There is an increase in trend of terminating unwanted pregnancy among young female to gain weight, to look beautiful and sexy and to attracts their male counterpart without taking cognizance of the aftermath effects. Young female will just in pregnancy and later abort it to gain body maintenance. Pregnancy was supposed to be planned and desirable but recently, pregnancies are planned but not desirable because of the special interest attached to it by celebrities’ ladies who want to captures the attention of some men. The aim of this study is evaluating the Rising Trend of Weight Gain Following Planned Abortion among Female in Tertiary Institutions in South-South Nigeria. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 250 females. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. The study lasted for a period of 2 months. Exclusion criteria were those females that do not get pregnancy. Inclusion criteria were those females that carried out termination of unwanted pregnancy and those who want to gain weight. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 25.0. The results shows that majority of the participants were between 28-32 years of age, 60.00% had tertiary level of education, 80.00% were singles, 80.00% were involved in post-abortion weight gain, 80.00% had unprotected sex, 80.00%, frequently had pregnancy and abort it to gain weight and 76.00% derived joy from post abortion weight gain. The results shows that the participants gave several reasons for having post-abortion weight gain which include: 60.00% said to attract men, 12.00%, to be beautiful and 28.00%, to have sexy structure.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard treatment for gallbladder diseases, traditionally performed under general anesthesia (GA). However, spinal-epidural anesthesia (SEA) has emerged as a potential alternative due to its advantages in postoperative recovery, reduced nausea, and improved pain control. Despite these benefits, the choice between SEA and GA remains debated in clinical practice. Objective: This study aims to compare the perioperative and postoperative outcomes of LC performed under SEA versus GA, focusing on pain management, complications, and recovery parameters. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from September 2023. A total of 97 patients were randomly allocated to undergo LC under SEA [n=48]or GA[ n=49]. Inclusion criteria included ASA I-II status, age 18-65 years, and BMI ≤30 kg/m². Perioperative parameters, postoperative pain (Visual Analog Scale), complications, and hospital stay duration were assessed. Statistical significance was determined using appropriate tests, with an interim analysis performed after the first 100 patients. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Median operative time was 45 minutes for SEA and 47 minutes for GA. SEA patients experienced significantly lower postoperative pain scores at all time points (p < .001). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was slightly higher in the GA group (16.7%) than in the SEA group (14.3%). Urinary retention was observed only in the SEA group (6.1%), while dizziness and sinus tachycardia were exclusive to GA (2.1% each). The median hospital stay was one day for both groups. Conclusion: SEA provides superior postoperative pain control compared to GA while maintaining comparable operative and anesthesia durations. Although SEA was associated with urinary retention, GA had a higher incidence of nausea, dizziness, and tachycardia. These findings support SEA as a viable alternative to GA in LC, particularly for patients prioritizing pain reduction and enhanced recovery.

Background: Renal transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), offering improved survival and quality of life compared to dialysis. However, in Bangladesh, the prevalence of renal transplant recipients remains relatively low due to medical, economic, and infrastructural challenges. Understanding the demographic and clinical characteristics of transplant recipients is crucial for improving transplant outcomes and healthcare planning. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, demographic distribution, primary disease causes, and co-morbid conditions among renal transplant recipients in Bangladesh. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology at Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, as well as at CKD and Urology Hospital and the Kidney Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Bangladesh. A total of 105 renal transplant recipients were selected using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, medical records, and laboratory investigations. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, with results presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative data and frequency (%) for categorical data. Results: The majority of renal transplant recipients were aged ≤40 years (72.4%), with a mean age of 34.7 ± 8.9 years. Males predominated, with a male-to-female ratio of 7.75:1. Most patients had a normal BMI (74.3%), with a mean BMI of 21.8 ± 3.1 kg/m². The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 124 ± 9 mmHg and 80 ± 6 mmHg, respectively. The primary disease leading to transplantation was undetermined in 83.8% of cases, followed by glomerulonephritis (6.7%), hypertension (3.8%), and diabetes mellitus (1.9%). Hypertension (94.3%) was the most common co-morbidity, followed by proteinuria (13.3%) and retinopathy (12.4%). Conclusion: Renal transplantation in Bangladesh is more common among younger males, with hypertension and glomerulonephritis being major contributors to ESRD. The high percentage of cases with undetermined primary disease highlights diagnostic limitations. Additionally, post-transplant hypertension remains a major challenge, necessitating lifelong monitoring and management. Addressing these epidemiological trends through improved diagnostic capabilities, awareness programs, and healthcare policies can enhance transplant outcomes and accessibility in Bangladesh.

