This study explores the influence of Bank Al-Maghrib's interventions on exchange rate behavior in Morocco from 1990 to 2024. With an ARDL model integrating key macroeconomic factors (inflation, interbank rate, liquidity, and foreign reserves), the research goal is to observe the short- and long-run relationships between monetary policy and the dirham's appreciation. Apparently, the results reveal the presence of a long-run correlation of the studied variables, meaning that the exchange rate demonstrates a sustained-in-time response to monetary fundamentals. Notably, the money supply and foreign exchange reserves appear as the most influential determinants, thereby confirming the supremacy of interventions and withdrawal in foreign exchange markets. The analysis also shows there exists a major impact of the interest rate, which exemplifies the role of the financial channel in the Moroccan setting. The findings also establish that there is a quick adjustment of the exchange rate to its long-term equilibrium, and a strong structural stability of the model. Thus, the study enhances the knowledge about Morocco's exchange rate policy and stresses the importance of policy coordination among reserve management, monetary discipline, and specific central bank operations to boost the dirham's stability during the transitional economy times.

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 is a major transformative push for an economy and public services diversification such as in health. This strategic vision of health care in the Kingdom gives emphasis on sustainability, accessibility, and quality in the healthcare delivery systems. Developmentally, Jazan is a fast pace growing area which faces its own specific challenges and opportunities with respect to the provision of health services. This review intends to study the health care planning in Jazan in relation to Vision 2030 which includes key policy issues, infrastructure developments, technology integration, and human resources improvements. It draws conclusions on public-private partnerships (PPPs) for health, digital health initiatives, and strategic interventions to address health issues in the region. By peer reviewing the literature available, government reports, and case studies, this review is presented as an overview of best practices and recommendations for strengthening such systems in Jazan. In conclusion, critical aspects such as healthcare governance, financial investments, and technological advancement have been drummed up, emphasizing the need for Jazan to achieve the extensive healthcare goals set forth under Vision 2030.

The article examines the rhetorical legacy of Marcus Tullius Cicero as a methodological foundation for contemporary legal research in an era of transformations. It is substantiated that the principles of ancient rhetoric the hermeneutic presupposition and the cognitive-linguistic mechanisms of understanding law retain their relevance during the transition of states to new socio-technological orders. Using the transitional period from the Roman Republic to the Empire as material, the article demonstrates how subjectivism in lawmaking and judicial discretion leads to “norm arbitrariness” and “judicial arbitrariness,” which undermine justice and the predictability of law. A futurological concept is proposed a “symbiosis” between human legal thought and artificial intelligence: the integration of AI into lawmaking and adjudication based on the philosophical doctrines of Stoicism, the rhetoric of Cicero, the ideas of Plato and Aristotle on the supremacy of law, and Ayn Rand’s views on protecting the rights of the individual creator. It is emphasized that only by relying on the logic, humanism, and objectivity laid down by ancient thinkers can AI be programmed to overcome subjective distortions in law and to create an anti-fragile, resilient legal system. The article provides forecasts on how the integration of philosophy and AI can strengthen the rule of law, ensure judicial independence, protect private property, and stabilize rules for economic prosperity, turning lawyers into “architects” of the state of the future. The article is intended for legal theorists, historians of legal doctrines, and specialists in legal technologies interested in the evolution of legal institutions and the influence of AI on law.

