Digital banking platforms generate large volumes of operational information through transaction processing systems, system logs, and customer communication channels. Many studies examine transaction monitoring, fraud detection, and cybersecurity events. Customer interaction records receive less attention as a source of operational risk information. This study investigates the use of customer interaction data as indicators of operational conditions in digital banking platforms. The research examines interaction records collected from support tickets, complaint submissions, chat conversations, and service request logs. These records are analyzed together with Management Information System (MIS) event logs in order to identify recurring service issues and operational patterns. The proposed analytical framework organizes interaction data through several stages that include data collection, preprocessing, interaction pattern detection, and operational risk indicator generation. Repeated reports related to transaction delays, authentication failures, and application performance problems appear within the interaction dataset. These patterns correspond to operational events recorded in system activity logs. The study also introduces a quantitative operational risk score calculated from the frequency and severity of interaction categories. The results indicate that customer interaction datasets contain measurable signals related to operational disruptions within digital banking platforms. The analytical framework demonstrates that interaction records provide an additional information source for operational monitoring and risk analysis in digital financial services.

Industrial IoT systems rely heavily on wireless communication, yet security and regulatory compliance are often addressed separately during system development. This paper examines how wireless infrastructure security can be integrated with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and radio frequency (RF) regulatory requirements at the design stage. It analyzes common wireless attack vectors in industrial settings, including jamming, spoofing, and protocol exploitation, and evaluates how regulatory constraints influence hardware and network architecture decisions. A security centered device architecture is proposed where RF shielding, grounding schemes, spectrum allocation, and firmware isolation are treated as interconnected design elements. The framework incorporates zero trust communication principles within industrial wireless networks while maintaining compliance with EMC standards such as IEC 61000 and relevant RF certification requirements. The study demonstrates that early coordination between cybersecurity engineering and compliance engineering reduces redesign cycles and certification delays. The proposed model offers a structured pathway for building industrial wireless systems that meet both security and regulatory obligations without post development modifications.

The ethical environment within organizations significantly shapes employee behavior, workplace relationships, and overall psychological well-being. Organizational ethical climate refers to the shared perceptions among employees regarding appropriate ethical behavior and the procedures for addressing ethical issues in the workplace (Victor & Cullen, 1988). A positive ethical climate establishes norms that encourage respect, fairness, and accountability, while discouraging misconduct such as harassment and abuse of power. In contrast, weak or ambiguous ethical climates often enable unethical behaviors, including workplace harassment, which can have serious implications for employee psychological health and organizational effectiveness. Workplace harassment encompassing verbal, psychological, and social forms of mistreatment remains a critical organizational concern globally. Research indicates that employees exposed to harassment frequently experience elevated stress levels, anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion, and reduced job satisfaction. These psychological consequences not only affect individual well-being but also undermine productivity, commitment, and organizational performance. This study investigates the relationship between organizational ethical climate and workplace harassment and examines how these factors collectively influence employee psychological health. Drawing on ethical climate theory and occupational stress frameworks, the research explores how organizational norms, leadership behavior, and institutional policies shape employees’ experiences of harassment and their psychological responses. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative survey data from 350 employees across multiple sectors with qualitative interviews to capture nuanced insights into workplace experiences. The quantitative component measured perceptions of ethical climate, exposure to workplace harassment, and indicators of psychological health using validated scales derived from established research. Qualitative interviews further explored employees’ perceptions of organizational ethics, reporting mechanisms, and leadership accountability. Findings reveal that organizations characterized by strong ethical climates particularly those emphasizing caring, fairness, and adherence to ethical rules tend to report significantly lower levels of workplace harassment. Statistical analysis demonstrates a strong negative correlation between ethical climate and harassment, suggesting that supportive and principled organizational environments act as protective mechanisms against abusive workplace behaviors. Furthermore, workplace harassment is found to have a significant negative impact on employees’ psychological health, contributing to heightened stress, emotional exhaustion, and reduced well-being. Importantly, the study also identifies ethical climate as a moderating factor that can buffer the adverse psychological effects of harassment, indicating that employees working in ethically supportive environments are better able to cope with workplace stressors. The findings highlight the critical role of ethical leadership, transparent reporting systems, and organizational accountability in promoting a safe and psychologically healthy workplace. By strengthening ethical climates, organizations can reduce the prevalence of harassment and enhance employee psychological well-being. This study contributes to the growing body of literature linking ethical organizational environments with employee mental health outcomes and underscores the importance of integrating ethical governance with workplace health policies. Ultimately, fostering a strong ethical climate is not only a moral imperative but also a strategic organizational practice that supports sustainable employee well-being and productivity.

