Sudanese values of HbA1c was found to be 3.8% ± 1.17 in males and 3.4% ± 1.17 in females and the diagnostic level of HbA1c was 6.5% according to WHO. The objective of this study was to measure the level of HbA1c in newly diagnosed diabetic Sudanese patients and to compare the results with the normal Sudanese values. This was a hospital based cross sectional pilot study conducted during 2017 in Omdurman teaching hospital, Khartoum state on Sudanese patients attending emergency department with age above 18 years and newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Twenty patients were assessed by questionnaires covering age, family history of DM, physical activity and diet. The BMI was calculated from the weight and height and the blood pressure was measured and 5 ml of venous blood was taken to measure a test of HbA1cusing Nycocard© machine after overnight fasting. The mean of HbA1c in newly discovered males was 11.88%±0.43and in females was 13.26%±0.66%.Female gander was found to be positive relationship to HbA1C but statistically not significant with a p value (0.086). HbA1c level in newly diagnosed diabetic Sudanese patients was found to be very high compared to the normal Sudanese values of HbA1c (3.8% ± 1.17 in males and 3.4% ± 1.17 in females) and to the diagnostic value of HbAIc (6.5%) which might indicate that DM diagnosis was late.

In aquatic ecosystems, metal concentrations are monitored by measuring the levels in fish, water and sediments. Contribution of heavy metals in the water bodies include industrial effluents, fossil fuels burning, agricultural runoffs, geological weathering domestic waste and human and animal excretions. Water, sediment and fish samples from the river were used to assess the levels of heavy metals concentration in the river. The objective of this study was to measure the concentration of levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in samples of water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River. Heavy metal concentration and selected physicochemical parameters (Electrical conductivity, Temperature, TDS and pH) of the water samples were determined. Levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River were determined using VARIAN AA 240FS-Atomic Absorption Spectrometer in an acetylene- air flame. In the fish (Oreochromis niloticus) samples, the highest concentrations of 50.46 mg/kg, 34.18 mg/kg, and 15.60 mg/kg were recorded for the metal Fe in the fish gills, bones and muscles respectively whereas the lowest concentration of < 0.08 mg/kg was recorded for the metal Cd in the gills, bones and muscle.

The widespread use of E-commerce in the world is a new revolution in international trade. But it is regarded as a double-edged sword for the international trade. Some figure that E-commerce has a positive impetus for the development of international trade. The rest holds the view that E-commerce has worsened the trade conditions, especially, in the developing countries, like the massive tax loss. However, there are a few empirical studies on the dynamic relationship between E-commerce and international trade in the developing countries. China as a biggest developing country in the world, therefore, this paper uses the datum from 2000 to 2016 to explore the dynamic relationship between E-commerce and international trade in China via the method of combining theoretical model and empirical analysis. Preforming an empirical analysis under vector error correction model, the empirical analysis results indicate that the long-run relationship between E-commerce and international trade exists in China. More specifically, E-commerce has a positive effect on international trade.

A total of seventy five (75) marine fishes comprising eight (8) species were collected from local wholesale markets at Kaneshie and Abeka, Accra, Ghana. The samples obtained from Kaneshie market were Salmon salar (Salmon), Thunnus obesus (Tuna), Scomber scombrus(Atlantic mackerel) and Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring) and those obtained from Abeka market were Centroberyx affinis (Red fish), Merluccus paradoxas(Hake fish), Scomber trachurus (Atlantic horse mackerel) and Melanogrammus aeglefinus(Haddock). Mercury concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a semi-automated mercury analyzer. Mean mercury concentrations in the muscle ranged from 0.06 to 0.33 µg g-1 wet weight, with Thunnus obesus having the highest followed by Merluccus paradoxas which are all predatory fishes. Mean mercury concentration in the liver tissue ranged from 0.06 to 0.34 µg g-1 wet weight, with Thunnus obesus having the highest followed by Melanogrammus aeglefinus. There was no significant difference between mercury concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues for any of the samples. Low levels of mercury were found in both tissues for all the samples. Mercury concentrations were relatively greater in the tissues of higher trophic level fish such as Thunnus obesus, Merluccus paradoxas and Melanogrammus aeglefinus whereas low trophic level fishes recorded low mercury concentrations. The results obtained for total mercury concentration in the muscles analyzed in this study were below the WHO/FAO threshold limit of 0.5µg/g wet weight, which suggest that the exposure of the general public to mercury through fish consumption can be considered negligible.