The excessive consumption of chemical pesticides has negative consequences for men, non-target creatures, and the surrounding environment. Pest control tactics are evolving towards biopesticides, which offer a viable and ecologically friendly sustainable approach to the insect challenges. The primary goals of this study are to investigate the potential of nanotechnology in revolutionizing pest management through the development of nanopesticides and to address the environmental and health concerns associated with traditional agrochemicals. The main objective of the current research work was to prepare medicinal plants based nanobiopesticides having improved stability, and pesticidal activity by following the method of antisolvent precipitation. Nanobiopesticides showed increased pesticidal activity and might be employed as an effective substitute to conventional chemical pesticides. The antisolvent precipitation process was used to create nanobiopesticides from medicinal plant extracts. Different medicinal plants (Mentha piperita, Lawsonia Inermis, T. Arjuna bark, Withania Somnifera roots and Ocimum basilicum) was used for the formulation of nanobiopesticides. Soxhlet apparatus was used to formulate medicinal plants extract. Different stablizers was utilized until the stable nanosuspension was formulated. The most suitable nanoformulated pesticides was characterized using FTIR, and Zeta sizer. Almost all nanobiopesticides demonstrated the existence of the O-H stretch at 3300 cm which is characteristic of alcohol and carbon-oxygen double bond at 1636.3 cm. Lawsonia Inermis based nanosuspension revealed intense peak at 3317 cm. The average particle size and polydisperity index of Lawsonia Inermis based nanobiopesticide is 228.7 nm and 24.5%. Medicinal plants extracts, nanosuspensions and pyriproxyfen was applied on Tribolium castaneum insects and mortality rate of insects was determined after different time inervals. Lawsonia Inermis plant extract showed highest (p < 0.05) mortality rate after 72 hours of treatment 51.83 ± 0.76 by utilizing 200mg/ml concentration. Results demonstrated that the Lawsonia Inermis nanosuspension had an 61.83% death rate after 72 hours of exposure due to their nanosized structure, which is higher than the plant extract but lower than the synthetic pesticide.

This article examines how disability and gender intersect in contemporary Malayalam crime fiction through Sreeparvathy’s Violet Pookkalude Maranam (2021), which introduces Aleena Ben John, a wheelchair-using woman, as its central detective. The study situates Sreeparvathy’s work within Kerala’s evolving literary landscape, where disability has rarely occupied a central position in fiction and is often represented through metaphors of dependence, tragedy, or moral burden. Drawing on Fiona Kumari Campbell’s theory of ableism and key insights from Feminist Disability Studies, the article analyses how Aleena’s narrative oscillates between empowerment and internalised shame. While her role as a detective appears to challenge patriarchal and ableist frameworks, her self-perception and limited social agency reveal deep-seated cultural anxieties about the disabled female body. Through a close reading of the novel’s narrative structure and psychological interiority, the article argues that Violet Pookkalude Maranam both expands and constrains the possibilities of representing disabled womanhood in Malayalam literature. By exploring disability not as metaphor but as lived experience, this study contributes to understanding how gendered embodiment and genre conventions shape the politics of visibility and agency in Kerala’s popular fiction.

Background: Accurate preoperative assessment of surgicopathological factors is essential for optimal management of early cervical cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used for preoperative staging, but its diagnostic accuracy varies across key pathological predictors. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of MRI in determining surgicopathological factors in early-stage cervical cancer using histopathology as the gold standard. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gynecological Oncology Unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from June 2021 to May 2022. Fifty histologically confirmed early-stage cervical cancer patients undergoing primary radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection were included. Preoperative MRI assessed tumor size, vaginal extension, parametrial involvement, lymph node metastasis, deep stromal invasion, and corpus extension. MRI findings were compared with clinical examination and final histopathology. Diagnostic accuracy parameters were calculated. Results: Clinically, 94% of tumors were <4 cm, and 14% showed vaginal involvement. MRI demonstrated high accuracy for tumor size assessment with sensitivity 97.87%, specificity 100%, and overall accuracy 98%. For vaginal extension, MRI showed sensitivity 71.43% and specificity 100% with accuracy 96%. MRI detected lymph node metastasis with sensitivity 60%, specificity 91.11%, and accuracy 88%. Deep stromal invasion was identified with 72.41% sensitivity and 71.43% specificity. Corpus extension demonstrated sensitivity 55.56%, specificity 93.75%, and accuracy 80%. Conclusion: MRI is a highly sensitive and specific modality for preoperative evaluation of key surgicopathological factors in early cervical cancer. Its strong concordance with histopathology supports its essential role in guiding surgical planning and staging.

