Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a syndrome characterised by a loss of glucose homeostasis from defective insulin secretion and its action; both are resulting in impaired metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Diabetes mellitus, if uncontrolled, leads to many complications and the significant being atherosclerosis. Diabetes Mellitus could be treated by nutritional therapy/drug therapy and others. But the drug therapy would have its limitations and side effects. To overcome this, a herbal extract is recommended, such as Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) a principle compound of Garlic oil. Objectives: To assess the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Healthy adult Wister strain male albino rats, weighing around 100-150 grams were randomly selected from the animal house at BLDE University’s Shri B.M.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bijapur, India. Diabetes was induced using alloxan and was treated with DADS. After a stipulated time, the rats were anaesthetised and sacrificed to collect the blood. Blood glucose and serum lipid profile were estimated using standard procedures. One way ANOVA followed by post hoc‘t’ test was done. Results: There was a significant decrease in the blood glucose, and lipid parameters of DADS treated alloxan-induced diabetic rats when compared to the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that the DADS a principle compound of garlic, definitely has the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect in diabetic rats, which is reducing the morbidity in diabetic cases without the adverse effects.

Based on the cross-cultural communicative method and pragmatical method, the author tries to investigate the types of pragmatic failure and the potential causes by test and interview, aiming to find out the problems and give some suggestions to arouse students’ pragmatic awareness, to avoid unnecessary pragmatic failures and to improve their pragmatic competence. Through the survey, the author finds that pragmatic failure usually appears in pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic aspects; the teachers have a good knowledge of pragmatic failure and the situation of pragmatic failure among students; negative language transfer, the difference of culture and values between China and western countries are the core causes of pragmatic failure. There are 100 students and four teachers who participate in the investigation. They are the subjects of the research. The students are sophomore and juniors in English major who are randomly chosen from the School of Foreign Languages in a Guangxi Normal University. In addition, the teachers are those who teach the students of English major in a Guangxi Normal University.

Africa contains the most genetically divergent group of continental populations and several studies have reported that African populations show a high degree of population stratification. In this regard, it is important to investigate the potential for population genetic structure or stratification of some ethnic groups. Nigeria is one of the West Africa countries that took part in the human history since the dawn of modern man. The population of Nigeria is composed of Asholio and Atakar ethnic groups in the southern part of Kaduna state. DNA genetic marker such as HVII region of the mitochondrial DNA of a sample population of Asholio and Atakar ethnic group was used to get population genetic parameters. Buccal cells of 40 unrelated male individuals, 20 from each ethnic group was extracted using the protocol describe by Bioneer AccuPrep® Genomic DNA extraction kit. DNA samples extracted were analyzed and HVS-II sequences were amplified and purified. Sequencing for the light strand was done followed by sequence alignment, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Nucleotide positions 73-340 for HVS-II were compared to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) and 40 haplotypes were observed with haplotypic diversity of 0.9431 for Asholio and 0.9560 for Atakar. A total of 80 polymorphic sites characterized the haplotypes. All of the haplotypes found have been described in other West African populations of the world. The haplotypes frequencies were used to calculate FST. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups present in Africans were represented in the two ethnic groups. The genetic diversity of Asholio was 0.9143 and Atakar, 0.9145. The calculation of FST (0.003) for the two ethnic groups suggests no difference between them. In order to understand the expansion of the haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA in West Africa, the studied population was compared with neighbor populations. Some African ethnic groups were grouped and the Asholio and Atakar ethnic groups were next to the west African populations. Therefore we can suggest that the populations geographically related and those with the same language (West Africa) are genetically similar, corroborating the fact that these mtDNA marker can be used in the inquiry of the recent history of a population.

