This study examines the effect of credit risk management (CRM) on the financial performance of Saudi Arabian banks and investigates whether this relationship differs between Islamic and conventional banking models. Using panel data from 40 banks covering 2020–2024, the study incorporates key credit-risk indicators including NPLA/PLAL, PLAL/TLA, NPLA/TLA, TLA/TAS, and LDR and applies multiple regression and group-comparison tests. The results reveal that CRM significantly influences profitability, with higher non-performing loan ratios reducing ROE, while stronger lending intensity (LDR) and higher loan concentration (TLA/TAS) enhance performance. Comparative tests indicate substantial differences in credit-risk profiles across bank types but no significant difference in financial performance levels. However, interaction-term analysis demonstrates that the impact of credit-risk indicators on ROE varies meaningfully between Islamic and commercial banks. Overall, the findings underscore CRM’s essential role in sustaining profitability and highlight the moderating effect of banking model structures within Saudi Arabia’s Basel-aligned regulatory environment.

This study analyses the interactions between financial conditions and real activity in Morocco by examining the policy rate, bank credit, real GDP and inflation together. Using annual data covering 1995–2024, a VECM–SVAR framework is employed to capture both long-term relationships and the propagation of macro-financial shocks. The results show that a single cointegration vector links monetary conditions, credit and real activity in a sustainable manner. Bank credit is the main channel of adjustment in the system, while the policy rate appears to be largely exogenous and insensitive to imbalances. In general, monetary shocks have moderate effects, transmitted mainly via credit, while inflationary shocks are more powerful and persistent, leading to a marked tightening of financial conditions. These conclusions highlight the need to strengthen monetary transmission, develop countercyclical macroprudential tools and improve coordination between monetary, fiscal and structural policies in order to support macro-financial stability in Morocco.

The article examines the rhetorical legacy of Marcus Tullius Cicero as a methodological foundation for contemporary legal research in an era of transformations. It is substantiated that the principles of ancient rhetoric the hermeneutic presupposition and the cognitive-linguistic mechanisms of understanding law retain their relevance during the transition of states to new socio-technological orders. Using the transitional period from the Roman Republic to the Empire as material, the article demonstrates how subjectivism in lawmaking and judicial discretion leads to “norm arbitrariness” and “judicial arbitrariness,” which undermine justice and the predictability of law. A futurological concept is proposed a “symbiosis” between human legal thought and artificial intelligence: the integration of AI into lawmaking and adjudication based on the philosophical doctrines of Stoicism, the rhetoric of Cicero, the ideas of Plato and Aristotle on the supremacy of law, and Ayn Rand’s views on protecting the rights of the individual creator. It is emphasized that only by relying on the logic, humanism, and objectivity laid down by ancient thinkers can AI be programmed to overcome subjective distortions in law and to create an anti-fragile, resilient legal system. The article provides forecasts on how the integration of philosophy and AI can strengthen the rule of law, ensure judicial independence, protect private property, and stabilize rules for economic prosperity, turning lawyers into “architects” of the state of the future. The article is intended for legal theorists, historians of legal doctrines, and specialists in legal technologies interested in the evolution of legal institutions and the influence of AI on law.

This study aims to find empirical evidence on the influence of Capital Structure, Investment Decisions, Growth Opportunity on Company Value. The type of research used is quantitative research. The population in this study is pharmaceutical sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2016-2023. Sample selection using the purposive sampling method. The number of samples in this study was 8 companies for 8 years with a total of 64 sample data. The data collection technique used in this study is the documentation technique by obtaining data in the form of the company's annual report for 2016-2023 and the literature study technique by conducting a literature review, reviewing various sources such as books, journals, and other sources related to the research. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis with the help of IBM SPSS 26 software. The results of this study indicate that Capital Structure, Investment Decisions, and Growth Opportunity have a positive effect on Company Value.

The global financial system is changing, and this is directly challenging the long-standing dominance of the U.S. dollar. Rather than one world leader being replaced by another, we are witnessing the development of a heterogeneous multipolar architecture. This paper argues that a unitary currency will not take control of the next stage of this new monetary order. Rather, it is turning into a stratified ecosystem. The dollar remains strong but is gradually losing its relative significance. In the meantime, it is no longer just about the dollar, euro, and Yuan, but the world is warming up to a new form of competition: central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are being experimented with, and investors and governments around the world are considering gold as a safe investment that is not confined to the politics of a single nation. Although this shift can help decrease dependence on a single currency, it increases the dangers of fragmentation and a decrease in coordination. These dangers are the reasons why more effective global monetary governance is necessary, which implies cooperation and institution-building to ensure systemic stability.