Despite the growing recognition of the transformative benefits of electronic procurement (e-procurement) systems, their adoption and effective implementation in developing countries, particularly Nigeria, has been considerably slow and uneven. Hence, the effectiveness of E-Procurement systems in enhancing supply chain efficiency in Kogi State, Nigeria, was investigated in this study. The study participant were workers in Kogi State ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) and questionnaires through electronic platforms/online survey platforms was used to gather data from the respondents, after which the data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software v23. Results from the findings showed that majority of the respondents are procurement officers (81.8%), with 4-6 years working experience (63.6%). Also, 54.5% majority of the respondents stated that the e-procurement system has reduced procurement led time to a moderate extent, whereas more than half of the respondents (54.5%) stated that the e-procurement system has reduced procurement costs to a moderate extent. More also, 63.6 % majority of the respondents stated that e-procurement system significantly enhanced transparency and accountability in their organizations to a large extent. The major challenges usually encountered when implementing e-procurement systems in Kogi State MDAs were found to be lack of proper infrastructure (26.1%) and poor staff training and support (26.1%). Hence, it was recommended that there should be proper strengthening of digital infrastructure, adequate capacity building and training, change in management strategies, and stakeholders’ engagement among Kogi state MDAs, which will improve E-Procurement systems and supply chain efficiency.

This study examined how well monetary policy tools worked in helping Nigeria to achieving its inflation targets from 1981-2023. To achieve this, the study collected data on inflation rate, monetary policy rate, broad money supply, exchange rate, lending interest rate and real gross domestic product from reports by Nigeria's central bank and the World Bank. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag - ARDL technique was used as the main tool of analysis. The findings from this method showed that there is a long-term relationship between the different factors studied. In the long run, the monetary policy rate, money supply, and lending interest rate had a negative but not strong connection with inflation rate. On the other hand, exchange rate and real gross domestic product showed a positive but not strong relationship with inflation rate. In the short term, the monetary policy rate, money supply, and exchange rates had a positive and strong link with inflation. Meanwhile, lending interest rate and real gross domestic product had a negative and strong link with inflation rate. Based on the findings, this study concluded that in Nigeria, inflation is highly sensitive to monetary expansion, interest rate adjustments, and exchange rate movements, but the effects are inflation-enhancing rather than stabilizing highlighting the need for a more coordinated and structurally grounded monetary policy framework rather than relying on MPR adjustments alone. From a policy standpoint, the study recommended amongst others that broad money supply growth must be carefully controlled to avoid liquidity-driven inflation. The central bank should continue to use lending rate adjustments as an effective short-run inflation control tool, but with caution to avoid credit starvation in the economy. Inflation targeting should be complemented with policies that expand real output (RGDP), since growth itself helps reduce inflationary pressures.

General higher education plays a critical role in human capital formation, economic development, and social mobility. In India, state-level higher education systems display significant variation in institutional capacity, enrollment growth, and resource allocation. Rajasthan has experienced rapid extension in general higher education institutions over the past few decades; however, the relationship between educational inputs and outputs remains deficiently studied. This study models the production function of general higher education in Rajasthan using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The study examines the impression of key inputs such as the number of institutions, faculty strength, government expenditure, and infrastructure capacity on educational output measured through student enrollment and graduates. The ARDL bounds testing framework is in work to analyze both short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships among variables. The findings points that faculty strength and government expenditure significantly power higher education output in the long run, while infrastructure capacity subscribe to short-run adjustments. The study finds that effective resource allocation and institutional strengthening are important to improve the productivity and efficiency of general higher education in Rajasthan.