

Background: Pathology is considered by 2nd-year MBBS medical students to be an interesting and useful but most difficult subject. The problems of memorizing and volatility of the subject faced by the students can be tackled by making them learn by putting them in a particular situation and giving them a task as a source of learning, comparable to an actual task that he may face in his future professional life, addressed to as “Problem-based learning” (PBL). Methods: The Cross-sectional study was carried in Narayana medical college, Nellore. The participants were 150 2nd MBBS students (regular batch) who have completed 3rd semesters of pathology. Data were collected at the end of 3 semesters of pathology using a predesigned questionnaire. Data entry and analysis was done using Microsoft Excel. Percentages were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 150 students (regular batch) who were going to appear for the 2nd MBBS university exams participated in our study. All of them returned the completed questionnaire. Of the 150, 88% were female students, and 12% were male students. A vast majority of the students, 98 %, found pathology to be an interesting subject. The majority of the students, 80%were satisfied with the content of the lectures taken and only 12.5%, felt otherwise. Blackboard teaching (87%). Conclusion: The study showed that most students had a positive attitude towards pathology. Students are in favor of the use of blackboard teaching, PowerPoint presentations, case-based discussions and integrated teaching.

Purpose and objectives: Decrease in length of Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) recovery time has been linked to both patient satisfaction and reduced healthcare cost. This was a quality project which retrospectively reviewed patients` chart to assess recovery time whether administration of co-analgesics and sedatives in combination with propofol prolong recovery time. Primary outcome: PACU recovery time using the modified Aldrete scoring system. The ideal anesthetic for ambulatory cases should provide rapid and smooth emergence and recovery. Propofol is recently preferred short acting agent for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures for induction, maintenance of anesthesia/deep sedation (1). The randomized controlled trials indicated that the potential benefits of propofol include a shorter recovery time, greater sedation, and improved patient cooperation (2). However, high dose of propofol may cause side effects and delay emergence. Study Design: This was a quality project which was retrospectively evaluating consecutive Gastroendoscopy cases at Parkland Hospital. Eligible subjects who received esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in 1 years’ period between 2014 to 2015. All patients in the review received propofol as their primary anesthetic, while some received additional co-analgesics and sedatives (midazolam, fentanyl, etomidate, ketamine, diphenhydramine). Recovery and PACU discharge time were compared between the propofol only groups versus the propofol plus adjuvant drug based on the modified Aldrete scoring system. Data was electronically collected in encrypted and password protected Excel file. At the end of the data collection, this Excel file was de-identified for the data analysis. Data was stored in secure encrypted research computer or secure research server and only research team will have access to electronic files. Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at Parkland Hospital. The consecutive cases were evaluated for the Postoperative recovery time. The sample size of the project is the expected number of patients underwent EGD during 2014 to 2015.

Jateorhiza macrantha is a medicinal plant used in ethnomedicine for dysentery, cough, boil, ulcer, and inflammation, wound healing and venomous bite. This study is aimed at evaluating the anti-diarrheal activity of the aqueous ethanol extract from the leaves of Jateorhiza macrantha. The aqueous ethanol extract (AEE) was obtained by exhaustive cold maceration in 70% aqueous. The anti-diarrheal and anti-motility activities of the AEE were evaluated using the castor oil induced diarrheal and charcoal meal animal assays respectively. Loperamide (2mg/kg bw) and atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg bw) were used as reference anti-diarrheal and anti-motility agents respectively for comparison. The AEE shows dose dependent anti-diarrheal and anti-motility activities. The trend in the anti-diarrheal activity (% inhibition of fecal mass compared to negative control group): loperamide-2mg/kgbw (67.42%) > AEJML-400mg/kgbw (64.49%)>AEJML-200mg/kgbw (41.57%)>AEJML-100mg/kgbw (13.48%) and anti-motility (% inhibition of intestinal peristalsis index compared to negative control group): AEJML-250mg/kgbw(71.70%)>AEJML-125mg/kgbw(30.10%)>AEJML-100mg/kgbw(0.37%). The trend in anti-castor oil induced diarrheal and anti-motility activities obtained in this study for Jateorhiza macrantha justifies its use in ethno medicine for the treatment of diarrheal and related gas intestinal tracts illness.

The objective of this research is to analyze and find out the effect of tax regulation understanding, justice principles and tax sanction towards the tax payer compliance. This research is done in UMKM located in Tanah Abang Market area. The data is collected by distributing questionnaires. Analysis method used in this research is the random sampling. This research has the population of 3.870 and is counted by the slovin formula that obtains 97.48 samples. However, the researcher has determined the sample to be 100 respondents. The result of this research shows that the tax regulation understanding and the justice principles do not have positive effects towards the tax payer’s compliance while the tax sanction had a positive effect towards the tax payer’s compliance.

The research work examined the modification of expansive soils with bagasse fibre to improve its engineering properties for road pavement structures. Preliminary investigations classified the clay soils as A – 7 – 6 on the AASHTO Classification System and soils are dark grey at all conditions and percentage (%) passing BS sieves #200 are 73.85%, 67.38%, 6.35%, 82.35%, and 71.55%. Comparative results confirmed a decrease in plastic index properties of clay soils. Compaction test results showed a decreased in MDD values while OMC recorded increased values due to bagasse fibre inclusion. Results obtained showed an increase in UCS with an increase in fibre percentages to soil corresponding ratio. Relative results showed an increased in CBR values with an increase in bagasse fibre percentages to a peak ratio of 0.75% to soil ratio. The entire results showed the potential of using costaceae lacerus bagasse fibre (CLBF) as admixtures in the treatment of clay soils. The swelling potential of treated soil decreased with the inclusion of bagasse fibre up to 0.75%.