Background: Dyslipidemia is a key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is highly prevalent among renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a widely used tool to estimate coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, incorporating lipid levels and other major risk factors. However, the association between dyslipidemia, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and FRS in RTRs remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between dyslipidemia and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in RTRs and to evaluate the impact of dyslipidemia on FRS. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over 13 months (May 2019 – June 2020) at nephrology departments of multiple healthcare facilities in Bangladesh. A total of 105 RTRs, selected through purposive sampling, underwent clinical assessments, laboratory investigations, and FRS calculation. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was evaluated, and its associations with hypertension, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), and FRS were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: The majority of RTRs were male (88.6%) and aged ≤40 years (72.4%). Dyslipidemia was highly prevalent, affecting 88.0% of hypertensive patients, 100.0% of diabetics, and 100.0% of underweight and obese individuals. However, no statistically significant associations were found between dyslipidemia and hypertension (p = 0.498), diabetes (p = 0.455), or BMI (p = 0.470). Similarly, dyslipidemia did not show a significant correlation with FRS (p = 0.107), despite its high prevalence across all FRS categories. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among RTRs but is not significantly associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors or FRS. These findings suggest that conventional cardiovascular risk models may not fully capture the complex risk profile of RTRs. Individualized lipid monitoring and tailored cardiovascular risk management strategies are essential for optimizing post-transplant care. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs are needed to elucidate the interplay between dyslipidemia, immunosuppressive therapy, and cardiovascular risk in RTRs.

Background: Hyaline fibromatos is syndrome (HF) is a rare condition characterized by hyaline deposits in the papillary dermis that lead to joint contractures, motor impairment, thickened skin, and hyperpigmented macules. Severe cases may present with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), increasing the risk of mortality. The diagnosis of HFS involves clinical evaluation, genetic analysis of ANTXR2 variants, skin and intestinal biopsies, skeletal x-rays, and molecular genetic testing. Treatment focusses on the management of symptoms and includes various interventions such as splinting, excision of lesions, hydration, and pharmacotherapy. Case presentation: We present the case of a 2-month-old female child with HFS, born prematurely to consanguineous parents. The child exhibited characteristic symptoms, including excessive crying, limb deformities, and congenital hypothyroidism. Despite symptomatic management and prenatal diagnosis counseling, the child succumbed to sepsis after a month. Conclusions : HFS presents significant challenges in clinical management, particularly in severe cases where complications such as protein-losing enteropathy can lead to fatal outcomes. Early diagnosis through comprehensive genetic and clinical evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and counseling of affected individuals and their families.

Objective: This review presents a recent progress in the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing to dosimetry in radiation oncology. Methods: A thorough search across four databases identified 601 relevant publications. After removing duplicates using Rayyan QCRI and screening for relevance, 52 full-text articles were reviewed and six met the eligibility criteria for evidence synthesis. Results: The review covered six studies, including 76 cancer patients in total, of whom 52 (68.4%) were females. The studies indicated that 3D-printed boluses improved dose accuracy, skin conformity, and toxicity management during postmastectomy chest wall radiation. For scalp malignancies, integrated bolus/headrests minimized air gaps and enhanced treatment reproducibility. Customized boluses for squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in the extremities were adapted to anatomical variations, thereby increasing precision. Tongue immobilization devices reduced mucosal exposure in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer, outperforming standard mouthpieces. Patient-specific phantoms refined dose calculations, whereas 3D-printed nose boluses enabled cost-effective, highly controlled nasal cancer treatments with low toxicity. Conclusion: 3D printing is transforming radiation oncology by enhancing precision, personalization, and clinical performance. It addresses key challenges, such as dose conformity, reproducibility, and patient comfort. Despite its limitations, the benefits of 3D printing emphasize its future role as a vital tool in radiation therapy.