Simulation-Based Learning (SBL) has become an essential component of modern nursing education, offering learners realistic and risk-free⁠ environments to practice essential clinical and decision-making skills. With the increasing complexity of healthcare systems and the growing emphasis on patient safety, nursing edu⁠cators are seeking innovative methods that effective⁠ly prepare students for real-world clinical challeng⁠es. Traditional Clinical Experience (TC⁠E), while historically the cornerstone of nursing training, presents several ch⁠allen⁠ges inclu⁠di⁠ng inconsistent patient exposure, ethical conc⁠erns, and variability in supervision. As a res⁠ult, educators have turned to SBL as a structured, e⁠videnc⁠e-⁠based approach that enhances clinical competence, self-efficacy, an⁠d professional readiness. The obje⁠ctive of this system⁠atic review was to critically evaluate and synthesize exist⁠ing rese⁠arch comparing simulation-based learning and traditional clinical experiences in improving nursing staff competencies. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the⁠ seven stages of knowledge synthesis in nursing science: form⁠ulating the research question, developing a data protocol, implementi⁠ng a ri⁠gorous search strategy, appraising study quality, extractin⁠g data, synthesizing evidence, and interpreting f⁠indings. Ele⁠ctronic databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for⁠ studies publi⁠shed between 2010 and 2024. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteri⁠a, encompassing a total of 1,676 participants. Results demonstrated that SBL produced superior⁠ or equivalent outcomes compared with TCE ac⁠ross the cognitive, affective⁠, and psychomotor domains. Specifically, simulation significantly improved students’ self-efficacy, confidenc⁠e, clinical judgment, and procedur⁠al accuracy. Quantitative synthesis revealed large e⁠ffect sizes favo⁠ring SBL for self-efficacy (SMD = 1.93), clinical perfo⁠rmance (SMD = 1.62), and confidence (SMD =⁠ 1.83). Additionally, qualitative finding⁠s highlighted that simulation enhanced learner engagement, reflective thinking, and perceived readiness for clinical practice. However, challenges related to cost, faculty training, and standa⁠r⁠dization of simulation protocols remain pers⁠istent barriers to w⁠idespread implementation. T⁠hi⁠s review concludes⁠ that sim⁠ulation⁠-based learning represents a pedagogically sound, effective, and safe educational strategy that bridges the longstanding gap between theory and practice in nursing education. It⁠s structured and controlled learning envi⁠ronment fosters meas⁠urable improvements in knowledge, skill performance,⁠ and confidence amo⁠ng nursi⁠ng students. Nevertheless, ongoing research is needed to establish standardized evaluation tools, assess lon⁠g-term outcomes, and ensur⁠e cost-effective scalability. The findings support the integration of simulation-based learning as a core com⁠ponent of nursing curricula, compleme⁠nting traditi⁠onal clinical exp⁠eriences to produce compet⁠ent, confident,⁠ a⁠nd patient-centered nursing professionals.

Cross-border cooperation today is considered as a pivotal element in addressing contemporary challenges such as drugs trafficking, smuggling, terrorism, and transnational organized crimes across international borders. It is believed that no country can unilaterally ensure the security of it borders alone without cooperation between countries that share a common border. The institution of a one stop border post between Cameroon and Nigeria at their joint borders in Ekok and Mfum is considered as a sign of cooperation existing between the two countries. Various legal mechanisms have been developed by International Organisations seeking to advocate for cross-border cooperation as a sine qua non factor in ensuring border security. This paper focuses principally on the World Customs Organization’s concept of Coordinated Border Management which is anchored on cross-border cooperation as a legal mechanism in mitigating customs risks. It examines some practical dimensions of cross-border cooperation between customs administrations and other border agencies at the domestic and across the border, and their possible role towards ensuring border security at Ekok and Mfum. This work concludes that compliance with some of the key principles governing cross-border cooperation such as joint border security patrol, intelligence sharing, joint capacity building, use of common facilities, and memoranda of understanding, information technology, will go a long way to mitigate customs risks. This work employs both a doctrinal research methodology based on content analysis of primary and secondary data, as well as empirical research methodology based on focused group discussion.