This study empirically examines the effects of firm growth on the profitability of listed agricultural and agro allied firms in Nigeria. The population of the study consists of twenty four (24) listed agricultural and agro allied firms in Nigeria as at 31st December 2016. The sample size of the study is (20) twenty for the period of nine years (2008-2016). The judgmental sample technique was applied. The panel data was extracted from the annual report and accounts of the study firms. A multiple regression was used to analysis the data through STATA13 to test the null hypotheses of the study. The Hausman test conducted indicated that the model is fixed effect. The result of findings showed that sales growth has a positive and significant effect on return on asset, also asset growth shows a insignificant negative effect on return on asset, while firm age revealed a significant negative effect on return on asset of the listed agricultural and agro allied firms in Nigeria. It is recommended among others that the management of agricultural and agro allied firms in Nigeria should maintained a level of sales level through market strategies. The firm managers should strike a balance between asset investment and profitability and always maintain reasonable level of profitability has company grow older to prevent liquidation of companies.

The establishment of offshore aquaculture production areas that compete with traditional fishing activities is a potential source of conflict that needs to be assessed in coastal areas. Having little specific data available on the impacts of these farms, we aimed, through the present study, to gather information on this issue, especially regarding Monastir bay, a major zone of aquaculture production in the eastern shore of Tunisia. Hence, we have surveyed fishers‟ observations through a questionnaire-based methodology. A total of 78 fishermen were interviewed, in December 2016, in three different ports: Monastir, Sayada and Teboulba. Results revealed that 77 % of local fishing communities complained about the loss of fishing grounds and changes in the quantity and quality of catches. Net damage, caused by dolphin predation, was reported by 31% of fishermen. The most abundant and dominant fish and mollusc species around fish farms, as reported by 30% of inquired fishermen, were Mugil cephalus, Octopus vulgaris and Sardinella aurita, while 15% of fishermen interviewed reported the presence of marine turtles near cage fish farms. The present survey already provides an important data platform that will be useful to decision makers, to adopt appropriate strategies allowing harmonious coexistence between fish farms and fishing activities, in order to ensure ecological sustainability.

This study aims to analyze the influence of internal control system and internal audit performed by the government on the prevention of corruption mediated using accrual-based accounting. The research is descriptive and causal using survey method by gathering questionnaire from the whole population. There were 102 respondents who are civil servant employees of the Government of North Sumatra Province. For data analysis, the study used PLS SEM aided by software program SmartPLS version 3.0. The results of this study revealed that the government internal control system has a positive effect on the implementation of accrual based accounting, while internal audit has no effect on the accounting implementation. For implementation of accrual-based accounting has a positive effect on prevention of corruption. Likewise, the government internal control system has a positive effect on corruption prevention and also internal audit positively affects the prevention of corruption. The government internal control system influences the prevention of corruption through the implementation of accrual based accounting while the internal audit has no effect on the prevention of corruption through the implementation of accrual-based accounting.