UPLC is a modern technique which gives a new direction for liquid Chromatography. UPLC refers to ultra performance liquid chromatography, which enhance mainly in three areas: “speed, resolution, and sensitivity. Ultra Performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) applicable for particles less than 2µm in diameter to acquire better resolution, speed, and sensitivity compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In twenty first centenary pharmaceutical industries are focusing for new ways to in economy and shorten Time for development of drugs. UPLC analysis at the meantime gives the better Quality of their products and analytical laboratories are not exception in this trend. The separation and quantification in UPLC are done under very high pressure (up to 100M Pa). As compared to HPLC, under high pressure it is observed that not any negative influence on analytical columns and other components like Time and solvent consumption is less in UPLC.

Background: Semaglutide showed an attractive weight loss effect in obese patients with T2D. Additionally, semaglutide significantly helped the to achieve glycemic control and improved lipid profiles. No adverse effects were documented in these studies secondary to semaglutide use. Objectives: To study the effects of semaglutide on body weight in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as effects and correlations between weight loss, glycemic control and lipid profile. Methods: We conducted a thorough search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Science Direct to find pertinent literature. Rayyan QRCI was utilized during the entire process. Results: We included seven studies with a total of 480 T2D patients with obesity and 267 (55.6%) were males. Six of the seven included studies reported a significant decrease in HbA1C, body weight, and LDL among obese T2D patients. Regarding dosages, concurrent drugs, and the length of the intervention, there was a great deal of variation among studies. Several semaglutide dosage schedules were used in the trials that were found. Randomized and cohort studies substantiate semaglutide's better effectiveness over other GLP-1 RAs in helping T2D patients lose weight, achieve glycemic control, and improve lipid profiles. No adverse effects were documented in these studies secondary to semaglutide use. Conclusion: The current data of research was synthesized in this systematic review to investigate how semaglutide affects body weight, glycemic control, and lipid profiles in T2D patients. There is proof that semaglutide, a dual mechanism GLP-1/GIP RA, is superior to comparator GLP-1 RAs in terms of weight loss, glycemic control, and improving lipid profiles.

Introduction: A limited number of dietary assessments based on socioeconomic conditions specifically designed for children are available Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in dietary patterns of youth by socioeconomic status. Methodology: This descriptive study involved 100 students from primary and high schools in Pabna, Bangladesh, conducted from January to June 2021. Only students with tiffin facilities were included. Data was collected through a questionnaire, with the average completion time being around 15 minutes. Results: In a study of 100 participants, 49% were male and 51% were female, with 31% from primary school and 69% from high school. The participants were categorised by socioeconomic status: 59% low, 36% middle, and 5% high. Most students (58%) did not pay for their meals. Among high socioeconomic students, cereals (mean serving size 6.92) and meat met standard serving sizes, while fruits fell short (mean serving size 1.53). For middle-class students, cereals also had the highest mean serving size at 5.08, while fruits again had a low mean at 0.54. Overall, fruits, vegetables, and milk were below standard serving sizes for all students, and fats exceeded the recommended amount for both groups. Conclusions: The findings of this study show dietary patterns depend on socioeconomic conditions among school-going students. As socio-economic status tends to get better, diet quality improves and promotes a healthy lifestyle as compared to those living in improvised conditions.

Introduction: Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and early detection is crucial for improving outcomes. Brain tumors, characterized by abnormal cell growth in the brain, can be either benign or malignant. Although conventional MRI techniques are routinely used for diagnosis, they often lack the sensitivity needed for tumor grading and characterization. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) and the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) in providing additional diagnostic information for brain tumors. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted involving 100 patients who underwent MRI examinations, including conventional and DWI, at a diagnostic radiology department between January 2022 and December 2024. The study employed a 1.5-T magnetic resonance scanner, with DWI analyzed using calculated ADC values. Data on demographics, MRI characteristics, and MRI findings were collected and analyzed using SPSS Version 27. Results: The mean age of participants was 43.2 years, with a gender distribution of 53% male and 47% female. The analysis showed that most lesions had irregular borders (42%) and heterogeneous characteristics (56%). Statistically significant associations were found between tumor border irregularity, edema type, and ADC values, with significant differences in ADC values correlating with tumor types. DWI indicated that most hyper-intense tumors showed mass restrictions, whereas hypo-intense tumors demonstrated no restrictions. Conclusion: This study highlights the critical role of DWI and ADC in enhancing the diagnostic accuracy of brain tumors. Integrating these advanced imaging techniques into routine MRI practices can significantly improve the differentiation and characterization of brain tumors, aiding in better clinical decision-making

Introduction: Rubella can pose serious risks to pregnant individuals, especially during the first trimester, as maternal infection may lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Despite ongoing vaccination efforts, cases of rubella infection persist among women of childbearing age. This study aims to assess rubella susceptibility, vaccination coverage, and associated risk factors among pregnant women at Al-Wazarat Healthcare Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months, enrolling 300 pregnant women aged 18 to 45 years through convenience sampling. Demographic information, obstetric history, rubella vaccination status, prior infection, and laboratory data on rubella-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were collected from medical records. Results: The mean age of participants was 32.0 years, and 134 (44.7%) had given birth five or more times. Overall, 252 (84%) reported having received a rubella vaccination, although 153 (51%) had unknown vaccination timing. IgM positivity (n=70; 23.3%) indicated recent infection, while 241 (80.3%) tested positive for IgG, suggesting prior exposure or successful immunization. Documented vaccination was significantly associated with lower infection rates (p=0.011), age (p=0.0001), and congenital abnormalities (p=0.004). Conclusion: Although vaccination uptake was high, recent infections and incomplete vaccination records highlight ongoing vulnerabilities to rubella and CRS. Improved immunization tracking, comprehensive antenatal screening, and targeted education for both patients and healthcare providers may reduce rubella susceptibility and safeguard maternal and child health.

The interplay between sleep quality and anxiety in adults has garnered significant attention in psychological and medical research, given the profound implications for mental health and overall well-being. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between these two constructs by analyzing current literature, integrating results from observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses. Poor sleep quality is often characterized by difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep, reduced sleep duration, and non-restorative sleep. Such disturbances have been shown to exacerbate anxiety symptoms, contributing to a cyclical pattern where anxiety itself further impacts sleep quality. The review highlights various mechanisms underlying this relationship, including hyperarousal, rumination, and dysregulation of neurobiological pathways, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Numerous studies indicate that individuals with anxiety disorders report significantly lower sleep quality compared to their non-anxious counterparts. Specific anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder, have been identified as particularly associated with sleep disturbances. Interventions targeting sleep, including cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and pharmacological treatments, are discussed in relation to their efficacy in alleviating anxiety symptoms and enhancing sleep quality. Moreover, the review addresses the potential bidirectional nature of the relationship, suggesting that not only can poor sleep contribute to increased anxiety, but anxiety may also lead to long-term alterations in sleep patterns. Implications for clinical practice are presented, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive assessments that incorporate both sleep and anxiety evaluations. Finally, the review identifies gaps in the existing literature and suggests directions for future research, including the need for longitudinal studies and investigations into the biological underpinnings of this relationship. By synthesizing current findings, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the association between sleep quality and anxiety, aiming to inform effective interventions and promote better health outcomes in adults.

Background: It is the duty of parents to ensure their children receive vaccinations. Consequently, the perspectives, understanding, and convictions of parents regarding vaccination play a vital role, as these factors affect their actions related to timely and complete immunization. Objectives: This systematic review thoroughly examined the latest literature concerning parents' awareness of children's vaccination in Arab nations. Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were systematically searched to include the relevant literature. Rayyan QRCI was used throughout this systematic approach. Results & interpretation: This review encompassed fourteen studies involving a total of 13,082 parents, with 70.9% being mothers from Arab Countries. The level of knowledge regarding children's vaccinations among parents in Arab Countries was significantly influenced by factors such as the father's age, educational attainment, the employment status of mothers, and the type of family structure. It was observed that, Arab Countries, younger mothers exhibited a greater level of knowledge. Parents demonstrated a solid understanding and positive attitudes towards the seasonal influenza vaccine. However, while parents showed a reasonable level of knowledge about COVID-19 vaccinations, it was accompanied by some caution. Regarding HPV infection and vaccination, all participants reported low rates of vaccination and a limited willingness to vaccinate their children. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study underscore the importance of parental awareness concerning vaccinations and immunization in Arab Countries. Health authorities should intensify efforts to promote the advantages of vaccination while highlighting the dangers associated with delayed or missed pediatric immunizations.

