Phytochemical study of medicinal plants is essential to determine the presence of active constituents in them. Alkaloids, the largest class, are the most important from medicinal point of view. Alkaloids are low molecular weight nitrogen containing compounds and are typically alkaline. Approximately more than 2000 alkaloids have been isolated so far. They are found in those plant parts where there is great vitality and growth. The medicinal use and their biological source along with family has been discussed in their review.

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy has been associated with healthy outcomes for both mother and child. This study investigated the factors influencing the nutritional practices of pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at a State Hospital in Ogun State, Nigeria. Study employed a descriptive, non-experimental research design. A non-probability convenience sampling method was used to select 210 pregnant women and questionnaires were administered after obtaining ethical approval and written consent. Data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS 22.0. version). Inferential statistics of chi-square was used to test the hypothesis at a significant level of 0.05. Findings revealed that the nutritional practice of participants is inadequate. Although more than half of the participants (52.9%) claimed they eat whenever they felt like, only 29.8% respondents eat variety of food in moderation whereas 43.4% respondents eat fruits and vegetable daily. 82.2% respondents confirmed that they forbid the intake of certain food item when pregnant. Factors that hindered women from maintaining adequate nutritional practices in pregnancy includes low socio-economic status (42.4%), inadequate knowledge about the food item (20.4%), ignorance (13.1%), lack of husband support (12.6%) and forgetfulness (11.5%). Provision of health information was identified as a key measure for improving nutritional practices of women during pregnancy. Nutrition education and counselling given during each antenatal visit should be intensified. Special programs which elicit husband support should be organized in order to increase men’s knowledge of adequate nutrition intake in pregnancy and also enhance supportive care which would positively affect women’s nutritional practice.

Determination of antibody titre of dogs vaccinated against canine distemper in Jos North and South local Government Areas of Plateau State was carried out by collection of sera of vaccinated dogs and administration of wellstructured questionnaires to dog owners. The samples collected were analyzed using the immune-blot ELISA Kit to determining the antibody titre (immunoglobulin G). It indicated that dogs vaccinated against the disease mounted adequate protective immunity. The result revealed that 54 (90.0%) of the sampled dogs have protective immunity, with those given more than one dose having higher level of protective antibody. Statistically, the result showed that the antibody titre did not differ significantly in relation to immunity and sex, breed, age and location but significant difference was seen in relation to number of primary vaccination. The result also revealed that those dogs that received booster doses (secondary vaccination) had more protective antibody. The study was aimed at evaluating the antibody titre of dogs vaccinated against canine distemper in Jos, Plateau State.

This study investigated the prevalence of Canine Distemper (CD) Antigen in dogs in three major clinics in Northern part of Plateau State. A total of 150 blood samples were and sera were used to test for CD Antigen using Rapid CDV Ag Test Kit which is a chromatographic immunoassay for qualitative detection of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) antigen. Associations between factors were analyzed using Chi square at 95% confidence interval. A prevalence of 45.33% was recorded. There was significant difference in relation to age, breed and vaccination status (P<0.05) but no significant difference in relation to sex and location. The result of the study established the presence of CDV infection in the study area incriminating age and breed as the risk factors. Therefore, there is need for establishment of adequate control measures especially through vaccinations and sero-monitoring of the vaccinated animals in the area using rapid CDV test kits.

Competitive business environment organizations are facing today has prompted them to develop business strategies geared to improve performance in order to sustain competitive advantage. However choice of strategy alone cannot guarantee performance without considering the role of macro environment in that relationship. The study therefore sought to establish the moderating effect of macro environment factors on relationship between combined strategy choices and performance. Over and above the direct effect that moderating factors (macro environment factors) may have on company performance their moderating effects on the relationship between strategic choice and performance were tested. Overall, it can be concluded that the four components of company’s macro environment manifest and affect strategy-performance relationship in varying degrees. The findings imply that companies are environment dependent and to manage this company-environment interface, an appropriate strategy choice is necessary. The study also presents a clear link between environment-strategy-performance such that managers of such companies should consider in enhancing company survival and growth.

The study investigated effects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on performance of organizations by focusing on its four fundamental components: economic, social, political and philanthropic. Using 8 sugar manufacturing firms, the study findings indicated that corporate social responsibility to have a predictive power and it could explain variations in firm performance. Ability to explain variations in company performance was realized through sales volume by 18% (R2 = 0.180), capacity utilization by 16% (R2 = 0.160) while profitability after tax by 20.3% (R2 = 0.203). Findings of CSR performance results show that though CSR activities have been viewed to contradict companies‟ ultimate mandate of profit making and sidetracking organization core activities, statistical results from this study shows positive performance outcomes especially profitability. This may be attributed to positive company image and brand as a result of CSR activities.