Cloud-based SaaS platforms now run essential services across finance, healthcare, and government sectors. Many of these systems include automated agents and decision engines that operate at high speed and scale. Identity and access governance therefore serves as a central control layer. Traditional IAM models depend on fixed roles, centralized authorization servers, and periodic reviews. Such structures struggle in distributed, multi-tenant environments that process millions of access requests each day. Prior studies address adaptive authentication, Zero Trust security, decentralized identity, anomaly detection, and cloud resilience. However, these solutions often function separately rather than within a unified framework. This paper introduces a Resilient Identity and Access Governance Architecture that integrates real time risk evaluation, distributed policy enforcement, lifecycle governance for human and machine identities, and fault tolerance in a single design. The framework defines measurable targets for availability, detection time, throughput, and policy propagation. Risk scoring occurs during live authorization decisions, and enforcement spans multiple nodes. The result is a scalable identity governance model suitable for complex SaaS ecosystems that require high availability and consistent control.

Halide perovskites have emerged as significant materials for the light-absorbing layer in many optoelectronic devices due to their remarkable optoelectronic capabilities. To enhance device performance for broader acceptance, it is imperative to identify novel solutions. A viable approach is the integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which have demonstrated exceptional adaptability and effectiveness. In these devices, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) fulfill many roles, such as supplying conductive substrates and electrodes, as well as enhancing charge extraction and transport. The forthcoming generation of photovoltaic devices, metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), presents significant potential. Despite substantial advancements, concurrently attaining optimal efficiency, stability, and affordability continues to pose a challenge, necessitating the creation of innovative materials termed CNTs, which, due to their exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical characteristics, have attracted significant interest as prospective materials for highly efficient PSCs. The integration of CNTs into perovskite solar cells enhances adaptability, facilitating advancements in device performance and durability for many applications. This article offers a comprehensive examination of current developments in carbon nanotube technology and its incorporation into perovskite solar cells, functioning as transparent conductive electrodes, charge transporters, interlayers, hole-transporting materials, and back electrodes. Furthermore, we identified significant obstacles and provided recommendations for future improvements in perovskite solar cells with CNTs.

Power electronic converters have been at the center of industrial systems and various energy systems such as renewable energy systems, industrial motor drives, and grid-connected power systems. The systems face harsh conditions, making reliability an essential factor for the design. The traditional procedure for the design of converters considers the reliability of the system after the parameters have been selected for the design, making it difficult to consider the parameters of the system during the design stage. This paper proposes a reliability-oriented design optimization framework for power electronic systems operating in industrial and utility-scale applications. The proposed methodology integrates electro-thermal modeling, physics-of-failure lifetime estimation, and mission-profile-based stress evaluation within a unified multi-objective optimization framework. Junction temperature profiles and thermal cycling patterns are obtained through electro-thermal simulation under realistic operating conditions. Device lifetime is then estimated using fatigue-based models, and the resulting reliability metrics are incorporated into a multi-objective optimization algorithm that considers lifetime, efficiency, and system cost. A case study involving a 500-kW grid-connected converter demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Simulation results show that the optimized design reduces thermal stress and increases predicted semiconductor lifetime from 6.8 years to 13.6 years while maintaining high efficiency with a moderate increase in system cost. The proposed framework provides a systematic approach for reliability-oriented design of industrial power electronic systems.

Despite increasing global attention to improving women’s healthcare experiences, limited research has examined how cultural expectations and health system structures influence women’s pain management experiences. This study investigated women’s perceptions, expectations, and satisfaction with pain management provided by caregivers in hospitals in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed, involving 307 women who experienced pain and sought care in outpatient clinics or emergency departments. Data were collected using the validated Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale (PTSS). Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics and satisfaction levels, while the Kruskal–Wallis test examined differences in perceptions, expectations, and satisfaction across groups. Results showed that 72% of participants believed pain medication was effective, and 45.3% reported that it met their expectations. Approximately half of the women were “satisfied,” and about one-fourth were “very satisfied” across all items (22.5%–31.9%). The highest “very satisfied” ratings were for nursing care related to pain (30.3%) and pain medication (31.9%). Younger women (20–25 years) reported higher satisfaction, expectations, and positive perceptions of pain management compared to women over 45 years. The findings highlight the need for personalized, culturally competent, and communication-centered pain management approaches that consider women’s emotional, social, and demographic contexts.

Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures (EBGS) have emerged as an effective technique for suppressing undesired harmonic components in microwave and RF systems. Harmonic distortion degrades signal integrity, reduces power efficiency, and increases electromagnetic interference in communication and power electronic circuits. This research presents the design and simulation of an EBGS based microstrip bandpass filter aimed at achieving compact size, sharp selectivity, and effective harmonic suppression. The proposed structure integrates periodic defected ground plane patterns beneath a microstrip transmission line to create frequency selective stopbands while preserving passband characteristics. MATLAB based modeling and full wave electromagnetic simulations were performed to analyze S parameters, insertion loss, return loss, and harmonic rejection performance. The results demonstrate that the EBGS based bandpass filter significantly attenuates second and third harmonics while maintaining low insertion loss within the desired passband. The proposed design provides improved selectivity and compactness compared to conventional microstrip bandpass filters. The study contributes to the advancement of high-performance filtering solutions for wireless communication systems, radar applications, and RF front end modules.

This article examines the evolving, dual role of Nigerian legal practitioners within the anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CFT) framework. It traces the historical emergence of money laundering in Nigeria. It analyses the progressive development of legal and regulatory responses, highlighting the profession’s initial resistance to being designated as a Designated Non-Financial Business or Profession (DNFBPs). This resistance, rooted in the sanctity of attorney-client privilege, created a regulatory gap that was often exploited for illicit financial flows. The article critically assesses the pivotal shift introduced by Chapter Two of the 2023 Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC) for legal practitioners. This new chapter represents the legal profession’s formal, self-regulatory acknowledgement of its responsibility in combating financial crimes. It imposes specific obligations on lawyers, including client due diligence (CDD), record-keeping, risk assessment, and the mandatory reporting of suspicious transactions to the Nigerian Bar Association Anti-Money Laundering Committee (NBAAMLC). This research adopts a doctrinal research method. The RPC 2023, particularly Chapter Two, imposes significant Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CTF) obligations on legal practitioners, effectively casting them in a "dual role" as both zealous advocates for their clients and essential gatekeepers for the financial system. This dual mandate creates an inherent tension, particularly concerning the sacred duty of client confidentiality and the mandatory reporting of suspicious transactions. Finally, the article identifies key challenges to the effective implementation of this new ethical regime, including potential resistance from practitioners, weak enforcement mechanisms, and inadequate awareness. It concludes that for Nigeria’s AML/CFT efforts to be robust, lawyers must embrace their dual role not merely as client advocates but as essential gatekeepers of the financial system’s integrity. The successful implementation of Chapter Two’s provisions will be crucial to reshaping professional ethics and bolstering Nigeria's fight against money laundering and terrorism financing.

The vitality of a nation is deeply intertwined with the vigor of its youth, making youth affairs a strategic priority. Since China entered a new era, its youth have engaged with the world with unprecedented breadth and depth. They actively participate in international affairs, demonstrating a level of rationality, tolerance, confidence, and self-reliance seldom seen before. This article adopts an interdisciplinary approach, integrating pragmatics with news discourse. Employing a literature review and a mixed-methods design that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis, it examines how language is employed in China Daily to construct and project the image of Chinese youth. The study finds that the newspaper’s discourse strategically adheres to collaborative and appropriateness principles to foster a positive and influential youth image. In the process of adhering to pragmatic principles, news reports have successfully shaped multiple positive images of contemporary Chinese youth: they are not only deeply engaged in social affairs and shoulder the responsibility of promoting national development, but also play the role of cooperators in international exchanges.