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) type 3 is a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules, leading to metabolic acidosis. Here, we present a case of a 6-year-old male Saudi child who was diagnosed with RTA type 3 associated with carbonic anhydrase deficiency. The patient presented with symptoms of metabolic acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and a family history of renal tubular acidosis. Laboratory investigations revealed metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia, consistent with the diagnosis of RTA type 3. Genetic testing confirmed the presence of mutations in the CA2 gene encoding carbonic anhydrase II, corroborating the diagnosis of carbonic anhydrase deficiency. The patient was managed with oral alkali supplementation and electrolyte replacement therapy to correct acidosis and restore electrolyte balance. This case underscores the importance of recognizing the rare association between RTA type 3 and carbonic anhydrase deficiency, highlighting the role of genetic testing in diagnosis and personalized management strategies for affected individuals. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and optimize therapeutic interventions for this rare disorder.

Edwards syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a rare chromosomal disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and significant developmental delay. We present the case of a 13-year-old female diagnosed with Edwards syndrome, highlighting the intricate clinical course and management challenges encountered in her care. The patient exhibited dysmorphic facial features, severe anemia, and neurological manifestations, including seizures and abnormal movements. Diagnostic investigations revealed severe iron deficiency anemia necessitating packed red blood cell transfusion, alongside antiepileptic therapy for seizure management. A multidisciplinary approach involving specialists from various disciplines facilitated tailored interventions addressing the patient's medical, nutritional, and developmental needs. Reporting and documenting cases of Edwards syndrome are vital for advancing understanding of the condition and optimizing clinical care practices. This case underscores the importance of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to care for individuals with rare genetic disorders like Edwards syndrome, aiming to optimize outcomes and enhance overall quality of life.

The seeds of carica papaya fruit have been studied for its gastroprotective action on patients with gastric ulcer due to its rich phytochemical constituents that have strong antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activity. The seeds of the newly cultivated in Iraq c.papaya plant were collected and extracted via Soxhlet apparatus using 70% aqueous ethanol. The ethanolic extract was phytochemically investigated to show the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and saponins. Our in-vitro study model of the gastro protective action of the seed extract used aspirin for the induction of oxidative stress mediated ulcerative lesions in gastric mucosa of mice. Ulceration index (%) and acid output, pH, and gastric volume, oxidative stress levels and Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF) are the biochemical parameters measured in our assay. It was found that c.papaya extract decreased the level of ulceration index (39.67%) as compared with aspirin (121.34%) and (28.12%) of famotidine treated mice. In addition, the c.papaya seed extract showed statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in acid output, pH, and gastric volume, oxidative stress levels (MDA and SOD) and Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF) as compared with Aspirin treated mice. Further isolation of c.papaya phytochemical constituents is promising to identify additional pharmacologic actions

Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of chronic liver disease, characterized by progressive fibrosis, architectural distortion, and impaired hepatic function. It arises from diverse etiologies including viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and cholestatic disorders. Complications such as portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, and hepatocellular carcinoma significantly impact morbidity and mortality, particularly in decompensated stages. Early identification and etiology-specific treatment, including antiviral therapy, alcohol cessation, and metabolic management, are essential to slow progression. Multidisciplinary care, nutritional optimization, infection prophylaxis, and regular surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma are key components of effective management. Liver transplantation remains the definitive therapy for selected patients with advanced disease. As global prevalence increases, there is an urgent need for integrated care models, improved access to treatment, and innovations in antifibrotic therapies. This review highlights current strategies and future directions in the comprehensive management of liver cirrhosis.