Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Its prevalence continues to rise worldwide, with substantial morbidity linked to microvascular and macrovascular complications that influence overall health and the delivery of dental care. In dental practice, DM is clinically significant because it modifies host immunity, vascular function, inflammatory regulation, and tissue metabolism mechanisms that collectively increase susceptibility to oral infections and compromise healing. Common orofacial manifestations include increased risk and severity of gingivitis and periodontitis with alveolar bone loss, salivary gland dysfunction and xerostomia, oral mucosal lesions (including candidal infections and lichenoid reactions), dysgeusia, burning mouth symptoms, and, in severe settings, opportunistic deep fungal infections and osteomyelitis. These changes directly affect treatment planning across specialties. Prosthodontic management requires careful attention to salivary hypofunction, denture-related candidiasis, mucosal fragility, residual ridge resorption, and delayed wound healing, with emphasis on atraumatic techniques, hygiene reinforcement, and appropriate scheduling. Endodontic practice must consider the bidirectional relationship between apical periodontitis and glycemic control, the possibility of slower periapical healing, increased residual lesions, and the need for meticulous infection control and stress reduction to limit hyperglycemic episodes. Orthodontic therapy, particularly in patients with suboptimal glycemic control, demands thorough periodontal screening, the use of light physiological forces, close monitoring, and coordination with the patient’s medical team to reduce risks of infection, impaired healing, and hypoglycemic emergencies. This review synthesizes systemic and oral evidence to provide practical, clinically oriented recommendations for safe and effective dental management of patients with DM, with glycemic control and interprofessional collaboration as central determinants of favorable outcomes.

The study's intention was to individualised and combined impact of speed play training and ladder training on selected bio-motor variables among college men cricket players. This study aimed to contribute a combination of speed play training and ladder training on cricket players for performance enhancement. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to individualised and combined impact of speed play training and ladder training on selected bio-motor physiological and performance variables among college men cricket players. Materials and methods: To achieve the purpose of the study, sixty (60) students participated in the inter collegiate tournament for their respective colleges, affiliated to Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed to be University), Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, India during the year 2022 – 2023 were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 25 years. In which, sixty (60) College students were randomly selected and they randomly assigned into four groups of fifteen (15) subjects each (n = 15). Group I underwent Speed Play Training (SPTG), group II underwent Ladder Training (LTG), group III underwent Combined Speed Play Training and Ladder Training (CSPTALDTG) and group IV acted as Control Group (CG), they were not assigned any specific training, but they were done their regular curricular activities. Their respective training programs for the duration of 12 weeks of 36 morning sessions in addition to their regular programme in their curriculum design. Conclusions: The study concluded that, control group had not shown significant change in any of the selected variables. The experimental groups namely speed play training, ladder training and Combined speed play and ladder training groups had significantly improved the bio-motor variables. Significant differences were found among speed play training, ladder training and combined speed play and ladder training groups had significantly improved the bio-motor variables. It was also concluded that combined speed play and ladder training group was found to be better than other Experimental groups in developing speed, agility, endurance and explosive power.

The increasing prevalence of fraud in Nigeria and globally highlights the necessity of forensic accounting for fraud investigations, particularly in Nigeria, which has resulted in mismanagement and inefficiencies in both corporate and public fund management. With an emphasis on three antigraft agencies, this paper examines the role forensic accounting plays in identifying wrongdoing in Nigeria's public sector. The study used a structured questionnaire to gather data and used a descriptive survey research design. Four hundred and five (405) respondents who were relevant employees of the antigraft agencies were chosen for the study using a purposive sampling technique and Taro Yamane's formula. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were employed in the data analysis method which was based on 386 questionnaire responses from the participants. Findings of the study revealed that the level of awareness of forensic accounting application had positive significantly relationship with public sector corruption in Nigeria, demonstrating that the application of forensic accounting techniques is helpful in identifying corruption in the public sector and that the services of forensic accountants can be used to recover money lost due to financial malpractices, accounting fraud, bribery, and embezzlement. The study recommends that more awareness needs to be created by forensic accountants and government to the public office holders on the application of forensic accounting techniques so that the antigraft agencies can continue to utilize them for the detection of public sector corruption.