Thioquinazolinones are utilized in chemical synthesis of physiological significance and pharmacological utility. Thioquinazolinones are a large class of active chemical compounds exhibiting a broad spectrum of biological activities in animals as well as in humans. Research studies on thioquinazolinones reveals that the derivatives can be used in series of biological activities such as anti HIV, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, anticoccidial, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, CNS depressant, antimalarial, antioxidant, antileukemic activity, antileishmanial activity. This review focused on the various biological activities of thioquinazolinones. The heterocyclic fused rings thioquinazoline have drawn a huge consideration owing to their expanded applications in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. Thioquinazolinone are reported for their diversified biological activities and compounds with different substitutions bring together to knowledge of a target with understanding of the molecule types that might interact with the target receptors. Thioquinazolinones are an important chemical for the synthesis of various physiological significance and pharmacological utilized molecules. Thioquinazolinone are a large class of biologically active compounds that exhibited broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-HIV, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, anticoccidial, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antimalarial, antioxidant, antileukemic, and antileishmanial activities and other activities. Thioquinazolinone used as advantaged scaffold, the alteration is made with different substituent.

This study investigates the relationship between globalization and economic growth. Globalization has its effect on economic growth either positively or negatively. Globalization affects positively the economy of countries with welleducated workers and better financial systems. However, low-income countries do not benefit from it. The positive impacts of globalization on economic growth are several. It makes markets more efficient by increasing competition. This creates variety and leads to economic growth. Moreover, it increases foreign direct investment rates by facilitating technology transfer, industrial restructuring and the growth of global companies. A countries‟ economy can benefit from this point through taxes on the foreign investment or the increase of employment rates. However, globalization has some negative impacts on economy. If a country‟s economy become at risk, it may affect large number of countries. During the global financial crisis In 2007and 2008, the United States faced a crisis in the subprime mortgage market and this crisis extended to other countries in Europe and Asia even in the Gulf countries. Some countries‟ economies collapsed because of this crisis. This study is significant because it helps experts and the readers to know more aspects of globalization and economic growth of developing and developed Countries.

Institutionalization during old age requires tremendous adaptability. Reminiscence therapy has proven to be among the most effective at minimizing these outcomes. Loneliness, anxiety, and depression are common problems for older adults in long-term care. Reminiscence therapy is a non- pharmacological intervention that may be of some benefit. In comparison to individual reminiscence therapy, group reminiscence therapy is a preferred option when dealing with the resource constraints of long-term care. The current study aims to understand the researcher has done an extensive literature review to understand in depth concepts and ideas about Reminiscence Therapy on Depression among the elderly. The objective of this systematic review is to provide healthcare professionals with information to assist in their decision to utilize reminiscence therapy for depression reduction in older adults outside of the primary care setting. Reviewed studies that were randomized controlled trials not only varied in person, outcome measurement, control, and exposure/intervention, the results of these studies was also diverse. About half of these studies showed that reminiscence therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in depression. Despite that reminiscence therapy requires further testing, it should be considered as a valuable intervention. Future directions of studies on reminiscence therapy are suggested.

Since the introduction of mobile phones in the late eighties, many studies have raised concerns about the possible adverse effects on health, as a result of the exposure to RF and microwave electromagnetic fields as RF-EMR can penetrate deep into organic tissues and get absorbed producing many biological effects in human body. As brain is involved in very important functions and RF-EMR might have damaging effects on its different parts, the present study was undertaken with an aim to study effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) emitted by mobile phones on cerebellar cortex of albino rats under light and electron microscopy and to evaluate such changes after exposure to graded dose of RF-EMR. The present study was carried out on twenty four adult albino rats of either sex weighing 180-200 grams each. The animals were divided into four groups: 1 control and 3 experimental and were exposed to RF-EMR via complete missed calls of 45 seconds duration each. Both the experimental and control groups were then sacrificed and cerebellar cortex was isolated for tissue processing. The processed tissues were then studied under light microscope (Hematoxylin & Eosin Staining) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Light microscopic findings of the present study showed that cellular size of neuronal cells in purkinje layer of cerebellar cortex of RF-EMR exposed rats decreased along with condensed cytoplasm and nucleus. Electron microscopy showed swollen and vacuolized mitochondria with disordered cristae fewer in number. The rough endoplasmic reticulum also exhibited sacculated distension. From the findings of the present study it appears pertinent that in order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value and efforts are underway to harmonize the different standards in existence.

