1, 3-Thiazine based compounds continue to yield promising antimycobacterial, antibacterial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, and antioxidant agents. The success of these compounds has been based on simple and cost effective synthetic routes and the presence of N-C-S linkage in its scaffold. A number of studies have been reported in the recent years to investigate different biological activities of 1, 3-thiazines. There are different classes of 1, 3-thiazines in the literature which can be divided in to natural and synthetic 1, 3-thiazines. There are several structural classes of synthetic 1, 3-thiazines such as 1, 3-thiazines as dihydro-1, 3-thiazine derivatives, 1, 3-thiazine spiro-derivatives and thioethers; 1, 3-thiazines with heterocyclic rings such as pyrimidine, pyrazole, thiazolidin-4-one and 1, 3, 5-triazine moiety; 1, 3-thiazine-2-amine, amide and hydrazides; 1, 3-thiazines with Schiff’s bases. Herein natural and synthetic 1, 3-thiazine possessing molecules and their therapeutic actions are discussed

Complexes of Schiff base were synthesized by direct condensation of acetaldehyde with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of FeCl3.6H2O and CuSO4.5H2O. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, infrared as well as electronic spectra study. The complexes are of 1:2 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry and are non-electrolytes in solution. On the basis of these spectra data, the general formulas: Cu(ADTSC)2SO4H2O and Fe(ADTSC)2Cl2.3H2O and an octahedral geometry was proposed for the complexes. The ligand and its complexes were screened for their antibacterial activities against Salmonella typhi, Shigella sp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera. The results of these studies showed that the metal complexes displayed more antibacterial activities against most of the species as compared to the uncomplexed ligand. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the compounds were also determined by two fold serial dilution method, the results showed an MIC value in the range of 500-250 µg/ml for the free ligand and 250-62.50 µg/ml range for the complexes. Results obtained from the toxicity effects of administration of the ligand and metal complexes at the doses of 25 and 50mg/kg body weight daily for 5 days showed that both doses of acetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone significantly increased (P<0.05) the levels of AST, ALT and ALP when compared to the control group, 50mg/kg body weight of acetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone copper(II) complex equally increased significantly(P< 0.05) the level of ALT based on comparison with the control group. The toxicities of other compounds were considerably non-significant (P≥ 0.05).

Implant supported Over dentures are prescribed in order to enhance retention, support and stability. Over denture is the treatment of choice when lip or facial support is required. Implant supported over dentures have been found to be very useful prosthodontic treatment modality. A number of case reports suggest the use of customized implant abutments in order to enhance esthetics as well as to rehabilitate excessively angulated implant fixtures. Several studies have indicated the use of stress breaking as well as soft relining material which would have a protective effect on perimplant tissue. This article will throw a light on the use of customized implant abutments as well as soft relining material in an maxillary implant supported over denture.

This study investigates the job burnout components impact on manufacturing workers job commitment since burnout known as a syndrome that influences employees’ motivation and their commitment level. As well, each organization also aims to increase the company profit and productivity by reducing the level of strain among their workers which may reduce the performance and commitment level. The present study also aim to investigate if there is any significant relationship between emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and depersonalization towards job commitment among the manufacturing workers in Melaka. There have been limited study done in manufacturing sector and this study focused on manufacturing sector, in order to minimize the negative effect on employee productivity and their commitment level. The Maslach Burnout Instrument-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) and Employee Commitment Survey (ECS) were used in this study. This study examines the direct relationship between emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment on job commitment. A quantitative approach with descriptive analysis method and multi-stage sampling method were used in this study. Where, cluster method was conducted followed by stratified and simple random sampling method. A total of 780 questionnaires were distributed to the manufacturing workers in Melaka who had agreed to participate in this study. However, out of it only 518 questionnaires were returned and about 383 questionnaires were usable for further analysis. Results showed that emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were significantly negatively associates with job commitment while personal accomplishment was significantly positively associates with job commitment.

This case describes the management of a 12 year-old boy with mild hemophilia A, who was referred to Department of Pediatric Dentistry for orthodontic extractions. This case was treated under Desmopressin and tranexamic acid cover with caution related to local anesthesia administration technique which highlighted the importance of close and detailed liaison with the hematology team to formulate a comprehensive treatment plan.

