The application of green chemistry principles in pharmaceutical quality control (QC) and chemical laboratories offers a systematic pathway to reduce environmental impact while maintaining analytical performance. This communication synthesizes key concepts from green analytical chemistry (GAC), including waste minimization, reagent substitution, energy reduction, and the use of standardized greenness metrics such as the Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), AGREE software, and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). Furthermore, the transition toward white analytical chemistry (WAC) is discussed as a holistic approach that balances environmental sustainability (green), analytical quality (red), and economic practicality (blue). Collectively, these strategies enable pharmaceutical and chemical laboratories to operate more safely, efficiently, and sustainably without compromising data integrity.

This study examines the historical evolution of money in Hausa Society. It explores the transition from the traditional barter system to the use of modern currency, highlighting how money has transformed trade, agriculture, livestock rearing, crafts, and other economic activities among the Hausa people. The study also investigates the first money used in Hausa society. Using a qualitative research approach, data were obtained from books, journal articles, historical records, and other relevant documentary sources. The findings indicate that money plays a central role in promoting economic growth, improving living standards, and facilitating commercial activities within Hausa society. However, the study identifies the impact of globalization on traditional economic practices. The research concludes that strengthening financial education, encouraging entrepreneurship, and promoting ethical financial management in line with cultural values are essential for sustainable economic development in the Hausa society.

Circumcision, a commonly performed procedure in the neonatal period, is the surgical removal of the prepuce. The complications of male circumcision are common, but post circumcision penile shaft fibromas are rare and there is paucity of cases reported in literature worldwide. A 4-year-old boy presented with distal penile shaft swelling that encircled the penis along the circumcision scar that was noticed few months after circumcision. He had no history of trauma apart from the circumcision he had at the neonatal period and a clinical diagnosis of penile shaft fibroma was made. The swelling was excised under general anaesthesia and sent for histopathological confirmation. This case is reported to draw clinicians’ attention to this rare post circumcision complication.

The external ear is a defining feature of the face and sometimes has variations. This study was designed to obtain information about the dimensions, morphological, and aesthetic differences of the pinna amongst Nigerians who are students of the University of Abuja. For the photographic aspect of the study, 99 volunteers met the inclusion criteria. Results showed the following: for the lateral view, the detached lobule was 5.9% greater in females than in males, while the attached lobule was larger in males compared to females by 5.9%. An everted helix was not found in the entire population. For the posterior view, the lateral displacement of the pinna was greater in males compared to females by 17.2%. No hairy pinna was observed in the entire population. For the morphometric aspect of the study, 185 volunteers met the inclusion criteria. The mean total ear height and mean lobular height across the cohort were 5.72cm and 1.58cm, respectively, while the average lobular width measured 2.05cm. The average height of the pinna was 4.14cm. The mean total ear height was higher in males compared to females, while the mean values for lobular height and width were both slightly higher in females compared to males. The study establishes normative data for incidence in structural positioning of the ear pinna between male and female sexes, while making clear that hairy pinna and congenital abnormality of the ear are not common occurrences among Nigerians.

Programming courses at the college level in Vietnam continue to suffer from high failure rates, early drop-out, and incomplete student projects. This paper presents Vibe Coding, a four-stage pedagogical model integrating AI coding assistants into Fundamentals of Programming and Basic Web Design. The model was evaluated using a hybrid quasi-experimental design combining a three-year historical trend (2023–2025, n = 735) with a concurrent control group in the 2025–2026 academic year (232 traditional vs. 150 Vibe Coding students). The Vibe-Coding group significantly outperformed the traditional group on the proportion scoring ≥7.0/10 (53.3% vs. 41.8%; z = 2.21, p = .027) and on course pass rate (83.3% vs. 67.2%; z = 3.48, p < .001), and also exceeded the three-year historical baseline (39.7%; z = 3.08, p = .002), while the traditional group did not differ from that baseline. However, this overall effect was driven almost entirely by Fundamentals of Programming (z = 3.13, p = .002); in Basic Web Design, Vibe Coding did not outperform traditional instruction on the merit measure (z = -0.24, p = .811), with only a non-significant favourable trend on pass rate (z = 1.66, p = .097). Class-level variation was substantial, including one traditional section that improved by 40 percentage points without the intervention. Despite this course-level heterogeneity, over 85% of surveyed students reported greater engagement and confidence in debugging. The findings indicate that Vibe Coding can meaningfully improve programming outcomes, but its benefits are course-dependent and require further validation through randomized, multi-institutional studies.

Dens invaginatus is a developmental anomaly resulting from an infolding of enamel and dentin during odontogenesis, often leading to complex internal anatomy and early pulpal involvement. The presence of atypical apical morphology further complicates diagnosis and endodontic management. This case report describes the diagnosis and nonsurgical endodontic management of a rare variant of dens invaginatus in a maxillary anterior tooth, characterized by a single root exhibiting two different apical morphologies: one normally formed closed apex and an additional lateral open apex on the palate-distal aspect of the same root. The patient presented with severe anterior pain following recent trauma and was associated with a large periapical lesion. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) played a decisive role in identifying the complex canal configuration and guiding treatment planning. A staged endodontic approach was adopted, including calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament, apical barrier formation using biodentine, and a hybrid obturation technique employing gutta-percha and thermoplasticized gutta-percha. Favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes were observed. This report emphasizes the importance of advanced imaging, careful canal negotiation, and customized obturation strategies in managing rare endodontic anomalies.

This qualitative study examines how content strategies deployed on Instagram influence the engagement of Generation Z (born between 1997 and 2012) towards e-learning platforms. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 university students and 10 young Tunisian professionals, until data saturation was reached, and then manually analyzed according to the thematic analysis method of Braun and Clarke (2006), with independent double coding to ensure the reliability of the interpretation. Three main results emerge. First, advertising effectiveness on social networks follows a two-step mechanism: a passive awareness phase that builds awareness, followed by an active search phase that triggers conversion once the need for training has become conscious. Secondly, the mobile phone has become the central means of access to online learning platforms, which poses a strong requirement for technical simplicity. Finally, the authenticity of branded content and the opinions of other learners act as a signal of perceived risk reduction and weigh more heavily in the final decision than the advertising speech itself. These results make it possible to propose six concrete recommendations, accompanied by monitoring indicators, for e-learning organizations seeking to better reach this audience. The study also reminds us that Generation Z is not a homogeneous bloc: behaviors vary according to field of study and professional situation more than according to age, which calls for more differentiated messages than existing literature suggests.