The aim of this study was to assess the self-perceived strategies on administration of antibiotic prophylaxis among dental practitioners. The study duration was of one month duration from June 2016 to July 2016. A self-designed structured and pretested questionnaire was administered among all the registered dental practitioners and dental institutional teaching faculty of Durg-Bhilai, Chhattisgarh. Questions regarding the common antibiotics prescribed and the indications for which the antibiotics prescribed were included in the questionnaire. Total of 127 dentists responded to the questionnaires with a response rate of 100%. It was observed that Amoxycillin (91.3%) was the commonly preferred antibiotics followed by fluoroquinolones (20.5%). Endodontic procedures (57.5%) and surgical procedures (45.7%) are most common procedures for which antibiotic prophylaxis were prescribed. The drug of first choice for patients with an allergy to penicillin was clindamycin (30.7%). 74.8% of respondents have never undergone any form of training on antibiotic prescription. Amoxicillin was the most commonly preferred antibiotics subsequent to different dental procedures. There is a clear need to emphasize correct diagnostic methods and develop contextualized prescription guidelines and educational initiatives, so that the optimum effect of antibiotics will be achieved without compromising patient‘s health.

The objective of the present study was to develop and optimize an oral pulsatile drug delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium to mimic the circadian rhythm of the peptic ulcer by releasing the drug with a distinct predetermined lag time. Six fast disintegration core tablets were prepared for preliminary trials using direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability assay and dissolution study. The best formulation were selected for optimization to study the influence of Micro crystalline cellulose (MCC) and Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) using 32 full factorial design. The optimized formulations were selected for coating for pulsatile delivery. The results of the study indicate f3 formulation was suitable for scale up

Urolithiasis is the process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and urethra. The prevalence of urolithiasis is approximately 2 to 3 percent in the general population. The development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, xanthine, oxalate, cystine, urate and phosphate. Herbal plants have been the basis for medical treatments since ancient time, and such traditional medicines still widely practiced today. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. In this study in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of Citrus limetta was done by two methods. Method A. was test by turbidity method in which method activity of the extract was tested in terms of inhibition of calcium oxalate formation by the method of Prachi Khare et al. with modification and Method B.was test by calcium oxalate dissolution method in this second method the role of plant extract in dissolving the already formed calcium oxalate stones nucleus in artificial system. The experiment was carried out in four arrangements according to the method of Unnati Atodariya et al. with modification. In the method A it was observed that the extract with 100 mg/ml concentration has shown higher percentage of inhibition (35.29%) of calcium oxalate formation than the extract with 250 mg/ml concentration. While the standard drug has shown percentage inhibition of 58.82% and in Method B the Low Dose of the Extract (50 mg/ml) had shown 15.2% of dissolution and High Dose of the Extract (100 mg/ml) had shown 27.7%, while the standard cystone (50 mg/ml) had shown 68% of dissolution of calcium oxalate. From the study it can be concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of Citrus limetta possesses in-vitro anti urolithiatic activity which can be due to the presence of phyto-constituent such as flavonoids present in it.

Isolated laryngeal tuberculosis is rare and presents less than 1% of the manifestations of this disease, it poses a problem of differential diagnosis with other affections mainly tumors. The aim of this work is to emphasize the diagnostic difficulty of this entity and its management. We report the case of a 21-year-old patient hospitalized for progressive dysphonia. Endoscopy showed an ulcerous-budding process of the two vocal cords (which were mobile) extending to the laryngeal vestibule and vestibular bands. The histological examination of the biopsies performed was in favor of a caseo-follicular tuberculous laryngitis. An anti-bacillary treatment has been introduced which has allowed a total resolution of clinical, biological and endoscopic signs. La is healthy 2 years after the end of treatment.