Nutrient metabolism is a basic biochemical paradigm to which cells draw energy and produce biosynthetic precursors, as well as maintain homeostasis. At the molecular scale, the integrative processing of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are regulated by highly regulated enzymatic systems that dynamically react to cellular energy requirements, nutrient levels and physiological conditions. This review presents the existing knowledge of the molecular biochemistry in nutrient metabolism, with the focus being on the integrated character of metabolic pathways, as opposed to the reactions occurring in isolation. The process of carbohydrate metabolism is a fast and flexible energy source by glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pentose phosphate pathway which connects the production of ATP and the maintenance of redox homeostasis with anabolic needs. The long-term energy storage and structural components in lipid metabolism are based on fatty acid production, 2-oxidation as well as complex lipid remodeling and they are the centre of focus in the membrane dynamics as well as signaling processes. Protein metabolism provides functional macromolecules as well as metabolic intermediates, which the catabolism of amino acids connects to the relationships of central carbon metabolism and nitrogen homeostasis. In addition to the classics of pathway descriptions, this review identifies the regulatory processes that provide the flexibility of their metabolic reactions, such as allosteric enzyme regulation, post-translational changes, and intracellular compartmentalization. The interaction between carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism allows the cells to quickly adjust to changes in nutrient levels without compromising the metabolic effectiveness. These molecular processes are critical in explaining the biochemical basis of growth and development and disease because metabolic dysregulation causes many pathological conditions. The article offers a conceptual framework of future studies aimed at optimizing metabolism, therapeutic intervention, and system-level metabolic engineering by offering a single and sequential description of how nutrient metabolism works on the molecular level.

The antimicrobial properties of bacterial synthesized silver nanoparticles of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli origin were tested against five isolates namely: Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Salomonella sp, Shigella sp and Escherichia coli. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized from 10 Mm of AgNO3 and the bacterial culture supernatant. Optimum physiological conditions of bacterial nanoparticles’ synthesis were determined using the Box behnken design with three factors and three levels which include pH (6, 7, 8), time (24, 48, 72hrs) and temperature (25, 30, 32°C). The different significance of the physiological factors was determined. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles were determined as pH 6.9, Temp. 25°C and Time 72 hrs for Escherichia colinanoparticles(ENP) and pH 7.79, Temp. 25oC and Time of 72 hrs for Bacillus subtilis nanoparticles (BNP). The antimicrobial activity of the microbial synthesized silver nanoparticles was determined using the kill kinetics and the Kirby bauer well-in-agar diffusion method. ENP had better activity than BNP on Shigellasp, while the reverse was the case when tested against Salmonella sp. Time kill kinetics shows that BNP and ENP inhibited the growth of Salmonellasp, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp and E. coli at 12 hrs and 20 hrs, 28 hrs and 32 hrs, 36 hrs and 32 hrs, 24 hrs and 16 hrs and 32 hrs and 16 hrs respectively. All nanoparticles recorded lower activity than the control drug, Ciprofloxacin.

Non-scarring alopecia results from a loss of hair or reduction in hair follicle growth. Among its forms, traction alopecia is the most common in black women and women of African descent. Although several treatments exist, their use remains limited due to the associated adverse effects. This study aimed to develop hair gels based on mango pectin combined with “makoré” butter as a natural alternative for the management of this condition. The extracted raw materials were characterized. The pectin gel was prepared at 95 °C under stirring at 800 rpm, then dispersed in the lipophilic phase under constant agitation at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain two formulations, D and D′. The gels were homogeneous, free from air bubbles and with a characteristic odor. They were unstable under centrifugation. Microscopic analysis revealed coarse emulsions, with a better distribution of globules in gel D. Over 28 days, the preparations exhibited minimal variation in pH, reflecting good microbiological stability. Both gels remained stable at 25 ± 2°C. Rheological evaluation showed shear thinning, viscoelastic, and thixotropic behavior. Overall, gel D demonstrated beneficial properties for hair, confirming its potential use for the development of phytocosmetic formulations intended for the management of traction alopecia in black women.

Oral cancer remains a significant public health concern globally, with varying prevalence rates across regions; however, its epidemiological profile in Saudi Arabia has not been comprehensively synthesized. This study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes the existing evidence to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of oral cancer in Saudi Arabia, thereby addressing a critical gap in the literature. We conducted a rigorous synthesis of available studies, employing random-effects models to account for heterogeneity and deriving pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between demographic and risk factors and oral cancer, with an overall effect size of 1.02 (SE = 0.25, 95% CI [0.53, 1.51], z=4.11, p<1e^(-5)), indicating a substantial impact of these variables on disease prevalence. The findings highlight the importance of targeted public health interventions, particularly for high-risk populations, and underscore the need for further research to elucidate regional variations and temporal trends. This study provides a robust evidence base for policymakers and clinicians, emphasizing the urgency of early detection and prevention strategies in Saudi Arabia.