In developing countries around the world, tourism has been a major driver of regional economic changes and has also played an important role in shaping the economies of certain regions that are geographically sensitive and have significant economic diversity. This research examines how tourism-led development has affected North Bengal (home to part of the Himalaya mountain range), which is an environmentally sensitive zone with significant structural disparities within its respective economy, by assessing the role of tourism-led development as it relates to providing employment in North Bengal. Using district level panel data collected from 2010-2024, descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the relationship between tourist visitations, tourism revenue, developed infrastructure as well as government investment related tourism, and employment generation. The research results provide empirical evidence in support of the tourism-led growth hypothesis, indicating that tourism and/or infrastructure investment have both increased all forms of employment opportunities (direct, indirect). Furthermore, the results show that the degree of increase in employment opportunities has been dependent (and, thus, highly heterogeneous) on each respective district's ability to develop its own institutional capacity, establish connectivity between the district and other areas, and implement sustainable practices. Although strong multiplier effects were associated with expanding tourism, the research highlights the importance of conducting environmentally sound planning throughout the delicate Himalayan ecosystem. By incorporating regional development theories and employment elasticity modelling, the research contributes empirical evidence to the micro-level tourism-growth literature that should provide policy recommendations related to improving infrastructure, developing community-based tourism, enhancing skill sets of the local workforce, and establishing governance structures that would provide long-term resilience for employment. Overall, tourism is identified as a strategic driver of inclusive and sustainable regional development in North Bengal when supported by coherent policy frameworks and environmental safeguards.

Coexisting pituitary lesions may range from clinically non-functioning adenomas to hormonally active tumors such as prolactinomas and growth hormone (GH) or thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting adenomas. A 22-year-old male presented with a two-month history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, accompanied by signs of intracranial hypertension, including intermittent frontal headaches resistant to analgesics and a sudden decrease in visual acuity. He also reported a 20 kg weight gain and an increase in shoe size from 40 to 44 over a seven-month period, without any decline in libido. Clinical examination revealed normal blood pressure and heart rate, and no dysmorphic features, particularly no acromegaloid characteristics. The patient had moderate obesity (BMI: 34 kg/m²), bilateral gynecomastia, mild violaceous striae, no galactorrhea, and was classified as Tanner stage G5P5. Hormonal evaluation showed hyperprolactinemia at 278 ng/mL, central hypothyroidism (TSH: 0.6 mIU/L; free T4: 8 pmol/L), and central hypogonadism (FSH: 1.37 IU/L; LH: 1.1 IU/L; total testosterone: 1.80 ng/mL). IGF-1 was within the normal range (275.8 ng/mL; reference: 120–338). Morning cortisol was 15 µg/dL, with an appropriate suppression after a 1 mg overnight dexamethasone test (0.7 µg/dL). A 24-hour urinary free cortisol measurement was also normal (75 µg/24h). HbA1c was 5.5%. Ophthalmologic examination revealed a normal fundus, but visual field testing showed nasal isopter narrowing. Pituitary MRI demonstrated a well-defined intra- and suprasellar lesion measuring 19 × 16 × 19 mm, consistent with a pituitary macroadenoma. Additionally, an infiltrative cortical and subcortical lesion in the fronto-cingulate region (36 × 24 × 47 mm) suggested a low-grade glioma. The patient was started on cabergoline 0.5 mg twice weekly and levothyroxine 25 µg daily. Neurosurgical intervention for the glioma was performed with gross total resection. Histopathological analysis confirmed a low-grade glial proliferation. Postoperative clinical and biochemical follow-up showed favorable outcomes. This case highlights the need for comprehensive neuroimaging in patients diagnosed with pituitary adenomas who present with atypical neurological symptoms, such as seizures.

Dental luting cements are essential materials used for the retention of indirect restorations and prevention of microleakage. Over the years, these materials have evolved from conventional non-adhesive cements to advanced adhesive resin-based systems. This review discusses the classification, properties, composition, and clinical applications of various luting cements along with their advantages and limitations, emphasizing evidence-based selection for optimal clinical outcomes [1].

