Abstract: Glycyrriza glabra Linn.[ Fabaceae], commonly known as yashtimadhu, mulhatti, is used as medicine for treatment of various aliments in Traditional System of Medicine fairly throughout the greater part of India. In the present study, we have evaluated anticancer activity of Ammonium glycyrrhizinate by in vitro and in silico method. Ammonium glycyrrhizinate was isolated from roots of G.glabra and was characterized by solubility, melting point, infrared (IR) and thin layer chromotography (TLC) pattern. In vitro anticancer activity was done using HeLa cell lines by MTT assay at different concentrations ranging from 100-500 µg/ml using microtitre plate assays by ELISA and in silico docking studies using enzyme EGFR tyrosine kinase. The IC50 value was found to be 282.45 µg/ml in in vitro anticancer activity in HeLa cell lines. Ammonium glycyrrhizinate was subjected to molecular docking studies for the inhibition of the enzyme EGFR tyrosine kinase, which is one of the targets for inhibition of cancer cells. It has shown -11.03 kJ mol-1 binding and -12.47 kJ mol-1 docking energy with five hydrogen bonds. We can conclude that ammonium glycyrrhizinate has shown to possess anticancer activity both in vitro and in silico studies.

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new non-monotone self-adaptive trust region method with line search for solving unconstrained optimization problem. Different from the usual trust region methods, our algorithm does not only use a non-monotone technique, but also use a new rule to update the trust region radius. We prove the global convergence of the new algorithm under some reasonable assumptions.

Abstract: TruScreen is a unique electro-optical technology that provides a direct means of tissue differentiation as a primary screening tool in the general population for cervical cancer and precancerous change (CIN). Objectives of the work are evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of the optoelectronic method in the detection of CIN and cervical cancer. The present study shows correlation between the pNOR number and sensitivity/specificity of the optoelectronic method. The study included 293 patients with abnormal cervical cytology result and the following examinations: examination with the use of the optoelectronic method – Truscreen, colposcopic examination, and histopathologic biopsy. Specificity of the optoelectronic method for LGSIL was estimated at 65.70%, for HGSIL and squamous cell carcinoma of cervix amounted to 90.38%. Specificity of the optoelectronic method used to confirm lack of cervical pathology was estimated at 78.89%. The field under the ROC curve for the optoelectronic method was estimated at 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84–0.92) which shows high diagnostic value of the test in the detection of HGSIL and squamous cell carcinoma. The optoelectronic method is characterized by high usefulness in the detection of CIN, present in the squamous epithelium and squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. In conclusion, we suggest that TruScreen holds the potential to detect lesions that might be missed by cytology alone and clarify unsatisfactory or ASCUS cytology results. With regard to patients, they can benefit from more rapid follow-up and early treatment. We also noticed that the women were happy with the real time results, which are now available using TruScreen. TruScreen technology seems to have a high potential to improve and standardize the screening of the cervical carcinoma.

Abstract: Equality between men and women is a fundamental right and a common policy of many governments in the world today. Gender mainstreaming is the process whereby gender concerns are raised routinely within everyday operations of an institution or organization and resolved in a gender manner in normal operations. The well-being and the equality between men and women are addressed by gender mainstreaming. The purpose of this study was to establish the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming initiatives employed in enhancing gender equity in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to establish how recruitment and selection, employee awareness, a gender office and implementation of gender mainstreaming policy affect gender equity in Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries in Kirinyaga County. The study employed a descriptive survey research design and targeted all fifty (50) Ministry employees. Descriptive data analysis was done which generated mean and standard deviation with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequencies and percentages were also generated. The study established that there was a close relationship in terms of proportions of the respondents between a yes (54%) and no (46%) responses on training.The study established that the Ministry ensured fair recruitment and selection based on Gender Equity to a great extent (36%).It is therefore recommended that the Ministry through their Cabinet Secretary provides statistics of the incoming employees based on gender. The researcher also recommends that the Ministry clearly outlines what constitutes gender mainstreaming training. The study also found out that the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries had neither done much (40%) on sponsoring gender balance awareness training nor done much(34%) on implementing gender balance awareness training. The researcher therefore recommends that awareness training should be enhanced.