Nutritional and industrial processes have increased the demand of oils and this in turn has led to the search for oils from different types of seeds for possible development and use. It is in this vein that the Tetracarpidium conophorumfruit nuts were extracted with n-hexane (soxhlet extraction at 650C). The proximate composition,antinutrient and mineral content of freshly harvested Tetracarpidium conophorum(African walnut)seed from 4 weeks after anthesis (WAA) to fruit maturation were assessed in this study. Data obtained for the proximate composition at matured stage of fruits developmentrevealed significant high amount of fat(43.4±0.82) %; moisture(36.7±1.39) %; crude protein(30.1±1.38) %; carbohydrate (16.91±1.07) %;low crude fibre (2.59±0.64) %, and ash content(7.3±0.07) %[which contained higher amount ofminerals such as of Fe (130.81 ± 3.8) ppm, Mn (40.11 ± 1.00) ppm, Ni (2.92 ± 0.81) ppm, and Cu (12.01 ± 0.71) ppm, decrease inCa (1.082 ± 0.08) %, Cr and Cd were not detected throughout the period] at 20 WAA compare to immature stages of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 WAA. The level of antinutrientfactors are oxalate (0.46±0.05) mg/100g; Phytate (29.2±0.44) mg/100g and cyanogenic glycosides (0.17±0.07) recorded lower content, except tannins (90.5 ±3.93) mg/100gwhich recorded significant (p < 0.05) higher content at 20 WAA when compared with immaturestages in 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 WAA. This study revealed the nutritional profile of the fruitnut as good sources of plant protein, carbohydrate and fat, with reduction in the level of some anti-nutrients in matured fruits which are potentials that could be exploited by food and pharmaceutical industries.

In a preliminary research, the authors reported that solvents extracts of Alstonia boonei (Egbu) possess strong antimalarial activity against NK-65 Chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected mice with aqueous extract having the highest decrease in mean percentage parasitaemia. This research is therefore aimed at evaluating the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of solvents extracts of the plant on kidney. The (LD50, oral) was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, oral doses of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extracts were administered and mice observed for sign of toxicity and death. In the second phase, 1600, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of the extracts were administered and signs accompanying toxicity and possible death of animals were also monitored. Sub-chronic toxicity studies were carried out to assess the effect of the solvents extracts on kidney function indices after 28 days of oral administration of the extracts at 150, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The (LD50, oral) of all extracts was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg which is practically non- toxic according to standard scale of toxicity. The result of sub-chronic toxicity study showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in mean levels of creatinine, urea and serum electrolytes in all extracts administered groups in a dose dependent pattern compared to normal control. However, histopathological analysis of the kidney tissues shows no pathological changes between test groups and normal control. Thus, solvents extracts of Alstonia boonei modifies biochemical parameters (Crea, Urea and Electrolytes) but within the context of duration of this research, no significant pathology was observed in kidney tissues. Alstonia boonei stem bark should be used with caution

The antioxidant properties of oil and fruit extracts of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) from four weeks after anthesis(WAA) to fruit maturation were assessed in this study. The oils from the fruits were extracted with chloroform-methanol 1:2 (v/v), and the methanol extracts of the fruit seeds were also prepared using standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the fruits and oil extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Results from the study indicated that DPPH and H2O2 scavenging capacity as well as percentage inhibition of MDA were significantly (P˂0.05) higher inoil 20 WAA (48.34±0.12%,46.9±1.03%,53.5±0.46%)and whole fruit extracts at 20 WAA (31.84±0.33%, 19.0±1.12%, 51.7±0.26%) respectively,but with significant (P˂0.05) lesser percentage of inhibition at 4-12WAA in both the oil and the whole extracts. The hepatoprotective effects of the extracts were examined in vivo in male wistar rats challenged with sodium arsenate. Results showed that the rats fed with the oil and whole fruit extracts had significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation, increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities especially at 16-20 WAA relative to control values. African walnutextracts treated rats also showed similar decrease in serum AST (122.7±2.58U/L), ALT (59.1±2.49U/L), ALP (20.4±0.15U/L) and GGT (229.0±0.36U/L) levels at 20 WAA when compared to 4 WAA extracts treated rats, AST (129.3±0.64U/L), ALT (72.3±2.59U/L), ALP (34.4±0.08U/L) and GGT (299.7±1.27U/L). The results suggest that the various fruit extracts possess varied degrees of potent antioxidant activity both in vitro andin vivo and may serve as important sources of antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

This work discussed expression of the energy and millennium relativity of energy in Einstein generalized special relativity and pression of direct modification of Newton kinetic energy by using Taylor series he four vectors energy momentum of total energy formula is derived through energy relation and Lorontz transformation.