Introduction : Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men over 65. Depression is frequent in this population but remains underdiagnosed, particularly due to atypical clinical presentations, confusion with treatment side effects, and sociocultural perceptions that trivialize the psychological distress of older adults. The objective of this study was to describe the obstacles to screening for depression in older patients treated for prostate cancer, analyze professional perceptions, and identify potential improvements to the care pathway. Methods : A qualitative study incorporating a clinical case of severe depression in a 76-year-old man treated with hormone therapy for prostate cancer, and semi-structured interviews conducted with a university hospital geriatrician and a geriatric psychiatrist. Results: Psychological vulnerability is increased by the cancer diagnosis, the loss of virility associated with treatment, geriatric frailty, and social isolation. Screening practices remain inconsistent: geriatricians used standardized tools, while psychiatrists intervened after the disorder had already developed. Identified obstacles included confusion between depressive symptoms and side effects, persistent taboos surrounding psychiatry, a lack of interdisciplinary coordination, and the absence of institutional protocols. Professionals agreed on the need for a structured screening protocol, targeted training, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Analysis of the literature and professional guidelines reinforced the need to implement a proactive screening approach, particularly at the initiation of hormone therapy. Conclusion : This study highlighted the need for a preventive and integrative approach to identify depression early in this high-risk population. Systematizing screening, adapting tools to the cultural context, and fostering collaboration among professionals working with older adults are essential to improving their quality of life and preventing suicidal complications.

Illicit trade is a global phenomenon that undermines public security, erodes legitimate business activity, jeopardizes public health, threatens biodiversity and ecosystems, and deprives governments of the necessary resources to finance investments projects. International trade law provides an effective legal and enforcement mechanisms to combat illicit trade. This work seeks to examine the role of international trade law adopted by Cameroon at the international, regional and national levels, and their contribution towards combatting illicit trade. At the international level, it focuses principally on international trade law adopted under the auspices of the World Customs Organisation’s Revised Kyoto Convention of 2006 and the SAFE Framework of Standards of 2005. The reason being that the World Customs Organisation’s legal instruments offer a strong framework to combat illicit trade. This paper identifies the various challenges inherent in implementation, and concludes that compliance with the adopted international trade norms can go a long way to combat illicit trade. This work employs a doctrinal research methodology based on primary and secondary sources of data and empirical based on Focused Group Discussion.

Ta-Khoushaba is a traditional spear technique that forms a significant part of the Thang-Ta martial art of Manipur, originating during the reign of King Khagemba (1597-1654), it evolved from the sacred practice of Thengou to make exercises accessible to the general people. Ta-Khoushaba comprises a series of systematic movements and sequences performed with a spear, symbolizing both physical discipline and spiritual realization. It is classified into various types based on regional and stylistic variations as developed by Gurus. Each sequence, ranging from salutation to symbolic combat action embodies deeper philosophical meanings related to self-control, awareness, and moral development. Beyond its cultural and spiritual dimensions, Ta-Khoushaba enhances lower limb strength, coordination, and cardiovascular endurance, offering significant benefits for physical education and sports science. Future research can focus on its physiological, psychological, and biomechanical impacts, positioning Ta-Khoushaba as a bridge between traditional martial arts and holistic human development.

The international criminal law is a rich and varied subject bearing upon most of the great issues facing individual and international community. The paper aims at examining the role of international criminal court (ICC) in combatting crime against humanity and genocide. The study is designed to assess the parts played by the international criminal court in combating crime against humanity and genocides as well as challenges face by the international criminal court. To achieve this objective, we make use of primary and secondary method of data collection and analysis. Our findings revealed that, the international criminal court is not effective in combatting genocide and crime against humanity due to numerous challenges. Against this backdrop, we therefore, recommend among others that, all nations should subscribe to the ICC Statute and extend their whole-hearted support for the prosecution and related activities of the ICC especially joint investigation to establish evidence of genocides and crimes against humanity as well as diplomatic channels to deter and respond to emerging threats of genocide and crime against humanity. This and others will go a long way in curtailing the weakness of the international criminal court in combating genocide and crime against humanity.