This study examines the international city image communication strategy of Yiwu through the lens of “using commerce as media”, an emerging yet underexplored approach in city branding research. Focusing on ten short videos from the 2025 Wanguo Chuangfu Chao series produced by the Yiwu Belt and Road International Communication Center, the study adopts qualitative content analysis to investigate how commercial practices, entrepreneurial narratives, and value-oriented storytelling jointly construct Yiwu’s global image. The findings reveal that Yiwu’s communication strategy successfully projects a multidimensional city image as (1) a hyper-efficient global trade hub, (2) a culturally inclusive and integrated cosmopolitan community, and (3) an aspirational platform for entrepreneurial success. This is achieved through three key strategies: a glocal storytelling framework that integrates personal narratives with macro-level positioning, the strategic use of foreign entrepreneurs as credible narrators, and value-forward communication linking commerce to global themes such as sustainability and inclusivity. The study contributes to the literature by addressing the gap in self-constructed city image research and advancing the conceptualization of commerce-as-media as a distinct communication paradigm. It also offers practical implications for cities seeking to enhance their international visibility through innovative and culturally resonant communication strategies.

Azae Ḥawāse Khamsa Ẓāhira—the five external sensory organs—is the cornerstone of the historical development of medical and philosophical thought. This study offers a novel historical-comparative analysis. It elucidates the specific methodological differences between Greek philosophical reasoning and Arabic empiricism, and demonstrates how this shift drove concrete anatomical advancements through detailed historical tracing. Through the works of Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Galen, Greek tradition established the epistemological framework of the five senses, primarily within a philosophical context. However, these early interpretations often lack clinical and gross anatomical precision. During the Islamic Golden Age (8th–13th centuries Common Era [CE]), Arabic medicine rose as scholars like Hunayn ibn Isḥāq, Al-Rāzī, and Ibn Sīnā critically engaged with Greek texts, translating, revising, and expanding their scope. By integrating clinical observations and empirical methods, Greco-Arabic medicine significantly advanced the concept of Azae Ḥawāse Khamsa Ẓāhira, laying crucial groundwork that demonstrably foreshadowed developments in modern neuroanatomy and ophthalmology. Crucially, these findings underscore the enduring diagnostic and therapeutic principles that are directly traceable to Greco-Arabic refinements. This provides concrete evidence of their active role in shaping modern Unani medical curricula, thereby offering a more nuanced understanding of how Unani medicine has historically continued.

Cancer is now being viewed not as a single genetic disease but as a multi-layered, multi-level disease that exists on a systems level and is a biochemical process that is powered by dynamic, multi-layered interactions with molecules. This review will take the systems biology approach by combining metabolomics, proteomics, and epigenomics to explain the biochemical heterogeneity and adaptive plasticity of cancer. The bioenergetic requirements of growing tumor cells are manifested through metabolomic reprogramming which is the altered glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and redox balance. Simultaneously, proteomic changes remodel signaling pathways, which mediate cell survival, immune resistance, and treatment resistance. Additional epigenomic changes such as DNA methylation, changes in histone positioning and regulation of non-coding RNAs also coordinate the pattern of gene expression without changing the sequence of the DNA itself. The intersection of these layers of omics points to cancer as an outcome of interdependent biochemical processes, and not single events at the molecular level. Recent developments in the field of multi-omics integration, which has been made possible by the high-throughput and computational modeling technologies, have allowed the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets with greater specificity and predictive capability. Notably, this integrative model changes the existing paradigm of reductionist approaches to the holistic tumor biology concept. This review identifies the opportunity of systems-level knowledge in informing precision oncology by mapping cross-talk between metabolic pathways, protein networks, and epigenetic landscapes. Finally, the combination of multi-omics information offers a strong foundation to unlock the complexity of tumors, enhance the early diagnosis of cancer, and inform the design of tailored therapeutic approaches during cancer treatment.

