One of the most important parasitic diseases in freshwater fish farming due to its clinical and economic importance, ichthyophthiriasis results from I. multifiliis (a ciliate obligate parasite) infection, also known as "white spot disease" or simply "Ich." This literature review is aimed at compiling the existing knowledge about the taxonomical position, biological features, and three-stage life cycle (consisting of the theront, trophont, and tomont) of the parasite under the influence of various environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, and pH. In addition, the epidemiological features of the infection (host specificity, susceptibility factors, transmission methods, and seasonal prevalence) as well as host-parasite relationships (mechanisms of parasite entry, i-antigen-induced immune evasion, and host response) will be considered. Clinical features and histopathological changes for various cultured species are reviewed along with the diagnosis, which includes both traditional methods as well as molecular diagnostics like qPCR and ddPCR. It is emphasized that the disease creates significant financial loss, costing more than USD 1 billion annually on a worldwide basis. The effect of the disease is significant in aquacultures from Europe, China, and North America. Prevention and management of this disease include chemical treatment, salt treatment, biological control, immunostimulants, vaccine, and biosecurity. There is no method available which gives total protection. Latest innovations in the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, novel treatment methods and DNA vaccines are also mentioned. The conclusion made by the authors is that sustainable management of I. multifiliis calls for an integration of various measures such as decreased use of chemicals, increased biosecurity, biological control, genetic resistance and precision aquaculture, with vaccine efficacy, drug resistance and climate change adaptation highlighted as key research areas.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has emerged as a vital component of modern justice delivery systems worldwide. Dissatisfaction with the adversarial nature, cost, and delay of litigation has led to increased reliance on ADR mechanisms that emphasize party autonomy, confidentiality, and preservation of relationships. This paper examines the major forms of ADR, including negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and hybrid processes such as med-arb and early neutral evaluation. It outlines the defining features, procedural frameworks, advantages, and limitations of each form. The paper argues that no single form of ADR is universally superior. Rather, the choice depends on the nature of the dispute, the relationship between parties, and the desired outcome. It concludes that a clear understanding of the forms of ADR is essential for disputants, lawyers, and policymakers to promote access to justice and decongest formal courts. The paper recommends continuous legal education, institutional support, and harmonization of ADR processes with cultural realities to maximize their effectiveness.

Corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) has gained prominence due to growing stakeholders’ expectations for transparency and accountability in companies. This study, therefore, investigates the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure on economic value added of financial services firms listed in Nigeria. A longitudinal research design was used on data obtained from companies with a population of forty-nine (49) firms publicly listed in financial services in Nigeria as at 31st December 2025, whose audited financial statements were available from 2013 to 2015. The total population was also purposely selected as the sample. The results revealed that the education initiative (EIND) and community responsibility disclosure (CMRD) have a negative effect on ECVA; EIND was not statistically significant, whereas CMRD was. However, there is an affirmative and statistically insignificant effect of health and safety disclosure (HSFD) on the economic value added of sample firms. In consonance with the results, this study recommends that corporate managers and directors align corporate responsibility with the host community's expectations to meet needs and enhance their reputation, thereby improving economic value.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is often framed within the received English common law system in Nigeria, with emphasis on arbitration, mediation, and conciliation as statutory or court-annexed procedures. Yet, long before the introduction of English law, indigenous Nigerian societies developed sophisticated mechanisms for managing conflict that prioritized restoration, social cohesion, and communal harmony. This paper examines ADR through the lens of Nigerian customary law. The study examined that customary ADR, characterized by flexibility, accessibility, voluntariness, and restorative outcomes, remains relevant and widely utilized, especially in rural and semi-urban communities. However, challenges including lack of formal enforcement, repugnancy tests, gender bias, and conflict with constitutional rights persist. The paper concludes that a pluralistic approach which integrates customary ADR into the formal justice system will enhance access to justice, decolonize dispute resolution, and preserve indigenous jurisprudence. Recommendations include statutory recognition, capacity building for traditional adjudicators, and harmonization with human rights standards.

MTO1-related mitochondrial disease (Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency type 10, COXPD10; OMIM #614702) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic variants in the nuclear MTO1 gene, which encodes an enzyme that modifies mitochondrial transfer RNA so that mitochondria can synthesise their proteins correctly. It typically presents in infancy with lactic acidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, in longer-surviving children, evolves into a multisystem disorder with intellectual disability, epilepsy and optic neuropathy, a pattern termed ONCE syndrome (Optic Neuropathy, Cardiomyopathy, Encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and combined OXPHOS deficiency). We report a 12-year-old girl, the third child of consanguineous parents, with global psychomotor delay and persistent mild hyperlactataemia from infancy. Brain imaging showed symmetric T2 hyperintensity in both dentate nuclei with a cerebral lactate peak on MR spectroscopy. Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous MTO1 missense variant (c.1402G>A; p.Ala468Thr), consistent with the molecular diagnosis of COXPD10, with both parents heterozygous carriers; an incidental heterozygous FBN1 variant (p.Arg609Cys) was classified as a variant of uncertain significance and judged unrelated. She developed myoclonic epilepsy at age 11, managed with lamotrigine, while echocardiography and ophthalmological examination remained normal at age 12. We review the molecular pathogenesis, genotype-phenotype correlations and treatment options for MTO1 deficiency, focusing on dichloroacetate as adjunctive therapy for lactic acidosis and cardiomyopathy, and place the case alongside the 2025 FDA approval of elamipretide for Barth syndrome and emerging gene-therapy approaches. Early genetic diagnosis and structured cardiac and ophthalmological surveillance are essential; prospective studies of dichloroacetate are needed.

Over the past four decades, India’s cropping pattern has experienced profound structural changes, with crop diversification emerging as a defining feature. These transformations, spanning the period 1980–81 to 2023–24, have been driven by a combination of economic reforms, climatic variability, technological advancements, and policy interventions. A marked shift has occurred from a cereal-centric production system toward a more diversified agricultural base that increasingly includes horticultural crops, pulses, oilseeds, and other commercial crops. The study highlights the role of government initiatives, innovations in agricultural technology, and changing climatic conditions in shaping these dynamics. To investigate the determinants of diversification, explanatory variables such as percentage of irrigated area (PIA), road density (RD), agricultural credit (AC), and fertilizer use per hectare (FUPH) are examined. These infrastructural and technological factors together explain the evolving trajectory of cropping patterns across India.

Suicidal thoughts in college students is a universal public health agenda with complex psychosocial antecedents and protective variables. Emotional competence (EC), an ability to notice, analyze, and regulate emotions are linked to lower suicidal ideation, although the role of intellectual competence is debatable. This study investigates the relationships between suicidal ideation, emotional competence, and academic competence (AICS) in a college sample in Lucknow, India. 300 college students were included for this cross-sectional study with Standardized scales included the Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS), an Emotional Competence Scale (EC), and the Academic Information Competence Scale (AICS) were used. Categorical associations were checked using chi square statistics with effect size estimates (phi), and independent samples t tests were planned under certain assumptions. The study found a significant correlation between SIS and EC categories (χ² = 150.792, p <.001, φ = 0.709), indicating that higher EC was linked to lower suicidal thoughts. There were no significant relationships between SIS and AICS (χ² = 8.87, p =.353) or EC and AICS (χ² = 5.903, p =.665). In this study, emotional competence appears to be a strong predictor of lower suicidal ideation, although intellectual competence does not show a meaningful link. The findings suggest the use of emotional skill training into campus mental health interventions.