Widows in developing countries are amongst the most vulnerable and at-risk; and they go through a lot of challenges ranging from cultural issues, socio- economic, and psychological difficulties which exacerbate their vulnerability and risks. A number are disinherited, forced into sex and marriage. For such widows to survive and overcome such challenges, they have to be resilient and rise above the challenges, risks and vulnerabilities. Available evidence suggests that targeted project advocacy may not only empower vulnerable and at risk individuals but may also make them resilient. Few studies have established these relationships. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of project advocacy strategy on resilience of widows in Rarieda Sub-County in Kenya. The design of the study was cross-sectional. The target population was 290 composed of project advocacy officers, social services officers, women group leaders and group members. A sample size of 165 was computed using Krejcie Morgan table of estimation. Simple stratified random sampling was used. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential data were analysed using SPSS computer package. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, means and standard deviations while inferential statistics included correlation and regression analyses. There was strong correlation between project advocacy strategy and resilience of windows. It is recommended that targeted advocacy strategies should be structured and integrated in community projects supporting widows.

Supracondylar fractures are a common entity among the pediatric age group and have been managed conservatively as well as operatively in various setups. In tertiary care setups, however, delayed presentation or failed closed reduction has posed a considerable challenge. Literature is few for anterior approach as it is a relatively new technique, but the outcomes were found to be satisfactory; it is also a safe approach. The present institution based, longitudinal, prospective study included 43 patients with Gartland type II/III fracture, aged 4-12 years attending the Orthopedics department within 2 weeks of fracture. 2 attempts of closed reduction after manipulation had failed in all patients. Open reduction and internal fixation was performed with K-wire through anterior cubital approach. Mayo Elbow Performance Score was used to assess functional outcome at 6 weeks, 3months and 6 months. At 6 months of follow up 55.8% of patients had excellent functional outcome and 41.9% patients had good outcome. Anterior approach is thus a viable alternative that can be explored further in cases of delayed presentation and failed reduction of supracondylar fractures in the pediatric patients.

It is incontrovertible that poverty is the major bane of the Nigerian nation. Invariably, it engenders series of socio-economic and political menace in the society such as corruption, money rituals, kidnapping as well as various cybercrimes all in a bid to get rich soonest. The most vulnerable citizens that are worst hit by this criminality are the women and children. Hence, prevalence of their involvements as victims of kidnapping, rituals and sex related mishaps. This development posed challenges to the government and the citizens. Hence, over time, efforts were made by the government through various approaches to address the poverty issues in Nigeria. Prominent among such strategies in the past was the introduction of Operation Feed the Nation, Structural Adjustment Programme, the National Directorate of Employment, the Family Support Programme, and National Poverty Eradication Programme etc. Moreover, the present government initiates various schemes under its Social Investment Programme which include N-Power, Home Grown School Feeding, ‘TraderMoni’ and a host of others for the purpose of empowerment and poverty reduction. The paper is however focused on an assessment of the ‘TraderMoni’ scheme for economic empowerment of the women beneficiaries at the Mandate Market, Ilorin with a view to determining its validity, strength and limitations from the Islamic perspective. Findings indicate that the ‘TraderMoni’ scheme generates empowerment for petty traders in Nigeria; its objective is laudable and Islamically acceptable but its execution was beset with multifarious challenges. The research employed interview, focus group discussion and literary analysis. The paper concludes with recommendations that efforts should be made by the government to sustain the ‘TraderMoni’ loan scheme with transparency and strict adherence to the terms of the contract with a view to eradicating poverty in the Nigerian society.

This study examines the interactions between the general price level and foreign exchange rate in Nigeria. This was aimed at ascertaining if inflation was imported via the foreign exchange rate in Nigeria. The theoretical underpinning of this study was anchored on the purchasing power parity theory. The ex-post facto research design was adopted to observe the study variables in retrospect. Thus, historical data covering 1990 to 2018 was collated and estimated employing the error correction technique. The test results indicates that foreign exchange rate exert a positive and insignificant influence on the level of inflation in Nigeria. This stand to suggest that a benign level of change in the general price level is caused by imported inflation. Evidence further indicates that lending interest rate exerts a negative and significant impact on the level of inflation in Nigeria. The study concludes that persistent increase in foreign exchange rate stimulate increase in the general price level, whilst that of the lending interest rate has no bearing on the general price level in Nigeria. The policy implication of this is for the monetary authorities to ensure foreign exchange rate stability to avoid imported inflation. Also, the lending interest rate be made attractive enough to drive aggregate demand and not too unattractive to slow down aggregate demand. The study therefore recommends a stable and strong international and domestic value of the naira via a policy of stability.