Rapid urbanisation in Enugu Metropolis has increasingly altered natural hydrological processes, raising concerns about groundwater sustainability and aquifer vulnerability. This study assessed the impact of urban expansion on groundwater recharge and evaluated the susceptibility of the underlying aquifers to contamination. An integrated approach involving hydrogeological field measurements, laboratory analyses, geospatial land-use assessment, and DRASTIC vulnerability modelling was employed. Land-use/land-cover analysis showed that built-up areas expanded from 18% in 2000 to 52% in 2024, while vegetation cover declined by 31%, indicating significant surface sealing. Groundwater level measurements revealed depths ranging from 9.4 to 28.7 m, with reduced recharge in densely urbanised zones. Estimated recharge decreased from 142–170 mm/year in 2000 to 68–110 mm/year in 2024, representing a 39–52% decline. Hydrogeological analysis showed moderately productive sandstone aquifers with hydraulic conductivity of 1.4 × 10⁻⁴ to 6.2 × 10⁻⁴ m/s and transmissivity values of 15.8–64.3 m²/day. Groundwater quality showed slightly acidic pH (5.2–6.8) and elevated nitrate concentrations (up to 64 mg/L), indicating anthropogenic influence. The DRASTIC model classified 35% of the metropolis as highly vulnerable, 49% moderately vulnerable, and 16% of low vulnerability, with high-risk zones concentrated in Abakpa Nike, Ogui, Emene, Uwani, and Trans-Ekulu. The study concludes that rapid urbanisation has significantly reduced groundwater recharge and heightened aquifer vulnerability in Enugu Metropolis. It recommends improved urban planning, protection of recharge zones, enhanced waste management, and establishment of a groundwater monitoring network to ensure long-term water resource sustainability.

Cameroon's legal system is characterized by dual land tenure systems: the customary, which is widely practiced and rooted in traditional norms, and the statutory, which is codified in law. This duality often leads to conflicts, as individuals and communities grapple with competing claims over land rights. The inadequacy of existing legal frameworks to address these disputes effectively results in protracted conflicts, social unrest, and hindered economic development. Worthy of note is that, the settlement of disputes relating to titled lands in Cameroon is stationed by the Land Consultative Board, Common Law Courts (judiciary) and the Administrative Courts. This paper therefore, aimed at exploring the current landscape of land disputes settlement, emphasizing the pressing need for legal reforms and mechanisms that ensure equitable resolution available to individuals and communities. In order to achieve the desired objective, a doctrinal research methodology which involved both primary and secondary sources of data was employed. Against this backdrop, we therefore, recommend that the government should strengthen Dispute Resolution Mechanisms by enhancing the capacity of the Land Consultative Board to handle disputes effectively, providing it with adequate resources and training. The government should also improve access to administrative and common law courts for land dispute resolution, particularly for marginalized groups. This will help bridge the gap between theory and practice concerning the settlement of titled lands in Cameroon.

Social–emotional learning (SEL) has become increasingly relevant in higher education as universities worldwide seek to cultivate adaptable, ethical, and socially responsible graduates. Yet empirical evidence on SEL-related competencies among Vietnamese undergraduates remains limited, particularly regarding their ability to connect SEL with competency-based instructional approaches. This study addresses this gap by examining the self-assessed SEL and competency-based instructional competencies of 388 students recruited through random sampling from four universities in Ho Chi Minh City. An eight-item SEL competency scale, originally developed by Huynh and colleagues, was adapted to assess students perceived abilities across conceptual, procedural, and application-oriented domains. Responses were rated on a 0–4 Likert-type scale. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20, employing frequency and percentage distributions, with the instrument demonstrating excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .945). Results showed that most students rated themselves at moderate to fair levels across all competencies, while proficient performance remained consistently low. Conceptual understanding was stronger than procedural or applied competencies, and the lowest levels of confidence appeared in items requiring integration between SEL and competency-based instruction or demonstration of SEL in instructional practice. These findings suggest that undergraduate students possess foundational awareness of SEL but lack opportunities for deeper experiential engagement and structured pedagogical development. The study highlights the need for intentional curricular design, increased practice-based learning experiences, and university-level initiatives that embed SEL more explicitly within instructional processes. Implications for educational policy, curriculum innovation, and future research are discussed to support the advancement of SEL within Vietnamese higher education.