Primary factors considered that influence inflation movement can experience significant changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research focuses on examining macroeconomic factors which influence the inflation rate in Saudi Arabia which is critical for development and adjusting a suitable policy response. Saudi Arabia’s changing inflation trends are also affected by its internal and external factors including domestic demands, net spending of Government, and liquidity along with exchange rate movements and imported inflation. This research paper focuses on providing insights regarding previous studies conducted on this topic by adopting different approaches. The approach utilized in this study reflects mainly non-oil revenues like value-added tax along with levies related to expatriates on inflation. ARDL (Autoregressive Distribution Lag Model) has been applied instead of the Vector Error Correction model considering its robustness for 40 quarter sample sized integrated in this study. From the results, it has been confirmed that the inflation Movement in Saudi Arabia is more inclined to external factors than domestic factors.

Increase in private and commercial car ownership in Cameroon like in most developing countries of the world have not kept pace with road infrastructural development. As a consequence, traffic disorder, congestion, late arrival at job sites and increasing number of accidents are some of the social costs road users have to pay. It is against this background that this study sets out to investigate traffic and mobility challenges in Mamfe municipality. This study made use of secondary and primary data sources. The secondary data were gleaned from published and unpublished documents. Primary data were sourced using a convenient sampling technique where 136 questionnaires were administered to 8 sampled communities in Mamfe municipality. Supplementary data were obtained via field observations, interviews and collection of way points using a GPS. After processing and presenting the data, results revealed that key causes of mobility challenges in Mamfe were; traffic jam (25%) inaccessibility to neighbourhoods (19.8%) and insecurity (15.2%). Also, consequences of mobility challenges, were noted to be; drop in transporters incomes (31%) resulting from traffic jam and increase fuel prices, late arrival at work (27%) and a slow turn-over of economic activities (trade and commerce) representing 33% of respondents scores. More so, traffic jam was notice to be very high in the rush hours of the morning between 7:20am to 10:05am. In the evening rush hours between 3:00pm to 9:00pm. Strategies to reduce mobility challenges were basically infrastructural-base (increase road sizes, construct more roads and rehabilitation of dilapidated ones, and a proper road designation). This study recommends private sector participation in the development, provision, maintenance, public-private partnership and modernisation of transport infrastructure and services. These are all lacking in the study area which if effectively implemented will boost urban mobility in the town of Buea and beyond.

Agroforestry, the integration of trees with agricultural or livestock systems, holds significant promise for sustainable land management and addressing various environmental challenges. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted benefits and challenges associated with agroforestry systems, focusing on their interactions with agronomy crops. We delve into the ecological, socio-economic, and climate-related dimensions of agroforestry, highlighting its potential to enhance productivity, conserve resources, and mitigate climate change impacts. The review begins by examining the historical context and conceptual foundations of agroforestry, elucidating its diverse array of products and services. Through case studies and empirical research, we explore the ecological benefits of integrating trees with crop production, emphasizing improvements in soil fertility, water quality, and biodiversity conservation. Furthermore, we discuss the role of agroforestry in climate change adaptation and mitigation, including its capacity for carbon sequestration, soil restoration, and resilience-building in the face of extreme weather events. A critical analysis of agroforestry's implications for agronomy crops reveals both opportunities and challenges. While agroforestry systems have shown potential to enhance crop yields, improve soil health, and diversify income sources, they also present complexities related to competition for resources and management practices. Insights from studies conducted in various agro-ecological contexts provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design and implementation of agroforestry systems to maximize their benefits for agronomy crops. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange in advancing agroforestry research and practice. By integrating principles from agronomy, ecology, economics, and forestry, we can develop innovative strategies to harness the full potential of agroforestry for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation.