Justicia insularis leaves widely used in African traditional medicine for the management of malaria, pains, diabetes, convulsion and bacterial infections was screened for its acute and sub-acute effects in Wistar rats. In acute toxic test, the leaf extract was orally administered to rats up to 5 g/kg in different doses. This was followed by observing the animals for signs of toxicity and mortality for 7 day. In sub-acute toxicity study, the rats were orally treated daily with J. insularis ethanol extract at doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg for 21 days. The rats used for control were given distilled water. All animals were weighed at 7 day intervals all through the study and the haematological, biochemical parameters and vital organs were all determined, at the end of the study. J. insularis ethanol leaf extract was practically non-toxic showing no mortality and visible signs of toxicity on acute exposure. The extract showed significant increase in the body weight of rats given 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg compared to control. The leaf extract showed significant increase in haematological indices, but there was no alteration in biochemical indices, and the vital organs as well. Findings in this study revealed that J. insularis was safe when orally administered, while we suggest further investigation to ascertain its effect on long-term administration.

The correlations of microphotograph structure properties were made via a matured cultivated three-year-old tropical bamboos namely Gigantochloalevis and G. scotechinii. Bamboos were elected and harvested from the plantation plots located at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia in Kepong, Selangor. The studies focused on the vascular bundles and fibres the resided at the internodes and nodes positioned in seven, eight and nine at the outer, middle and inner cross-section of the bamboo culms. Data was collected according to the sizes of the vascular bundle's length, vascular bundles width, fibre length, diameter, lumens diameter, walls thickness and fiber Runkle’s ratio between each of the bamboo species. The two bamboo species manifested similar in characteristics but having different sizes in anatomy and microstructure features. The results in the fibre's morphology studies showed that the textures for each species possess different anatomy characteristics and properties in having different lengths, diameters, cell walls thickness and lumen sizes. The size of the vascular bundle is smaller at the outer position and become more prominent at the central locations.

Certain acceleration in society can be clearly seen in the work as well as in the leisure sector. Among other things, working hours are becoming more flexible and the pressure and burden of work is increasing. Also, a growing desire for pleasure and quality of life, as well as well-being and relaxation are part of the change in values (Zarotis et al., 2007). The aim of this study is to examine the foundations and prerequisites for the development of modern leisure, sport and cultural tourism. The method used in this study was a review of the relevant literature. By analysing various research results we discovered that people in today's society with increasing pressure and stress levels must and should find a way to protect their bodies from these influences. Wellness and sports offers, especially on holiday, are a good and fast way to regeneration. Many people are aware of the need to take care of their health, especially on holiday. The search for deceleration in an increasingly fast-moving society will be a central pillar. Peace and balance will be major focal points of leisure time, which is why particularly quiet and endogenous sports will continue to gain in importance. It has been shown also that there are elements in sport that can turn a sporting attraction into a tourist attraction. From this it can be concluded that people are looking for experiences through sport with a high emotional but also cultural potential. In this study it was found that sports tourism and culture-sensitive travelling can go hand in hand. They offer the opportunity for intercultural encounters, international understanding and a sensitisation of one's own awareness of foreign value and norm systems. In order to remain competitive in the face of increasing competitive pressure in the tourism sector and the widespread distribution of tourist offers, it is necessary to further develop products innovatively. Tourist offers must be made more attractive, so that they can offer the customer additional benefits and thus stimulate demand. Special attention must be paid to customer needs and developing trends. A characteristic feature of modern society is the increasing focus on experience. As a result, experiences often become the core objective of product design. Emotional-psychological considerations show that although experiences cannot be produced by providers, providers can try to create favourable external conditions in a specific setting that make experiences possible. If it is possible to generate additional customer benefit through the targeted staging of experiences, this would be a decisive competitive advantage (Zarotis, 2019).

Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) is a fundamental incident in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Inactivation of TSG is accomplished by aberrant chromatin modifications including DNA hypermethylation of the gene promoter. Of the most frequently hypermethylated TSG, Ras Association Domain Family1 (RASSF1A), P16 and Death Association Protein kinase (DAPK) genes. Aberrant hypermethylation of these genes have been correlated with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) promoting disease recurrence and remote metastasis. This review aims to provide the readers with a precise description of the research to date in the field of epigenetics and its impact on people with NSCLCs. The focus of this study will be on promoter hypermethylation of three different lung cancer associated genes P16, RASSF1A and DAPK and how these genes inactivated and contribute to the pathogenecity of human malignancies. Moreover, The study aims to investigate the impact of tobacco smoke on the hypermethylation frequency of the mentioned genes. Thus, the promoter hypermethylation frequency could be a promising biomarker to improve NSCLC diagnosis and screening.

The paper sought to make an analysis of Ndebele sonnets by Simon J. Nondo and Joseph N.T. Dupute. Before a detailed study of the sonnets is made, a discussion of the nature of poetry and the various poetic genres is done. This discussion is intended to show the place of sonnets within the wider field of poetry. Fourteen sonnets are analysed in respect of their form, themes and language. Of these six were written by Nondo and eight by Dupute. The analysis revealed that African writers have borrowed the sonnet forms from the western world. The Petrarchan, Spenserian, Shakespearean and Miltonic rhyme schemes might not have been possibly used in the Ndebele sonnets studied but alliterative concords and stylistic devices are used in the sonnets to enrich the sonnets and create a unique style.