Drug addiction also called substance use disorder is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir State is not an exception. The aim of the present study is to know the awareness of drug addiction among people of Pulwama district of Kashmir valley. 400 persons 200 male and 200 female selected at random from different areas of district Pulwama were asked questions regarding the age at which people start to use drug, their drug habits, their reason for drug etc. The results obtained in our study presents a horrifying picture and a threat for the entire society if the menace is not controlled.

According to World Health Organization (WHO) medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organ, contains substance that can be used for therapeutic purpose or which is a precursor for synthesis of useful drugs. The plants that possess therapeutic properties or exert beneficial pharmacological effects on the animal body are generally designated as “Medicinal Plants”. It has now been established that the plants which naturally synthesis and accumulate some secondary metabolites, like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, volatiles oils and contain minerals and vitamins, possess medicinal properties. In this section the results of various investigations carried out were compiled. All the pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluations are performed in order to make an attempt to discuss these results, in order to provide convincing reasons for the studies performed. The TLC studies showed in naked eyes and under different wavelength the presence of some compound like, Flavonoid, Triterpinoids and their significant Rf values

Abstract: Seismic attributes includes physical attribute and geometry attribute, which quantifies specifically the characters of geometry, kinematics, dynamics or statistics in seismic data. Although geometry attributes can be easily accepted and straightly identified by the sense organ of men, the physical attributes derived from abstract process and mathematics are better than geometry attribute in seismic reservoir prediction. Therefore, seismic attribute is mainly referred to physical attribute calculated by mathematical algorithm. Reservoir prediction by seismic attributes is widely used in geophysics. Since 1980s,pattern recognition technique is paid great attention to, and the reservoir prediction techniques ,such as a fuzzy pattern recognition, statistic pattern recognition, neural network pattern recognition and function approach ,have been successively developed .The predicted objects include hydrocarbon, reservoir thickness, lithology and reservoir porosity. In reservoir prediction, the selection of seismic attribute is accomplished by experience of interpreters, whose effect is subject to better geological conditions, simple predicted objects, and higher S/N in original seismic data. However, under the other conditions, the effect of prediction is worse. In fact, there exist complex relations between predicted objects and their seismic attributes. The seismic attributes sensitive to predicted objects are not totally the same in different areas and reservoirs. They are also somewhat different even for same reservoir and same area. The optimization technique of seismic attributes is an effective means for solving the above questions. The optimum methods of seismic attributes mainly include the dimension-reduced projected profile and cluster analysis etc. Its purpose is to optimize the minimum seismic attributes or seismic attribute esgroup, which are the most sensitive (or most effective, most representatives) to studied problem, in order to increase reservoirs prediction precision and to improve the effect of processing and interpretation related to seismic attributes.

Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a major role in global economic growth in terms of their contribution to industrial employment, output and exports. This sector was never taken into account for deliberations and conventional approach to CSR and generally assumed to be the part of large companies. This study explores key corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and their contribution towards business. On the basis of literature review a questionnaire was developed and it divided into two parts, first part dealing with the key CSR dimensions/practices and the second part dealing with the impact of CSR activities on business performance. Thus it will be concluded that among all CSR dimensions SMEs were not giving much importance to employee and social dimensions. Therefore, it will be suggested that focusing on all dimension will lead to huge positive impact on the SMEs in form of increasing reputation and brand awareness, increase in sales and productivity and operational cost.

The aim of this study to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of rubber dam use among Sudanese dentists. Descriptive cross- sectional study among 250 Sudanese dentists (143 general dental practitioner and 57 specialist) working within Khartoum city. Self administered questionnaire including questions about knowledge, attitude and practice of rubber dam use. Years of experience, gender, speciality and place of graduation were compared and analysed by chi-square test with the level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05. The response rate was 80%. Rubber dam as a routine use practiced by only 4.5%, however 31% used it occasionally. Cotton roll and saliva ejector were the methods of isolation for 40.5% of those doing dental operative procedure. Almost majority (69%); said they received training in rubber dam use during undergraduate period. The most barriers against rubber dam usage, was unavailability (45.5%). In spite of the majority of Sudanese dentists received training on rubber dam use during under graduate, few practiced it regularly and the main barrier was unavailability.

Satisfying patients’ high expectations for dental esthetics is one of the challenges in contemporary dental therapy for both clinicians and dental technicians. The prevalence of dental fluorosis appears high in some area. Its severe form results in great psychological distress to the affected individual. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the use of restorative materials used for treatment of different levels of fluorosis for a young patient. Maxillary individual crowns were constructed and cemented for a 30 years old teacher male patient presenting with severe fluorosis along with missing maxillary right canine tooth. The lower teeth were treated with in-office bleaching. These types of treatment by all ceramic crowns and in-office bleaching boosted the self-esteem of the patient with better social interaction especially as a teacher by profession.