Background: Pediatric abdominal masses are diagnostically challenging due to their diverse etiology and nonspecific presentation, necessitating accurate imaging for proper management. This study aimed to evaluate the imaging spectrum and diagnostic performance of radiological modalities in differentiating benign and malignant lesions. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December 2025. Ninety pediatric patients with suspected abdominal masses were included and evaluated using ultrasonography as the primary modality, with CT and MRI performed when indicated. Imaging findings were assessed for lesion characteristics and origin, and classified as benign or malignant. Diagnostic performance was analyzed using standard statistical measures. Results: A total of 90 pediatric patients with abdominal masses were evaluated, with most aged 1–5 years (40.0%) and a slight male predominance (57.8%), and abdominal swelling being the commonest presentation (82.2%). Renal origin was most frequent (35.6%), followed by hepatic (22.2%), with solid lesions predominating (66.7%) and all patients undergoing USG (100%), while CT (66.7%) and MRI (20.0%) were used selectively. Wilms tumor was the leading diagnosis (24.4%), and overall diagnostic accuracy was 86.7% with sensitivity 91.1%, specificity 79.4%, PPV 87.9%, and NPV 84.4%. Conclusion: Radiological evaluation, led by ultrasonography with complementary CT and MRI, is highly effective in characterizing pediatric abdominal masses and distinguishing benign from malignant lesions.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different neuromuscular training on muscular endurance of junior athletes. Methods: The experimental study enrolled 60 junior athletes’ who taking part in the school level zone athletic competitions from Sakthi Higher Secondary School, Erode Tamilnadu. The age ranged between twelve and thirteen years, which were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using random sampling and divided into three intervention groups and a control group. The test items used to collect the muscular endurance tested by modified it ups test and performance recorded in counts. The 12 weeks of stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 60-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. Statistical Procedure: To process the results of the study, analysis of the data was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The statistics obtained were provided by way analysis of co variance. The level of confidence was fixed at 95% and values below p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: The one-way analysis of co variance showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in muscular endurance over the 12 weeks of stipulated training. Conclusion: The results indicate considerable significant improvement on muscular endurance was observed. The findings indicate that the selected training regimes led to significant improvement on agility.