The Government of India has made primary health centres institutions to provide primary health services for rural and tribal sectors. But shortcomings in the delivery of health care services has resulted in lesser utilization rates. Patients perception about quality of care often determines whether they seek and continue to use services. The aim of this study was to determine the common motivators for the OPD attendees to come to the RHTC for health services and to record the perception regarding the quality of health care received from the OPDs of the RHTC. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Rural Health Training Centre(RHTC) of the Department of Community Medicine, J. N. Medical College , A.M.U., Aligarh. The patients attending the OPDs of RHTC, above the age of 21 years were selected for the study. The study period was of 2 months: August-September, 2013. A total of 200 patients were selected for the study. Data was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Informed consent was taken from the study subjects. The data was analysed by using SPSS software. Most of the patients came to RHTC because of free drugs supply(94%) and because the centre was near their house(88%).75% of patients had faith in doctors and staff of RHTC and 73% believed that health information provided was satisfactory. More than half of patients came directly to RHTC. One -fourth of the patients under study went for village level practitioners before attending the OPDs of RHTC. Few went for some other institution and very few believed in home remedy only. 60% were happy with the treatment received at OPD, 30% were partially happy and 10% were indifferent. One of the measures of the quality of health care is by assessing client satisfaction. There is a need for interventions in terms of time spent at the facility, which would promote good customer-focussed service delivery. As we are providing facilities for preventive and curative health care delivered at the doorstep of the people, it is important to ascertain the level of utilization and reasons for non-utilization

Complete cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is essential for success of endodontic treatment. Accurate measurement of working length and 3D obturation till the apical constriction is necessary for ensuring fluid tight seal. One of the disadvantages of overextended root canal obturations is post-operative pain. The treatment options in such cases are endodontic surgery to remove the extruded filling material or Intentional Replantation. This case report discusses the advantages of Intentional Replantation and the procedure involved in endodontic retreatment of a mandibular molar with this technique.

Colostomy is a common procedure in children and may be attended by many complications. The aim of this study was to review the complications of colostomy formation in a consecutive series of infants and children with a disorder necessitate formation of colostomy. A prospective study of complication associated with the formation of colostomy in children between May 2011 and April 2013, at the Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. There were 88 children, their mean age was 9.96 months (Range: 1 day to 7.8 years). The male to female ratio was 3.6:1. The indications for colostomy were Hirschsprung's disease in 46 (52.3%), anorectal malformation in 37 (42%) and severe perineal trauma in 1 (1.1%). Complications after colostomy formation were encountered in 28 (31.8%) patients and the commonest complication was stenosis 10 (11.4%), followed by skin excoriation 4 (4.5%) and obstruction 4 (4.5%). A significant number of colostomies in children is constructed largely due to Hirschsprung's disease. In spite the improvement in surgical practice in our environment, the incidence of complication following colostomy in pediatric still high.

Combination syndrome when an edentulous maxilla is opposed by natural mandibular anterior teeth. The present article aims at recording the signs of combination syndrome in study population. This study was conducted in department of Prosthodontics in 2016. It included 160 patients having edentulous maxilla wearing maxillary denture and partially edentulous mandible wearing mandibular removable partial denture (Kennedy class I). They were assessed for various signs. 160 (30%) patients were found positive for combination syndrome out of 480 examined cases. Out of 160 patients, males were 75 and females were 85. Maximum cases were recorded for lack of maxillary denture adaptation (male- 13, female- 15). The need for replacement for maxillary denture was seen equally in 11 cases in males and females. Lack of mandibular denture adaptation was seen in males (9) and females (9). Growth of the tuberoisities was seen in 8 males and 10 females. Need for replacement for mandibular denture was seen in 10 males and 5 females. The difference was significant (0.02). Papillary hyperplasia was significantly higher in females (14) than males (7). Hypermobility of the anterior part of the maxilla was seen significantly higher in females (12) than males (6). 6 males and 2 females showed extrusion of lower anterior teeth. The difference was significant. Author concluded that the prevalence rate of combination syndrome was 30% with slight female predominance.