Background: Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan (anatomy) occupies a foundational position in the Unani system of medicine. Although the anatomical framework of this system is rooted in classical Greek traditions, it has undergone significant expansion, empirical critique, and refinement within the Greco-Arabic medical paradigm during the Islamic Golden Age. Objective: This study systematically examined the historical evolution of anatomical knowledge within the Unani system of medicine by analyzing how classical texts prescribed the operationalization of this knowledge in diagnostic reasoning, therapeutic interventions, and surgical procedures. Methods: This study employed a structured qualitative historical review methodology underpinned by systematic textual analysis of classical Greco-Arabic medical literature. The systematic nature involved defined criteria for primary source selection, a multi-stage content analysis framework including open coding and thematic synthesis, and a comparative evaluation strategy to ensure robust interpretation. Findings: The analysis revealed three interrelated themes concerning Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan: foundational Greek influence, critical refinement by Arabic physicians, and continuous integration into diagnostic and surgical practice. Evidence from the literature demonstrates how historical scholars have envisioned anatomical knowledge that actively guided clinical reasoning and operative procedures. Conclusion: Canonical texts meticulously prescribed Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan as an operational clinical science rather than a static theoretical discipline. This advanced anatomical framework was designed to directly inform diagnostics, therapeutic strategies, and surgical interventions, highlighting the profound clinical sophistication championed by Greco-Arabic medical scholarship. This demonstrates a commitment to anatomically informed practice that resonates with the spirit of rigorous clinical anatomy in modern medicine, despite differing methodologies and technological capabilities.

This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric characteristics and anatomical variations of the atlas (first cervical vertebra) in the North-East Bihar population to support safer surgical interventions at the craniovertebral junction. A descriptive cross-sectional osteological study was conducted on 70 dried, intact adult atlas vertebrae using a Vernier caliper for precise measurements. Parameters assessed included vertebral canal dimensions, superior and inferior articular facets, and anterior and posterior arch heights. The results demonstrated a mean atlas width of 69.03 mm, with consistent vertebral canal dimensions indicating adequate space for neurovascular structures. Most parameters showed bilateral symmetry, except for the transverse diameter of the superior articular facet, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings revealed low variability and a homogeneous pattern, suggesting structural stability with minor functional adaptations. These morphometric insights are clinically relevant for surgical planning and instrumentation at the craniovertebral junction.

Dental luting cements are essential materials used for the retention of indirect restorations and prevention of microleakage. Over the years, these materials have evolved from conventional non-adhesive cements to advanced adhesive resin-based systems. This review discusses the classification, properties, composition, and clinical applications of various luting cements along with their advantages and limitations, emphasizing evidence-based selection for optimal clinical outcomes [1].

In developing countries around the world, tourism has been a major driver of regional economic changes and has also played an important role in shaping the economies of certain regions that are geographically sensitive and have significant economic diversity. This research examines how tourism-led development has affected North Bengal (home to part of the Himalaya mountain range), which is an environmentally sensitive zone with significant structural disparities within its respective economy, by assessing the role of tourism-led development as it relates to providing employment in North Bengal. Using district level panel data collected from 2010-2024, descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the relationship between tourist visitations, tourism revenue, developed infrastructure as well as government investment related tourism, and employment generation. The research results provide empirical evidence in support of the tourism-led growth hypothesis, indicating that tourism and/or infrastructure investment have both increased all forms of employment opportunities (direct, indirect). Furthermore, the results show that the degree of increase in employment opportunities has been dependent (and, thus, highly heterogeneous) on each respective district's ability to develop its own institutional capacity, establish connectivity between the district and other areas, and implement sustainable practices. Although strong multiplier effects were associated with expanding tourism, the research highlights the importance of conducting environmentally sound planning throughout the delicate Himalayan ecosystem. By incorporating regional development theories and employment elasticity modelling, the research contributes empirical evidence to the micro-level tourism-growth literature that should provide policy recommendations related to improving infrastructure, developing community-based tourism, enhancing skill sets of the local workforce, and establishing governance structures that would provide long-term resilience for employment. Overall, tourism is identified as a strategic driver of inclusive and sustainable regional development in North Bengal when supported by coherent policy frameworks and environmental safeguards.

The rapid penetration of renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power into modern power grids introduces significant operational challenges, including intermittency, voltage instability, harmonic distortion, and fault vulnerability. Conventional control strategies are often insufficient for handling dynamic grid disturbances and nonlinear system behavior. This study proposes an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enhanced control framework for grid-connected renewable energy systems to enable adaptive control, predictive fault detection, and resilient operation. The proposed architecture integrates machine learning-based fault classification, adaptive inverter control, and real-time grid condition monitoring. A hybrid dataset composed of simulated grid disturbances and real operational parameters is used to train and validate the AI model. Results demonstrate improved fault detection accuracy, reduced system recovery time, enhanced voltage stability, and improved power quality under dynamic grid conditions. The proposed AI-driven framework enhances grid reliability, supports high renewable penetration, and contributes to resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure.