The main objective of this study is to identify the measurable difference in acoustic behaviour of street cows (Bos indicus) in different conditions. This study analyzes acoustic differences in animal vocalizations, focusing on call duration, pitch, formants, and pulse. Significant variations were observed in call duration, particularly for Low-Frequency Calls (LFC), which differed from all other types. Pitch also varied notably between LFC and High-Frequency Calls (HFC). Formant analysis revealed differences in the first and fourth formants, especially between HFC and calf calls. Pulse rates showed further variation across vocalization types. These findings highlight call duration and pitch as key features distinguishing different behavioural and emotional vocalizations.

This study examines the forensic analysis of a staged vehicle accident, which was ultimately determined to be a case of premeditated murder. Using descriptive and exploratory case study methodology, the research reconstructs the sequence of events using physical evidence, digital forensics and medico-legal analysis. Data was collected from the crime scene, forensic laboratory reports and digital sources including call detail records (CDRs) and mobile tracking. The findings revealed clear signs of manipulation: the victim was dragged and trampled multiple times by a Mahindra Bolero vehicle in an attempt to stage an accident, followed by a fatal blow with a stone. Evidence including blood-stained material, torn clothes and vehicle marks were carefully documented and analyzed. The study concludes that forensic science, through systematic reconstruction and interdisciplinary methods, plays a vital role in detecting and exposing deceptive practices in staged accidents, thereby aiding in the delivery of justice.

The chlorophyll a (Chl. a) and b (Chl. b) and carotenoid contents of 10 distinct medicinal plants have been determined in the current investigation. Young and mature leaves were found to have different chlorophyll a (Chl.a) and b (Chl.b) and carotenoid contents in terms of quality. For the purpose of evaluating the chlorophyll and carotenoid concentration, 10 different medicinal plant species were chosen, including Pterocarpus santalinus, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Tridox procumbens, Swietenia mahagoni, Hardwickia binata, Pithecetobium dulce, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia latifolia and Syzygium cumini. In all cases, adult leaves had more chlorophyll and carotenoid content than young ones. It has been demonstrated that the age of the leaves has a significant impact on the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids.

The Shakambhari Hills in the Sikar region of Rajasthan host a rich and diverse entomofauna, yet have remained largely unexplored in terms of systematic entomological studies. This study presents a comprehensive inventory of insect species recorded from three distinct locations Kalakhet, Sakarai, and Bhagova by conducting random field surveys between 2021 and 2024. A total of 8,631 individuals belonging to 148 genera across 10 orders and 61 families were identified. Coleoptera was the most diverse and abundant order, followed by Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Presence of large number of insects from this region clearly indicates this region to comprise of tremendous diversity of insects and quite rich in flora which serve as host plants. These findings highlight the ecological significance of the Shakambhari Hills and underscore the need for conservation and further ecological research.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained attention as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to nanomaterial production, particularly in the search for alternatives to conventional antimicrobials amid rising resistance. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, identified 17 in vitro experimental studies that investigated the antimicrobial potential of green-synthesized AgNPs. Biological sources included plants (n = 11), fungi (n = 2), a polysaccharide (n = 1), a cyanobacterium (n = 1), and a succulent (n = 1). Reported nanoparticle sizes ranged from 8 to 150 nm, with smaller particles (<30 nm) generally exhibiting superior antimicrobial efficacy. Antimicrobial activity was demonstrated against Gram-positive bacteria in 15 studies, Gram-negative bacteria in 14 studies, and fungi in 5 studies, with zones of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 37 mm. Only six studies reported minimum inhibitory or bactericidal concentrations, underscoring a lack of standardized quantitative data. The predominant mechanisms of action were attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oxidative stress, membrane disruption, protein inactivation, and DNA interference. Cytotoxicity was assessed in six studies, suggesting biocompatibility at lower concentrations but potential dose-dependent toxicity. Overall, green-synthesized AgNPs demonstrate consistent antimicrobial potential, but future research must focus on standardized synthesis protocols, robust MIC/MBC testing, and systematic toxicity evaluation to support clinical translation.

The convergence of nanotechnology and precision agriculture is redefining the future of sustainable food systems. As global agricultural systems face mounting pressures from climate volatility, resource depletion, and population growth, nanosensors engineered at the molecular scale offer a revolutionary toolkit for real-time, high-resolution monitoring of soil nutrients, crop physiological status, and water dynamics. Despite burgeoning research, a critical synthesis of how these nanoscale devices functionally integrate across the agro-ecosystem from rhizosphere to canopy, from lab to field remains absent. This review fills that void by providing a transdisciplinary analysis of nanosensor platforms, deployment architectures, and data ecosystems tailored for precision agriculture. We evaluate cutting-edge materials including plasmonic nanostructures, electrochemical nanowires, enzyme-functionalized quantum dots, and molecularly imprinted polymers for their sensitivity, environmental stability, and field-deployable form factors. Novel insights are presented on overlooked challenges: nanomaterial aging under UV/soil pH, biofouling interference, energy autonomy for remote sensing, and regulatory fragmentation across jurisdictions. Beyond technology, we examine socio-technical adoption barriers and propose scalable manufacturing and farmer-engagement models. This review does not merely catalog innovations it constructs a unified framework for evaluating “agricultural nanosensor readiness,” identifying critical gaps and accelerators for real-world impact. By bridging materials science, agronomy, data engineering, and policy, we chart a course toward intelligent, self-regulating farms where nanosensors serve as the nervous system of sustainable agriculture transforming data into decisions, and innovation into resilience.