“Drug – induced” or “medication- related” forms of enteropathy are known to result in alterations in small intestinal architecture and function causing “sprue- like” mucosal changes, diarrhoea and malabsorption. Many drugs are proved to induce these changes and these include chemotherapeutic agents like colchicine, vincristine, and immunosuppresants like methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil [1]. Several cases of villous atrophy following use of immunosuppresants are reported. But, literature search revealed only two cases of intestinal villous atrophy secondary to methotrexate [2]. We present this third case of sprue- like syndrome secondary to methotrexate treatment in a psoriatic patient

Dens invaginatus is a tooth malformation resulting from an infolding of the dental papilla at the time of tooth development. The deep infolding of enamel and dentin are seen in the affected tooth. Maxillary lateral incisors are commonly affected tooth and bilateral occurrence is rare. It shows a broad spectrum of morphologic variations and it usually results in pulpal necrosis. Root canal therapy may undergo severe problems due to its complex anatomy of teeth. This review addresses the etiology, clinical and radiographic features of taurodontism, its association with various anomalies, as well as important considerations in various areas of expertise dental treatments of such teeth.

Abstract: This article examined the social problem of the proliferation of Churches and moral decadence in Nigeria with a focus on Pentecostal ministries, from the humanistic point of view. The study engaged majorly secondary data in an attempt to study this phenomenon. It presented both the positive and negative impacts of Pentecostalism in Nigeria. It also indicated several manifestations of moral decadence in spite of Church growth and its causal factors. The study equally looked at the socio-economic and religious implications of Church proliferation with moral decadence. The study ends with concluding remarks and also proffers the way forward.

Current management of fracture healing does not involve ultrasound therapy. We describe a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials of low intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy for bone healing and its clinical efficacy in maxillofacial surgeries. We searched 3 electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Randomised Clinical Trials) and selected studies done in the area of ultrasound therapy and fracture healing and evaluated separately. Therapeutic effects of ultrasound therapy have been studied in the past few decades and various clinical studies have been published, showing its beneficial results on bone healing and its mechanism of action. Ultrasound treatment is an innovative, noninvasive modality to enhance bone healing, with minimal side effects. It may be considered as an adjunct treatment of choice, in management of fractures, reconstructive surgeries and healing of bony pathologies. Further clinical trials are advised, to access its mechanism of action and application in surgeries of maxillofacial region.

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease affecting humans of all ages in all parts of the world. The primary site of infection commonly involves lungs, although it can affect any part of the body, including oral cavity. Although oral manifestations of tuberculosis are very rare, the disease can present itself in a variety of clinical appearances which may mimic malignancy clinically. Thus the oral physician plays a pivotal role in the identification and control of this condition by early recognition of lesions that may precede the detection of pulmonary form. Tuberculous involvement of oral cavity is a very rare finding even in areas and countries where Tuberculosis is endemic. We present one such case of 36 year old female who presented with non-healing ulcer in the right lateral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth. This paper deals with the case of tuberculosis diagnosed on the basis of oral manifestations, there by emphasizing the importance of the oral physician in diagnosis of multisystem disorder.

Background: Flexible dentures offer potential advantages over conventional acrylic dentures, particularly in terms of comfort, aesthetics and patient satisfaction. This study aimed to compare the clinical performance, patient-reported outcomes and longevity of flexible and conventional acrylic dentures. Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and beau-dent, Dhaka, Bangladesh, over one year from July 2015 to June 2016. A total of 60 participants were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (flexible dentures, n=30) and Group B (conventional acrylic dentures, n=30). Various clinical parameters such as retention, stability, soft tissue irritation and chewing efficiency were assessed. Results: Group A showed significantly better outcomes in comfort (VAS: 9.0 ± 1.1 vs. 7.5 ± 1.6, p = 0.001), aesthetic satisfaction (93.3% vs. 76.7%, p = 0.015) and ease of use (86.7% vs. 70.0%, p = 0.032). Additionally, soft tissue irritation was significantly lower in Group A (10.0% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.042) and chewing efficiency was higher (VAS: 8.5 ± 1.2 vs. 7.8 ± 1.4, p = 0.047). Group A had fewer fractures/repairs (6.7% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.038), though staining incidence was similar between both groups. Conclusion: Flexible dentures provide superior comfort, aesthetics and reduced soft tissue irritation compared to conventional acrylic dentures. These advantages make them a preferred choice for patients with high aesthetic and comfort demands, while both denture types showed similar retention and stability.