This study attempted to carry out an overview of the Yussufiyya Boko Haram sect and its activities in Nigeria. Secondary data obtained mainly from National newspapers and the internets were used in the analysis. It was revealed that the sect emerged mainly as a reaction to western value system which was believed to have polluted our culture. Boko Haram which was once a social communal movement gradually metamorphosed into a vicious sect operating in some states of the north-east of Nigeria. The study also showed that Boko Haram had a dream of establishing a kind of Utopian egalitarian society and to achieve this task, recruited gullible youths to stage a Jihad in an attempt to Islamize, at least the northern part of Nigeria. The sect in recent past has evolved and proliferated to such a frightening point that it could engage the Nigerian military in full-blown confrontation in an attempt to pursue its ruthless expansionist ambition. This ambition has however, been significantly checked as the sect has been technically defeated and restricted to the sambisa forest. It is recommended among others that government should continue to use the carrot and stick approach in handling the insurgency while making attempts to have an understanding of the sect‟s ideology as this will assist in the deradicalisation process.

In spite of the conscious effort by the Babangida administration to combat unemployment by establishing NDE in 1986, unemployment has been on the increase. This study, therefore, attempted to examine NDE and its mandate in the country. Official documents were employed in data collection. The study revealed, among others, that NDE as a programme aimed at combating unemployment has recorded a mixed bag of some successes and continuing challenges. It was, therefore, recommended that the Directorate should be re-examined and possibly overhauled to enhance its performance. It should also be properly funded.

This work presents the fundamentals and application of transient model-based leak detection and localization technique for crude oil pipelines. The dynamic parameters involved in this model such as pressure, flow and temperature were acquired by SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. The characteristic changes in the flowmechanics and thermodynamics along a given length of pipeline were used in detecting, localizing and determining the flow rate of the leak. Measurement of pressure, temperature and flow data at both the inlet and outlet of the pipeline were used in formulating the equations obtained from the inconsistency in the continuity and law of conservation of momentum equations. This model located a leak incident in a horizontal pipeline of length 2000m and diameter 0.3556m carrying Nigeria bonny light crude oil from the Nigeria Petroleum Development Company Limited, Olomoro flowstation into UPS (Ughelli Pump Station) truck line. But the leak located by the model at 1088.12m from the inlet is 11.88m behind the actual leak position of 1100m as discovered during the pipeline leak remedial works.

Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity play a crucial role in mediating ill-health, and are commonly seen in postmenopausal women. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility that a person’s risk of developing hypertension, diabetes or obesity can be influenced by their ABO blood type, Rhesus factor or both, among postmenopausal females. This cross-sectional study covered randomly selected 201 postmenopausal women, mean age 53.5±6.6 (±SD) years, from Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Blood glucose, blood pressure and body mass index measurements and ABO/Rhesus blood groups of all the participants were determined and correlated for each other. Analysis of the data revealed that in the ABO/rhesus blood system, the prevalence of hypertension , diabetes mellitus and obesity was 43.3%, 38.8% and 13.9%, which 14.4% versus 13.2%, 13.9% versus 13.2%, and 5.0% versus 4.0% are associated with O versus B rhesus positive blood groups respectively and are invariably higher than other blood groups. Data analysis further revealed a complex and positive association thus: hypertension comorbidly occurred with diabetes (21.5%), overweight (20.9%), normoglyceamic (18.9%), normal body weight (13.0%), obesity (9.4%) and prediabetes (2.9%) respectively. Additionally, diabetes combined with overweight (20.4%), prehypertension (12.6%), obesity (9.4%), normal body weight (9.0%) and normotension (4.7%). More so, obesity coexisted with prediabetes (4.5%) and/or prehypertension (4.5%). Correlation analysis revealed that the incidence and prevalence of hypertension, diabetes or obesity risk for blood group O subjects are in the order of the ratio 1:1 compared with subjects having B blood group.

Seaweed known was macroalgae are among the most important primary producers and act as ecological engineers on rocky coasts of the world’s oceans. They are primary producers, shelter, nursery grounds and food source for marine organisms. Seaweed are not only of high ecological, but also of great economic importance. The present study deals with the distribution of seaweed, during the sea shore survey conducted in the Manapad coastal region of Tuticorin district, Tamilnadu. During the study period, a total of 20 species of seaweed were recorded. Among them Sargassum sp., Padina sp., Gracilaria sp., Gelidium sp., Hypnea sp., and Amphiroa sp., were present throughout the study period.

Illegal logging of rosewood has become an environmental concern in the Northern Region of Ghana. Some affected districts in the region include; West Gonja, Central Gonja, East Gonja and Kpandai Districts. This study was conducted on illegal logging of Rosewood in Northern Ghana using Kabonwule in the Kpandai district as a case study because of the varied domestic uses of rosewood and the implications of its depletion. The study design adopted was a combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches while the research methodology was case study and descriptive survey. The sample frame was 350 with a sample size of 70. Data was collected using interview guides, analyzed and presented in tables using Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS) version 16. Results of the study indicated that illegal logging of Rosewood was a major environmental problem in the study area. Estimates by affected farmers indicated large scale destruction of farm lands by illegal logging of rosewood. High demand for Rosewood and corruption were concluded as the main causes of the illegal logging activity. Government should review existing laws to ensure that punishments for illegal logging activities are severe enough to discourage perpetrators.

