School verbal bullying is highly insidious yet rarely examined from linguistic perspectives. Adopting Bousfield’s impoliteness framework, this paper conducts quantitative and qualitative analysis on bullying dialogues extracted from the film Better Days. Positive impoliteness ranks first at 39 percent, followed by bald on-record impoliteness at 36.6 percent and negative impoliteness at 19.5 percent. Sarcastic mock politeness accounts for the smallest proportion of 4.9 percent despite its strong concealment. In this film, bullies choose different strategies due to distorted class perceptions and group power dynamics, and victims mostly cope with harm via silence. This study verifies the applicability of impoliteness theory in interpreting school verbal bullying and provides linguistic references for bullying prevention.

This work is about finding probable new anti-Ebola drugs. A formula [1] is used for that purpose- (Log A/Log B) =64.5/C-H-N-O. Where, C-H-N-O is molecular weight of the Ebola virus antigens. This formula was used to identify probable new anti-HIV drugs [2] and the cause of dementia [3]. Use of the formula [1] -(Log A/Log B) =64.5/C-H-N-O, to identify the constitution of probable anti Ebola drugs. “Log A is Logarithm of molecular weight (elemental atomic weight multiplied by number of molecules of that element) of individual element(s) of drug. Log B is Logarithm of molecular weight of similar element(s) of Deoxy Ribose Nucleic Acid (DNA). C-H-N-O is basic effector. 64.5 Kda is the molecular weight of a complex effector molecule-Haemoglobin. Atomic weight of the element x number of molecules of the same molecule = Molecular weight of that element in either DNA or Drug” [1].

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine price volatility in India's cereal markets through the theoretical lens of the Cobweb Model. It aims to determine whether cereal prices exhibit convergence toward equilibrium or persistent instability, with implications for market coordination and agricultural policy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis covers thirteen major cereal-producing states in India, using panel data for the years 2005, 2006, 2011, 2022, and 2023. Cereal consumption and production are used as proxies for demand and supply, respectively. A fixed effects regression model is employed to assess how current demand and supply respond to price signals, including a lag structure to capture delayed supply responses. The convergence coefficient (β) derived from the model is used to evaluate price behavior over time. Findings: The results show that demand declines when current prices rise, while supply increases in response to prices from the previous year. The estimated convergence coefficient (β = −0.39) indicates that cereal prices tend to stabilize over time rather than diverge or cycle unpredictably. The analysis also reveals that consumer responses to price changes occur more rapidly than producer responses, reflecting asymmetries due to structural and seasonal production constraints. These findings validate the applicability of the Cobweb Model in the Indian agricultural context. Originality: This study contributes to the limited empirical literature on the Cobweb Model in Indian agriculture by applying it within a panel data framework. It offers new evidence on cereal price behavior and supply-demand interactions across time and regions. The research also highlights the policy relevance of improving price forecasting systems, enhancing market infrastructure, and implementing coordinated interventions to support price stability and agricultural resilience in India.

Present investigation aims to study the seasonal fluctuations of micro algae in Kondakarla Lake (Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh) for a period of one year from March 2024 to February 2025. A total of 115 species were reported which belongs to different categories of algae such as Chlorophyceae (46), Bacillariophyceae (34) Cyanophyceae (27) and Euglenophyceae (8). It was observed that species diversity and abundance of micro algae varied seasonally. Pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons recorded a greater number of species than monsoon season.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide, characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory impairment, and behavioral dysfunction. Despite extensive research, effective disease-modifying therapies remain limited, largely due to incomplete understanding of its complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Increasing evidence now highlights chronic neuroinflammation as a central contributor to AD progression, shifting focus from a purely proteinopathy-based model toward an integrated neuroimmune perspective. Among key inflammatory pathways, the NLRP3 inflammasome has emerged as a critical innate immune signaling platform that links pathological protein aggregation to sustained neuroinflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is triggered by multiple Alzheimer’s disease–associated pathological stimuli, including amyloid-β accumulation, tau pathology, autophagy dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. These cellular disturbances converge to promote assembly of the inflammasome complex and activation of caspase-1. Activated caspase-1 mediates the proteolytic maturation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), both of which play central roles in amplifying neuroinflammatory signaling, promoting synaptic dysfunction, and contributing to neuronal injury. Consequently, IL-1β and IL-18 have gained increasing attention as potential biomarkers for disease severity, progression, and inflammatory burden in Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, inflammasome-specific markers such as apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) specks provide further mechanistic and diagnostic evidence of active inflammasome signaling in neurodegeneration. Preclinical studies using cellular and animal models have demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome can reduce neuroinflammation, attenuate neuropathological changes, and improve cognitive performance. However, despite these promising findings, clinical translation remains limited due to challenges including inadequate blood–brain barrier penetration, systemic immune modulation risks, and the absence of reliable biomarker-guided patient stratification strategies. This review critically examines the molecular mechanisms underlying NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Alzheimer’s disease, its interaction with pro-inflammatory cytokine networks, and the emerging role of inflammasome-related biomarkers in disease characterization. Furthermore, current therapeutic strategies targeting the NLRP3 pathway are discussed, along with key translational barriers and future directions for developing biomarker-driven immunomodulatory therapies in Alzheimer’s disease.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is crucial for providing infants with optimal nutrition for their health, growth, and cognitive development. Maternal self-efficacy plays a significant role in determining the duration of breastfeeding. To promote breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity, it is important to understand breastfeeding self-efficacy and implement interventions to enhance it. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventions on improving breastfeeding self-efficacy in postpartum women. Method: One-group pretest–posttest was used for this study. The sample consist of 115 postpartum mothers in the postnatal ward recruited from a private hospital Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire composes of two parts: the socio-demographic section and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). Data collection technique was conducted through an interview using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: The study revealed a significant improvement in breastfeeding self-efficacy following the educational intervention (p value<0.001). Participants exhibited increased confidence in breastfeeding techniques and intrapersonal thoughts. All items on the BSES-SF showed statistically significant differences in mean scores between the pre- and post-intervention phases, highlighting the effectiveness of the intervention in enhancing breastfeeding self-efficacy. Conclusion: Postnatal interventional breastfeeding education was significantly associated with an improvement in maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. Further, it is recommended to provide postpartum women with breastfeeding health education on regular basis to enhance their knowledge and practices regarding complying with breastfeeding.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded, blood-borne, RNA virus, which infects hepatocytes and can cause chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The task of this hospital-based study was to identify the level of HCV infection in patients in some of the districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. There were 250 patients attending Royal Imperial Hospital, Mingora, to have pre-surgery assessment. Data analyses were performed based on gender, age group and district of residence. Blood samples were taken, serum/plasma was separated and HCV screening was done by the use of rapid diagnostic device. Among 250 patients, 7 were positive of HCV which constitutes a total of 2.8 prevalence. The positive rate of males was 4 out of 104 with a prevalence of 3.84, and the positive rate of females was 3 out of 146 with a prevalence of 2.05. Analysis by district indicated that most positive cases were in Swat with Shangla having the least prevalence. The distribution in terms of age showed that HCV positivity was more common among the adult age groups than among the young people. The results indicate that HCV is a health issue to the community of the study area especially adults and males. To decrease transmission, better screening, awareness, safe blood transfusion practices, sterilization of surgical and dental instruments, and avoidance of sharing needles are advised.