Abstract: The financial cost of seeking formal health care is often the major barrier to accessing health care in poor countries. Consequently, the governments of several developing countries have introduced free health care in an effort to improve their nation's health. There is evidence that suggests that many Ghanaians patronise both indigenous and orthodox health facilities simultaneously. On the 30th of June, 2015, The Bongo District Hospital prompted the Bongo District Health Directorate (DHD) that they had recorded a positive case of cholera from Kantebge’s house at VeaGunga, in the Bongo District of the Upper East region of Ghana. Weinvestigated to verify the diagnosis, identify risk factors and recommend control measures.We conducted a descriptive investigation and active case-search.We defined a cholera case-patient as a person with vibrio cholera isolated from stool sample or epidemiologically-linked to a person with vibrio cholera from the 1st of June to 20th of July at Valley View Sub-district of Bongo district.Stool from case-patients were taken for laboratory diagnosis. We performed univariate analysis by person, place and time using Epi-info version 3.3.The result of the 933 community members, 13 were affected. The overall attack rate was 1.4% (13/933) with a case fatality 15.4% (2/13). The mean age of case-patients was 28.5 years (±18 SD) with females 69.2% (9/13) mostly affected. Sex specific attack rates were 0.9% (4/447) and 1.6 % (9/486) for males and females respectively. The index case was 45yr-old man who reported at the Bongo District Hospital on the 30th of June. He took care of the primary case and also participated in the preparation and burial of the corpse. All the cases were recorded from VeaGunga, in the Bongo District. Vibrio choleraeserotype ogawa was isolated from stool samples. It was a point source outbreak that affected mainly women from the community. It is however hypothesized that the source of infection could be from the beans cake, the water from the Vea Dam or the primary case being a vibrio cholera carrier. Two (2) persons died as a result of taking some local concoction due to lack of money and the national health insurance scheme.An outbreak of ogawa serotype cholera with some fatalities was established in Vea-Gunga community in the Bongo district of the Upper East region. It was a point source outbreak that affected mainly women from the community. It is however hypothesized that the source of infection could be from the beans cake, the water from the Vea Dam or from avibrio cholera carrier. The need for health care financial protection and avoidance of concoctions in the management of cholera case patients are basic requirements in avoidance of unnecessary death. Prompt outbreak response, case management and education about causes and prevention of diarrhea played a significant role in controlling the outbreak.

Abstract: An audit is an independent examination of account of an entity done by an independent auditor in other to ascertain the truth and fairness of the financial statement. This paper tries to explore the content of public and private audit in Nigeria. Various laws and enactment were view as what are the requirements of public as well as private audit. It was found out that both of them are two bird of the same feather. They are all governed by the professional pronouncement as well as the financial reporting standard of Nigeria. Although, but the parties maintain the code of ethics of the profession which include: Independence, Integrity, Confidentiality and professional duty and care. It was recommended that strengthening the independence of the supreme audit institution, and reinforcing the PAC to be alive to its responsibilities and improving the accounting environment. Also external audit should maintain the ethics of the institution toward rendering of their duties.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tramadol, a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, on glutamate metabolism, without inducing pain. Male adult Wistar rats weighing 150 ± 20 g were used in the study. An effective dose of tramadol was injected subcutaneously into the rats at 0, 24, and 48 hours, and the changes in the levels of activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutaminase, aspartate (AAT) and alanine (AlAT) aminotransferases, and glutamine content, were recorded at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours in different areas of the rat brain, viz. cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Aminotransferase activities were examined in serum also. Following the first administration of tramadol at zero hours, GDH activity showed positive deviations in all areas except pons-medulla, GS activity showed positive deviations in all areas, glutaminase activity showed negative deviations in all areas except pons-medulla, and glutamine content showed positive deviations in all areas except hippocampus, up to 12 hours. Aminotransferase activities showed differential deviations, with increases in some areas and decreases in the others. Peak deviations in all cases occurred either at 3 or at 6 hours. All parameters reverted towards near control levels by 24 hours. Following the second and third injections of tramadol at 24 and 48 hours respectively, the parameters recorded deviations at 48 and 72 hours that were slightly reverting from those at 24 hours. The results indicate differential tissue responses from different areas of the brain to the administered analgesic. Further, while the administration of opioids could affect the glutamate release vis-à-vis reuptake and the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, these changes could presumably be associated with alterations in the levels of other parameters related to glutamate metabolism. This could be another facet of the analgesic effects of tramadol.

Abstract: This paper focuses to study the role of SNSs in political communication as well as to study the SNSs as an emerging tool of political campaigning. This study is guided by Technology Acceptance Model of communication school of thought. A survey of 150 college students of Gurgaon district is conducted using combination of purposive and random sampling techniques. The data is analyzed using correlation and percentile technique. The study found that social networking sites is positively associated with political discussion, political participation and it can be best used for political campaigning because of itsrapid acceptance and its multiplier effect.

Abstract: True hermaphrodite have gonads of both sex in the same individual. They contain ovary and testis with ambiguity of genital organs. We report a case of true hermaphrodite in a male patient of 26 years having absent of beard and moustaches, medium pitch voice , partial fusion of labia majora and testis, enlarged clitoris with non penile urethra, no vaginal and opening having uterus.