This descriptive research method design explored how Saudi EFL female students value their teachers’ use of 21st Century Skills and how these skills improve their language skills. Two closed-item questionnaires were designed for two data collection phases and distributed to EFL female students in the Preparatory Year Programme (PYP) at Taibah University, Saudi Arabia: 548 students in phase one and 226 in phase two. The results revealed that the participants valued their teachers’ 21st Century skills very positively, ranking all items in the questionnaire “excellent”. Moreover, the results indicated that “life and career” skill set and its sub-dimension “social and cross-cultural skills” obtained the highest mean scores. The results emphasized the improvement of students’ language skills, particularly vocabulary and speaking skills, that contributed was to EFL teachers’ implementation of 21st Century skills.

Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor, the most common of the main salivary glands, especially in the parotid gland, its location at the palate is quite rare is quite rare. The aim of our work is to report a clinical case of a 60 year old patient who had a giant pleomorphic adenoma, and analyze the clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic aspects of this tumor.

Objective: To assess the knowledge regarding hospital acquired infection (nosocomial infection) among health care workers of tertiary care hospital of Wah Cantt. Study Design: This was a Descriptive quantitative study design based on self-design questionnaire. Place and Study Duration: It was carried out from March 2018 to August 2018 involving health care workers working in tertiary care hospital of Wah Cantt. Materials and Methods: Data was collected through self-structured questionnaire from the health care workers working in tertiary care hospital of Wah Cantt. The collected data was analyzed through SPSS version 20, for proper analysis the data was presented in the form of percentage and frequencies for qualitative variables, mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative variables. Results: The results of the study showed that Health Care Workers had adequate knowledge regarding hospital acquired infection. The existing studies was done to explore the knowledge gap regarding hospital-acquired infection of Health Care Workers and how hospital acquired infection can prevent from one another in the hospital settings. Conclusion: The study gave a basic level of knowledge regarding hospital acquired infection (nosocomial infection) among health care workers. The health care associated infection (HCAIs) or the infections acquired from the hospital can be defined as the Infection, which occurs within the 48 hours of hospital admission or three days of discharge from hospital.

Introduction: Neonatal septicaemia is one of the major factors contributing to the high perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The definite diagnosis of septicemia is made by a positive blood culture which requires a minimum period of 48-72 hours and yields a positive result in 30-70% of cases. Hence there is a critical need for laboratory tests that aid in the rapid diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Objective: To evaluate the neonatal hematological parameters of clinically diagnosed cases of sepsis, as ones which can be used to formulate a scoring system in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Design: A diagnostic study conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: This study consists of 100 neonates admitted at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical Hospital, Pimpri, Pune, who were clinically suspected of sepsis. The neonatal hematological parameters included were total leukocyte count, total neutrophil count, lymphocytes, immature cells, immature to total leukocyte ratio, immature to mature cells ratio, nucleated red blood cells, platelet count, and degenerative cells (toxic granules & dhole bodies). These parameters were evaluated based on the standard reference values given by Rodwell et al and were graded as a) score >5- sepsis, score of 3 to 4 – probable sepsis and c) score of <3 as no sepsis. A blood culture was the standard indicator for proven sepsis. Results: There were 21 out of 100 neonates (21%) who had culture proven sepsis and they were predominantly males and less than one day old. Among the different parameters, the sensitivity of TLC was 100%, increased PMN count showed a sensitivity of 95%. The overall sensitivity of culture positive neonates with a score of more than 5 was 69%, specificity was 76% and disease prevalence was 29%. Conclusion: The sensitivities of the various screening parameters were found to be satisfactory in identifying early onset neonatal sepsis. Hematological scoring system is a simple and feasible diagnostic tool to guide towards the decision-making for a rationale treatment.

Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy is a rare condition, often responsible for a sharp drop in visual acuity associated with pre-macular retinal hemorrhage. Pregnancy is considered a risk factor. We report a case of Valsalva retinopathy and pregnancy; through a review of the literature we describe the pathophysiological mechanism of this condition as well as the therapeutic management modalities.

Hair plays a vital role in enhancing the personality of a human. As the hair is the first noticeable part of beauty for women as well as men. The scalp and hair conditions also have more psychological impact on human societies. Even minor changes in hairs like greying of hair, early hair fall affect the self-confidence and self-esteem of an individual. Acharya Charka considered Hair as Mala (Waste product) of Asthi Dhatu (Bone), while Sharngdhara thinks it as a Updhathu (tissue) of Asthi. Various Ayurvedic Jagran is described in different Classics for the disease of Hairs like Khalitya (Hair loss), Palitya (Premature Greying of Hairs) Indralupta (Alopecia areata) and Darunaka (Dandruff) etc. Like other disorders of body disbalance of Vatta, Pitta and Kapha are also involves in the aetiopathogenesis. Keshya (Hair tonic) Keshya-Samjanana (Hair revitalizer) and Keshya-Ranjana (Natural hair restoring agent) are used to treat hair fall and pre-mature greying of hair. The greying of hair and wrinkle on the face are the two important cardinal features of aging. Classical Ayurvedic Chikitsasutra (treatment guideline) advocated the Poshana (nourishment) of Dhatu for the normal growth of Updhatu and Mala. Similarly, the treatment of Mula (Origin) of Srotas (micro and marco channels of body) is also considered in the treatment. Indian Gooseberry, false Daisy, true indigo, iron-containing compounds and other herbs are used as Rasayana (rejuvenator), Panchkarama, Snehana and Vasti Chikitsa to treat hair disorders.

Aim: To investigate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) without visual impairment using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to compare the results with healthy control. Study Design: Case Control, Quantities, non-randomized study. Methods and materials: This study was conducted in the neurology and ophthalmology department, King Faisal Specialized hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from January 2015 to April 2015. Sample: This study was included 22 participants, 11 Alzheimer's patients and 11 healthy controls between the age of 50-75 years old female and male. Examinations: After sinning the informed consent, a number of examinations in the ophthalmology performed and the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured by 3D OCT-2000 Spectral Domain OCT. Statistical Analysis: All statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0, for MacBook Pro. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. All the data were analyzed and compared using Mann–Whitney U test. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: Patients with AD showed a significant reduction in the total RNFLT compared to the control group (84.21 ± 12.68 μm versus 98.27 ± 16.25 μm; P = 0.006). Furthermore, the nasal and inferior RNFL thickness were significantly lower in patients with AD compared to the controls with a P = 0.007 and P = 0.010 in the nasal and the inferior quadrant, respectively. Also, no significant thinning in the temporal and the superior quadrant in AD retinal nerve fiber layer was detected. Conclusion: Patients with Alzheimer disease exhibit a thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) than the healthy control subjects.

Empty sella syndrome is a condition in which the pituitary gland appears to be partially or totally absent from the pituitary fossa. It is a misnomer in that, the sella is not truly empty, but filled with cerebrospinal fluid and as such, the pituitary gland is flattened or shrunken and hence not visualized on imaging. In most cases, it is asymptomatic and found on imaging as an incidental finding. In symptomatic cases it may present with headaches, CSF rhinorrhoea, visual field defects or partial or panhypopituitarism. Here we report a case of a 62 year old Nigerian male who presented with hemiparesis, and CT evidence of empty sella syndrome and myxedema crises.