This study aimed to highlight on the influence of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the cardiovascular system in humans and experimental animals, from the recent articles regarding the cardiovascular effects of exposure to EMFs. EMFs might produce a variety of adverse in vivo effects such as heart problems, chest pain, and cardiovascular system disorders. Previous studies showed that an association between elevated magnetic field exposure and mortality of employer in electric utility industry jobs from arrhythmia-related causes and acute myocardial infarction influence heart rate variability by changing autonomic balance. EMF exposure can affect structure and function of cardiovascular system and may facilitate myocardial infarction by nuclear changing of cardiomyocytes. Exposure to EMFs induced pain or pressure in the chest area, heart palpitations, and/or an irregular heart beat. The symptoms resemble a heart attack and thus contribute to even more anxiety. Also, exposure to EMFs caused highly significant increases in the activeties of serum creatinine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate amino-transferase enzymes, and decreases in plasma calcium level and total anti-oxidant capacity. Rats exposed to EMF showed increases in blood pressure, the absolute and relative whole heart and left ventricular weights. On the other hand, the heart rate was significantly reduced in rats exposed to EMF.

Tasting salt or Monosodium Glutamate was invented by the Japanese over a century ago. The flavour profile known as Umami, or the fifth taste, after the four tastes of sweet, salty, sour and bitter, was discovered whilst working with sea weed. Umami is a meaty taste that is naturally present in cheese and ripe tomatoes. For more than a 100 years, the flavour of Umami has been artificially manufactured in factories all over the world, starting in Japan. The flavour profile presented by tasting salt offers both packaged and non-packaged food producers with an affordable and openly accessible alternative to flavouring their foods. Home cooks are also offered the product as they are able to openly purchase the salt off the shelf. Hence, a lack of regulation. Presently, tasting salt is present in thousands of food items all over the world, and its use is only increasing. Restaurants use the salt in their dishes as an inexpensive alternative to building complex flavour profiles using meat stock. At the same time, health concerns about the product‟s wide spread use have also been made apparent over the last two decades. Despite the legal system of almost all countries in the world not having put any restriction on tasting salt, the use of the product has been shown to lead to serious health concerns for humans. Hence, the need for ethical business practice to promote public health by going above and beyond legal compliance.

Abstract: Malaria is a major public health problem. In India, Malaria is the disease is responsible for very high morbidity and mortality. The Government has got the larger responsibility in controlling the Malaria; with the community involvement is necessary, so that the urban slum adults need Health education programme to reduce the incidence of Malaria and for the prevention of Malaria. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of STP on prevention of Malaria. A quasi experimental single group pretest posttest research design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on Malaria prevention at selected urban slum area of Gwalior city. The study was conducted on 50 adults selected by purposive sampling techniques. Tool was developed validity and reliability was calculated, after conducting pretest PTP was introduced and then posttest was done. The findings of the study shows that mean posttest knowledge score (19.54) of the subjects was higher than the mean pretest knowledge score (11.72), hence PTP on malaria prevention for adult was effective. After the detailed analysis of this study shows that PTP for Malaria prevention was very effective and could also are used for other setting and for other community setting.

The significance of effective leadership and management for the successful operation of schools and colleges has been increasingly acknowledged in the 21st century. The trend towards self-management in the United Kingdom and in many other parts of the world has led to an enhanced appreciation of the importance of managerial competence for educational leaders. Today, leadership is seen as central and essential to delivering the changes, improvement and performance that community increasingly expects of all organizations including schools. The changing manner of school management has undoubtedly created reforms in the field of education with change expressed in the evolution from exterior supervision of school work to the empowerment of school’s staff, principal’s and teacher’s roles. This study was initiated to look into the leadership style among school principals in governing school systems in Peninsular Malaysia. Secondary data consisting of various leadership styles used in administering teachers, transformational and transactional leadership and the correlation between leadership styles and organizational variables, relationship between value systems and school principal’s principles were performed. Numerous researches have highlighted the fact that leadership behavior is a predictor of its efficacy and leads to the examination of leadership evolution. In this study, leaders with a high moral value system tend to lean towards a transformational leadership style in governing school systems in Peninsular Malaysia and acknowledges a positive correlation between leadership styles and value systems in school administration.

Chronic Periodontitis is considered to be common dental disease with high tooth mortality as well as morbidity. Reports from different places around the world showed a prevalence of severe periodontitis in around 8-10% of the Population; Sweden 8%, England 7%, The Netherland 10%, Italy 9.6 % and Srilanka 8 %. The aim of the survey was to estimate the prevalence of chronic periodontitis among Saudi nationals in Aljouf Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 310 subjects were selected by stratified cluster sampling technique. They were examined in preselected areas of Aljouf region by using community periodontal index of treatment need. The impact of known risk factors for periodontal disease, e.g., oral hygiene habits, age and smoking. 53% of the subjects and 15.8% of the sextants. Shallow pockets were observed in 39.4% of the subjects and 38.4% of the sextants. Calculus was found to be present in 9.8% of the subjects and 48.8 % of the sextants. Calculus was maximum (53%) in group I (30-40 years) and minimum (21%) in Group IV (60 years and above). Periodontal disease was found to be highly prevalent in the study population (90%) and the periodontal treatment needs increased with advancing age. Nationwide surveys are recommended to assess the periodontal disease which helps in planning prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.