Aims the study was to reveal the morphological changes of cells of human palatine tonsils (PT), atypical cells and trichomonas in PT of patients in diverse diseases. Cytological material of PT of 1300 patients (male, female, aged 13 - 85) has been examined. Specimens of PT's cells were obtained by scraping from PT and placed as smears onto microscopic slides, stained by Giemsa and observed by a light microscopy (patent No. 2 293 298 C2, Russian Federation, 2007). 280 patients had malignant solid tumours of different localization, 19 patients had leukemia, 30 were practically healthy, the rest had different infections and inflammation diseases. Trichomonas were revealed from PT of male patients with iron deficiency anemia (1), remote melanoma (2), leukemia (3), lung cancer (2), trichomonas vaginalis (1) and practically healthy men (30). These patients did not suspect they were infected by trichomonas. No any trichomonas were obtained from health patients. These data support the idea that the test should be made in the following cases: (1) Patients in trichomoniasis and in other sexual infections. (2) Patients in neoplasm. (3) Patients in anemia. (4) Patients in pulmonary diseases. (5) Patients-perverted. The test can help to diagnosis and adequate treatment of trichomoniasis and other diseases.

The aim of the study was to observe and analyze the prescribing pattern of anti diabetic drugs in medicine ward. This study was a descriptive cross sectional study/ prospective observation study. The study was conducted at Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital (RMMCH), Annamalai University, Chidambaram, a 1250 bedded multi specialty tertiary care University teaching hospital located in rural India. Analyze the prescription as per the WHO Prescribing Indicators. The following are the parameters: Prescribing indicator, Patient care indicator and Facility indicator. A prescribing practices measure the performance of health care providers in several key dimensions related to the appropriate use of drugs. The indicators are based on the practices observed in a sample of clinical encounters taking place at outpatient health facilities for the treatment of acute or chronic illness. A total of 1232 drug products were prescribed. Thus, the average number of drugs per prescription or mean was 4.83. The total number of drugs prescribed by generic name was 40.01% (493 drugs), 32.46% drugs prescribed with diabetic medication and 67.54% of drugs prescribed with the management of co morbidity diseases conditions, 17.04% of prescription containing injections that include insulin, antibiotics, GIT and some vitamins. Almost all drugs (58.76%) prescribed from Tamilnadu EDL, as well as RMMCH drug list. Drugs prescribed from an Essential Drug List (EDL) were 74.30%. Since Insulin can be administered only by subcutaneous route, % of injections (17.04%) comprise only of insulin injection. Among the 255 patients the average consultation time with prescribe was 8.40 minute and the average dispensing time in medical store was 7.2 minute. About 30.58% patients have good knowledge about the correct dosage of each tablet. Present study shows that the majority of diabetes patients were in the age group of 40 -60 years. Resulting in the development of diabetic related complications in most productive years of life, as compared to western studies were mean age is around 60 years, Prescription pattern analysis showed that most of the patients were on combination therapy 51.37% and followed by monotherapy 48.62%, Commonest drugs used in monotherapy were sulfonylureas, Insulin and metformin. The commonest two drug combinations were sulfonylureas with metfomin. There are no overall changes in prescription pattern by the physicians during the three year study period

Abstract: The long time of exploitation of water injection in Daqing oilfield is now in the high water cut stage, the oil water distribution in the reservoir becomes more and more complex, and its motion law is more and more difficult to predict. The reservoir dynamic analysis and numerical simulation method to study the remaining oil, to maximize the use of existing test and production data, study the high water cut period within the reservoir remaining oil distribution, realize the rule of oil-water movement and accurate pre measured remaining oil distribution characteristics. The results show that there are 5 kinds of distribution types of remaining oil in the study area: 1)The remaining oil of good sand edge scattered; 2)The main good sand sand edge continuous distribution difference of regional distribution difference of reservoir sand body in;3)The difference in sand layer due to the shielding layer form a contiguous distribution of remaining oil;4)The difference of sand sand alone due to imperfect injection production of remaining oil distribution in the contiguous;5)The difference of reservoir sand body alone too imperfect injection production formation of scattered remaining oil. The remaining oil from the vertical upward research area is the following 5 types of distribution:1)Remaining oil in the low permeability layer of the section;2)Remaining oil in the low permeability layer of the high permeability layer in the section;3)Remaining oil in thick layer sand body;4)Sand pinch out area of the remaining oil in the section;5)The remaining oil sand perforation is not perfect.