It is a general practice to engage in waterbodies with anthropogenic activities, which can alter the physicochemical nature of the water and introduce various types of pollutants. Several types of pollutants are responsible for inducing oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, leading to tissue and nucleic acid damage, and ultimately resulting in significant mortality and economic losses to aquaculture. In the present study, the physicochemical parameters of the anthropogenically involved pond were analyzed for all four seasons (summer, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter). The oxidative stress (DPPH, FRAP, and H202) in two major carps (Labeo rohita and Catla catla) was studied, and the results of oxidative stress in the form of micronucleus development were analyzed to establish the mortality of carps. The lower alterations in physicochemical concentrations were reported in the monsoon season and were maximum in the winter season. The oxidative stress was also reported as maximum in winter and minimum in the monsoon season in both carp. Relative micronuclei have also been reported to be comparatively higher in C. catla than the L. rohita. The findings of the study provide substantive pieces of information not only for the effect of pollutants on fish but also give an idea of the suitability of species for aquaculture.

Global fisheries stand at a critical juncture, grappling with a legacy of overexploitation while facing unprecedented pressures from climate change and increasing global demand. This comprehensive review examines the historical context, current paradigms, and future pathways for fisheries management, arguing that a transition from maximizing yield to building socio-ecological resilience is essential for sustainability. The analysis synthesizes insights across ecological, technological, and socio-economic domains, critiquing traditional single-species approaches and highlighting the emergence of integrated strategies. Key findings reveal that climate change acts as a force multiplier, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities such as stock depletion and habitat degradation, thereby necessitating adaptive and anticipatory management frameworks. Technological innovations, particularly in artificial intelligence, remote sensing, and blockchain, offer transformative potential for monitoring, enforcement, and transparency, yet their implementation is fraught with challenges related to equity, access, and ethical considerations. Socio-economically, the review underscores the failure of top-down governance models and the proven efficacy of collaborative, co-management systems that incorporate community stewardship and equitable benefit-sharing. The synthesis concludes that the future of sustainable fisheries lies in regenerative blue economy systems that actively restore marine capital rather than merely deplete it. This requires transdisciplinary approaches, robust policy integration, and a fundamental revaluation of ocean resources to ensure long-term ecological health and human well-being.

Engineered hybrid nanoparticles (EHNPs) are emerging as versatile platforms bridging the gap between fundamental nanoscience and practical applications. Unlike single-component nanostructures, EHNPs combine organic, inorganic, and bio-inspired elements to achieve synergistic functionalities. Beyond conventional fabrication, synthetic strategies enable the controlled assembly of hybrid architectures, tailoring size, morphology, and surface chemistry to optimize multifunctional performance. This study explores their mechanism-driven design and applications in four critical domains: green catalysis, environmental remediation, Biosensing, and targeted drug delivery. In catalysis, the integration of metal–oxide and carbon-based synthetic frameworks accelerate electron transfer and enhances reaction selectivity, thereby reducing energy consumption and eliminating toxic by-products. For environmental remediation, EHNPs demonstrate strong adsorption, photocatalytic degradation of persistent pollutants, and reusability under mild conditions. In Biosensing, synthetic hybrid surfaces functionalized with biomolecules enable ultra-sensitive detection of analytes through enhanced optical and electrochemical signals. In drug delivery, tailored synthetic surface modifications and core–shell architectures provide improved biocompatibility, controlled release, and site-specific targeting. A comparative analysis highlights how size, shape, and interfacial interactions dictate their stability and efficiency across these diverse applications. The novelty of this work lies in correlating nanoparticle architecture with performance mechanisms, offering a framework to rationally engineer next-generation engineered synthetic hybrid nanomaterials. Overall, EHNPs present a sustainable and adaptive route for addressing global challenges in energy, environment, and healthcare. This mechanism-driven approach paves the way for translating laboratory concepts into scalable technologies with real-world impact.

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium of global veterinary importance, associated with a wide spectrum of diseases in livestock, poultry, rabbits, and companion animals. It can exist as a harmless commensal in the upper respiratory tract, but under favorable conditions acts as a potent pathogen, causing hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo, progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs, fowl cholera in poultry, and snuffles in rabbits. Pathogenesis is mediated by virulence factors including the polysaccharide capsule, lipopolysaccharides, adhesins, iron acquisition systems, biofilm formation, and the P. multocida toxin (PMT), which collectively promote colonization, immune evasion, and systemic infection. Advances in taxonomy and classification, from serotyping to multilocus sequence typing and whole-genome sequencing, have improved epidemiological understanding, though distinguishing virulent from commensal strains remains challenging. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging concern, particularly against tetracyclines and macrolides, threatening treatment efficacy in food-producing animals and increasing zoonotic risks. Vaccination remains central to control, with bacterins, toxoids, and autogenous vaccines widely used, though their cross-serotype protection is limited. Future perspectives highlight the need for next-generation vaccines, genomic surveillance, CRISPR-based diagnostics, and alternative therapies such as phage treatment. Integration of vaccination, antimicrobial stewardship, and biosecurity measures within a One Health framework will be essential to reduce disease burden, protect animal productivity, and safeguard public health.