Abstract: Performance contract is a management tool for measuring freely negotiated performance targets between institutions management and the Government. Performance Contracts have been used in many enterprises in the world. Performance contract was introduced by the Government of Kenya to ensure delivery of quality service to the public as well tertiary institutions also known as TIVET institutions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of managerial knowledge and information on the implementation performance contract in Tertiary institutions in Meru County. The specific objectives of the study were: to determine find out the effect of managerial knowledge on implementation of performance contract in tertiary institutions in Meru County, and to evaluate the effect of information on implementation of performance contract in tertiary institutions in Meru County. The study adopted a survey research design and stratified sampling technique was used to draw a sample size of 63 from a population of 76 employees of tertiary institutions in Meru County. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the interviews. Data analysis was done using SPSS software; correlation coefficients were used to determine the nature of the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables. Chi-square analysis will be done to test significance of variables. The findings were presented in tables and figures. The study of the findings were considered important for gathering information for managerial policy decision making that enabled the managers understand the positive approaches towards performance contracting as a management tool for improving performance in tertiary learning institutions which has continuous benefits to the long-term development. The findings of this study were; Managerial knowledge of PC coordinators affects the implementation to a very great extent and there is an association between managerial knowledge and the implementation of performance contracts {(χ2 (1,4) = 56.448, p< 0.05)}. There is a significant association between policies and procedures and the implementation of performance contracts. In the view of the findings the study recommended principals of tertiary institutions should organize continuous in-servicing of officers on performance contracting so as to improve their knowledge on the same and the managers should always induct the junior mangers on implementation of performance contracts.

Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical and in-vivo antihyperlipidemic activity of Solanum spirale Roxb. leaves. The physiochemical standardization of the dried leaves powder was done with respect to ash values, foaming index, extractive values and moisture content. The dried leaves were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform and water. The phytochemical analyses were carried out and the antihyperlipidemic activity of the chloroform and aqueous extracts were evaluated. The antihyperlipidemic study was carried out by inducing hyperlipidemia in rats by means of triton. The serum collected was analyzed for total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein. The result of the present study revealed that both the aqueous and chloroform extracts of leaves of Solanum spirale Roxb. possess antihyperlipidemic activity.

The purpose of this study was to develop a Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) of Chitosan and Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose (HEC). The drug Diltiazem HCl, used in the treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia. Diltiazem HCl has a short elimination half-life; this will bring down its dosing frequency to once a day and on the same time make a zero order release system. Microspheres were prepared by using controlled release polymers. The formulations were evaluated for pharmacopoeial quality control tests and all the physical parameters evaluated were within the acceptable limits. Formulation B7 was proved to be good drug content, % drug encapsulation efficiency and % drug release up to 12 h as compared to the other formulations. Stability studies were carried out on the optimized formulation B7 for period of 3 months at 400c/75%RH. Finally it was observed that there was no change in physiochemical and physical properties as well as in drug release profile even after storage at 45°C and 75 % RH for three months.

Abstract: Parovaraian cysts are simple cysts arising from the adnexa occurring most commonly in the women of reproductive age group. Rarely can they be of neoplastic origin. Female of 21 years presented with pain in abdomen. On basis of clinical examination, ultrasonography and biochemical tumour markers it was diagnosed as ovarian tumour. At laparotomy it was seen to be parovarian cyst of 12cm x 14cm size. On histopathology it was proved to be a neoplastic parovarian cyst - serous cystadenoma.

The study was carried out to investigate the influence of flexible work practices on employee performance in Public sector in the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, Embu County. Research demonstrates that a critical element of workplace effectiveness is flexibility in work schedules. Flexible work schedules covered in this study include telecommuting, compressed hours, job sharing and flexi-time. Objectives were formulated to determine how job sharing, telecommuting, compressed work week and flexi-time affect the employee performance and the research questions were derived from these objectives. The study was carried out at the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government and a descriptive survey design was adopted. The study targeted all the 50 employees in the Ministry. Data was collected by use of structured questionnaires and interviews; the responses in the questionnaires were tabulated, coded and processed by use of computer Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) that aided data analysis. The study established that the institution did not have flexible work practices policy in place; similarly the study established that respondents did not think that telecommuting and compressed work hours would influence employee performance in the institution. However, despite the fact that the institution did not have a job sharing and flexi-time policy in the organization, job sharing and flexi-time was being used to ‘a large extent’ and it influenced employee performance. The study recommends that, there is need for the institution through its ICT to put in place an ICT framework and infrastructure to support telecommuting arrangements and the institution through its headquarters should put in place a flexi time and job sharing policy.

Acute appendicitis is the commonest cause of acute abdomen that necessitates surgical intervention. Appendiceal mass (AM) can complicate 2%-10% of patients with acute appendicitis. The treatment of AM is controversial.The aim of the present study was to describe the modalities of management of AM at a single teaching hospital; and to establish its prevalence and possible causes.Methods and Subjects: This is a prospective and retrospective descriptive clinical study; implemented at Bahri teaching hospital, during one year. Out of the 274 patients who were diagnosed with acute appendicitis, 94 developed AM (34.3%). Age range was 13 – 65 years. 47% of the patients were under 20 years of age. The male to female ratio was 2.9:1. 56.4% of patients received treatment for their present illness before the diagnosis of AM. The AM was diagnosed clinically in more than 55% of the patients. About ¾ of the patients were treated conservatively, 16% were treated by immediate appendicectomy and 6.4% underwent appendicectomy after failure of the conservative treatment. Only 33% of the patients underwent interval appendicectomy. The incidence of AM in BTH is high compared to the 10% worldwide, possibly due to the late presentation, miss- diagnosis and the inappropriate treatments. Our modes of managing AM are comparable to other international studies. Only 33% of the patients underwent interval appendicectomy, this finding put the interval appendicectomy in question.