Background: Stress is highly prevalent among young adults aged 18–25 years due to academic, social, and emotional challenges. Recent research suggests that genetic factors, including ABO and Rh blood groups, may influence individual susceptibility to stress. Aim: To evaluate the association between ABO and Rh blood groups and stress levels among individuals aged 18–25 years. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted at KMCRI College, Hubli, over a period of 6 months. A total of 150 participants were included using convenience sampling. Data regarding demographic profile and blood group were collected, and stress levels were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, and associations were tested using the Chi-square test. Results: The majority of participants were aged 20–21 years (30.7%), with a slight male predominance (54.7%). Blood group O (37.3%) was the most common, and most participants were Rh positive (88.0%). Moderate stress was observed in 52.0% of participants. A statistically significant association was found between ABO blood group and stress levels (p = 0.021), while gender and Rh factor showed no significant association. Conclusion: ABO blood group may play a role in stress susceptibility among young adults. Further studies are required to establish causal relationships.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of battle rope and jump rope training combined with ladder drills on cardio respiratory endurance of college men students. Methods: The experimental study enrolled 45 college men students from Kumaraguru Institute of Agriculture, Erode, Tamil Nadu, who were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using convenience sampling and randomly divided into two intervention groups. The test items used to collect the cardio respiratory endurance tested by Cooper 1.5-mile run test and for completed by the participants before the training intervention. The stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 50-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. Statistical Procedure: To process the results of the study, analysis of the data was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The statistics obtained were provided by paired sample t-test. The improvement percentage was assessed by using the formula of “%Δ = (x post-test – x pre-test) / pre-test * 100.” The level of confidence was fixed at 95% and values below p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: The paired sample t-test showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in selected dependent variables over the 12 weeks of stipulated training. Conclusion: The results indicate considerable significant improvement on selected variable was observed. The findings indicate that both the training regimes led to significant improvement on the selected cardio respiratory endurance namely, Cooper test observation. The jump rope training combined with ladder drills has produced a superior effect compared to the battle rope training combined with ladder drills.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease characterized by heterogeneous clinical, biochemical, immunological, and histological features, which may make its diagnosis challenging in clinical practice. This study aimed to analyze the diagnostic difficulties encountered in patients with suspected AIH and to highlight the role of a comprehensive diagnostic approach. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study over a five-year period from January 2019 to July 2025 in the Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology at Ibn Sina University Hospital in Rabat. Clinical records of patients evaluated for suspected AIH were reviewed, and demographic, clinical, biochemical, immunological, and histological data were analyzed. A total of 24 patients were included, with a mean age at diagnosis of 45.5 years and a marked female predominance (83.3%). Cholestatic jaundice was the most common presenting manifestation (45.8%), followed by portal hypertension syndrome (29.2%) and chronic cytolysis (16.7%). Elevated serum IgG levels were observed in 79.2% of patients. Antinuclear antibodies and anti–smooth muscle antibodies were positive in 75% and 70.8% of cases, respectively. According to the simplified International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) criteria, definite AIH was diagnosed in 11 patients (45.8%) and probable AIH in 3 patients (12.5%). In the remaining cases, alternative diagnoses were established, including primary biliary cholangitis, chronic hepatitis C, metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis, hepatic sarcoidosis, drug-induced hepatitis, and cryptogenic cirrhosis. Histopathological examination played a crucial role in confirming the diagnosis and identifying overlap syndromes or alternative etiologies. Patients with confirmed or probable AIH were treated with corticosteroids in combination with azathioprine, with favorable clinical outcomes in most cases. These findings underline the diagnostic complexity of AIH and emphasize the importance of integrating clinical, biological, immunological, and histological data to establish an accurate diagnosis and guide appropriate management.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of low intensity plyometric training combined with different muscle relaxation techniques on leg explosive power of junior athletes. Methods: The experimental study enrolled 60 junior athletes from Shree Bharath Vidyaashram, Chennai. The age ranged between 11 to 13 years, who were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using random sampling and divided into three intervention groups and a control group. The test items used to collect the leg explosive power tested by standing long jump test and performance recorded in meters. The 12 weeks of stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 60-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. Statistical Procedure: To process the results of the study, analysis of the data was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The statistics obtained were provided by paired sample t-test. The improvement percentage was assessed by using the formula of “%Δ = (x post-test – x pre-test) / pre-test * 100.” The level of confidence was fixed at 95% and values below p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: The paired sample t-test showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in explosive power over the 12 weeks of stipulated training. Conclusion: The results indicate considerable significant improvement on leg explosive power was observed. The findings indicate that the selected training regimes led to significant improvement on leg explosive power namely, standing long jump test observation.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of fartlek training combined with different running based high intensity interval training on cardio respiratory endurance of men soccer players. Methods: The experimental study enrolled 60 men soccer players who taking part in the inter collegiate level football tournament from University, Calicut Kerala. The age ranged between eighteen to twenty-one years, which were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using random sampling and divided into three intervention groups and a control group. The test items used to collect the cardio respiratory endurance was tested by coppers 12 minutes run or walk test and performance recorded in meters. The 12 weeks of stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 60-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. Statistical Procedure: To process the results of the study, analysis of the data was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The statistics obtained were provided by way analysis of co variance. The level of confidence was fixed at 95% and values below p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: The one-way analysis of co variance showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in cardio respiratory endurance over the 12 weeks of stipulated training. Conclusion: The results indicate considerable significant improvement on cardio respiratory endurance was observed. The findings indicate that the selected training regimes led to significant improvement on cardio respiratory endurance.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising biologically active adjunct in regenerative endodontics due to its high concentration of autologous growth factors that promote angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and tissue healing. Used as a scaffold and bioactive reservoir, PRP supports pulp–dentin complex regeneration, particularly in immature necrotic teeth. This review highlights the biological basis, preparation methods, and diverse clinical applications of PRP in endodontics. Despite its advantages, limitations related to standardization and growth factor release persist, emphasizing the need for further long-term clinical studies to establish predictable protocols.

A study on the state of knowledge of handwashing with soap and water at Félix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY University, followed by awareness-raising on good practices was undertaken between 14 and 26 October 2019 to help guide the development of a programme to promote good hygiene practices. A survey form that included columns of variables such as name, age, gender, and function was used in conjunction with handwashing practice. A total of 2024 individuals, 478 (23.62%) of whom were female and 1546 (76.38%) male, participated in the survey. The study found that 5.04% of people (female and male) have good handwashing practices. The good practice of handwashing at the Félix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY University is less well known. However, the science faculties had good handwashing practice compared to students in other faculties. It would be advisable to increase awareness of good hygiene practices, particularly handwashing, in order to prevent infections.