Rice, as a staple food for more than half of the world's population, plays a crucial role in global food security. However, weed competition poses a significant challenge to rice cultivation, affecting yield and quality. To address this challenge, rice farmers have increasingly turned to chemical herbicides as a cost-effective alternative to labor-intensive manual weeding. This review paper explores the current practices and future directions in herbicide strategies for weed control in rice cultivation, with a specific focus on diverse approaches adopted in various agro-ecological regions, particularly in Pakistan. The paper begins by highlighting the importance of rice cultivation in global agriculture and the economic significance of the crop, emphasizing the need for effective weed management to ensure sustainable production. It discusses the impact of labor shortages and rising labor costs on weed control practices, driving the adoption of chemical herbicides, especially in direct-seeded rice cultivation. Additionally, the review underscores the importance of integrated weed management systems, which combine cultural practices, targeted herbicide applications, and legislative measures to optimize crop productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the efficacy of different herbicides and their timing of application in managing weeds and maximizing rice yield. It synthesizes findings from recent studies to provide insights into the effectiveness of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides, as well as their impact on weed-crop competition and overall crop health. By analyzing the strengths and limitations of existing herbicide strategies, the review identifies opportunities for innovation and improvement in weed management practices. Overall, this review paper offers a comprehensive overview of herbicide strategies for weed control in rice cultivation, highlighting the need for sustainable and integrated approaches to address weed challenges while ensuring food security and environmental sustainability in rice-producing regions.

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychological illness characterized by excessive worry and physical symptoms such as sweating and fast heartbeat. Understanding the prevalence of GAD among university students is crucial for addressing mental health challenges in this population. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among university students in Saudi Arabia and also to assess levels of depression and stress among them. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. A comprehensive search was performed in major databases using specific keywords related to anxiety, students, and Saudi Arabia. Studies conducted between 2020-2024, in English, and with free accessible articles were included. Data extraction and synthesis were carried out to analyze relevant findings. Results: The systematic search yielded 41 study papers, with 8 meeting eligibility criteria. Various studies reported high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among university students in Saudi Arabia, with female students showing higher prevalence rates. Factors such as age, gender, and academic performance were associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and stress among university students in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the need for interventions and support systems. Early detection and management of anxiety disorders are essential for mitigating the economic and social burden associated with these conditions, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing mental health challenges among university students is crucial for promoting overall well-being and academic success.

Repeat caesarean sections increase the possibility of maternal morbidity. Worldwide, the need for a trial of labor after caesarean delivery is gaining more ground in selected cases. Here, we report a case of an unbooked 37-year-old multigravida, with a history of five (5) previous lower-segment caesarean sections who presented in spontaneous labor. A live male baby of 2900 grams was delivered following episiotomy. Post-partum, she was observed with normal findings and a serial follow-up ultrasound scan showed normal uterine contours and surrounding structures. As the evidence for the practice of vaginal delivery in women who underwent 2 or more previous LSCS are still fewer, this report intends to highlight the possibility of successful vaginal birth after multiple caesarean sections putting into consideration the optimal care of the parturient. The term ''V-back" was coined from the Roman numeral 'v' meaning five (5), the case here has had five (5) previous lower segment cesarean sections come "back" for spontaneous vaginal delivery.

Introduction: Newborns are less efficient in regulating their body temperature due to poor their heat-regulating mechanisms. Thermal stability of the neonate is crucial, and awareness of the significance of a warm environment has resulted in better care of the neonate. Objective: The study aimed to determine the efficacy of a structured teaching programme regarding the prevention of neonatal hypothermia among nurses. Material and Methods: A pre-experimental, (one-group pre-test and post-test) research design was conducted in the Government Multispeciality Hospital, Chandigarh, India. Sixty nurses were chosen through the non-probability purposive sampling technique. The instrument employed for the study includes demographic variables and a self-structured knowledge questionnaire. Results: The pre-test degree of knowledge regarding the prevention of neonatal hypothermia among 60 nurses shows that 58.3% had fair knowledge and 41.7% had good knowledge. The post-test knowledge scores showed that out % of 60 nurses, 75% possessed very good knowledge, while 25% had good knowledge. The comparison of both tests' knowledge scores using the Wilcoxon rank test resulted in a p-value = <0.001, which indicates that the result is highly significant. Furthermore, the chi-square test was applied to find out whether or not there was a statistical association between the knowledge scores and their demographic variables. It was determined that the p-value for both the knowledge scores was found to be greater than 0.05 which is insignificant. Hence, there is no association found between both sets of knowledge scores with their demographic variables. Conclusion: The structured teaching programme culminated in enhancing knowledge among nurses regarding preventing neonatal hypothermia.