The study is conducted in the city of Sanlıurfa as a descriptive study, and the aim of the study is to determine the smoking exposure and affecting factors in pregnant women. Sample size is calculated as 256; the estimated smoking cessation rate is 4.4%, the error limit is 2.5% and confidence interval is 95.0%. In the study, it was reported that 9.8% of pregnant women smoke and the average amount of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy is 5.3 ± 4.4. For the pregnant women; the mean duration of smoking before pregnancy is 4.6 ± 3.8 years and the average amount of cigarettes smoked per day is 8.9 ± 7.0. Of the women; 41.8% are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home, since their husbands smoke; 55.1% are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home due to their relatives; and 27.3% are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at work. In univariate analyzes, the smoking exposure is found to be higher in the Turkish speaking families than in the Kurdish and Arabic speaking families and in the families in which the husbands earn money than in which husbands don't earn money (p <0.05). Although the rate of pregnant women who smoke is lower than the total value of Turkey; the rate of passive exposure to tobacco smoke is higher. In the light of these results, it is suggested that antenatal care health personnel should provide counseling services regarding harms and passive smoking should be provided to pregnant women, their spouses and their family members and that these informing, counseling and prevention activities for smoking should be performed and generalized throughout Turkey.

Consumption of thermoxidised and photoxidised palm oil diets is known to be harmful to tissues in the body including the reproductive system. It is not known which of these two forms of the commonly consumed vegetable oils is less harmful to reproductive function. Fifteen male Wistar rats weighing 80-125g and aged 19 to 23 weeks were randomly divided into control, thermoxidised palm oil (TPO) and photoxidised palm oil (PPO) diets-fed groups of five rats per group. Control group was fed on plain rat feeds while the other two groups were fed on TPO diet or PPO diet accordingly for 13 weeks. Results demonstrated a significantly lower seminal pH in the PPO-fed than in the TPO-fed group (P<0.01) and control (P<0.05). Sperm motility was significantly reduced in the PPO-fed compared with TPO-fed groups (P<0.05). The viability of sperms was significantly decreased in PPO-fed rats compared with the TPO-fed group (P<0.05) and control (P<0.01). Sperm count was significantly lower in PPO-fed compared with TPO-fed group (P<0.01). Percentage of sperms with morphological defects was significantly higher in the PPO- than in the TPO-fed groups (P<0.01). Serum testosterone concentration was significantly decreased in PPO-fed compared with TPO-fed group (P<0.001). Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) level was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in PPO-fed group compared with control and TPO-fed groups. Serum concentration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in PPO-fed group compared with control and TPO-fed groups. In conclusion, chronic consumption of PPO diet has greater deleterious effects on male reproductive function than TPO diet

Vitamin D plays a role with hormones in their receptor sites. Without vitamin D, hormones cannot function the way they would normally. The receptor sites malfunction, leaving estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in the lurch. Without healthy action at receptor sites, hormones don’t get utilized. The menstrual cycle fails as a result PCOS results. There is no published data about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and polycystic ovaries syndrome among Sudanese ladies with infertility disorders. To know the association between vitamin D deficiency and polycystic ovaries syndrome among Sudanese ladies with infertility disorders. Descriptive, cross-sectional study, 39 Sudanese ladies with known PCOS and infertility disorders were involved in the study. 71.8% of ladies with polycystic ovaries syndrome were vitamin D deficient. Further studies must be carried out, using large sample size and more than one diagnostic technique.

Basidiomata of a Craterellus sp. were collected from Oaks forest, Swat, Pakistan. Based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, the specimens were identified as Craterellus cinereus. This is first record of occurrence of this genus from Pakistan.

The aim of this research is to know the effectiveness of drinking of mung bean on the increase of Hemoglobin in female adolescents in Paguyaman District. Research type pre-experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. Sample in this research is done with total sampling. The result of the statistical test and the onesample test results obtained p = 0.000 is known that there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest group, therefore the significant value is less than 5% (p = 0.000 <0.05) so that in this case there is effectiveness of giving mung bean drink with hemoglobin increase in adolescent girls in Paguyaman District. This research can be used as input to improve healthy lifestyle and give special attention intake of nutrition consumed by adolescent itself.

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 62 (29 females; 46.77% and 33 males; 53.23%) first-year MBBS students of a municipal medical college. After explaining the purpose of the study and orienting students about the OSPE procedure and its marking system, written informed consent was obtained from those willing to participate in the study. In the traditional practical examination (TPE), each student tested near and distant vision, which was followed by viva voce on the same procedure and overall marks (out of 20) were allotted by the examiners. During the OSPE, the examiners were provided with a pre-validated checklist containing 10 steps each for examining near vision and distant vision. These examinations were to be carried out within an allotted time of 5 minutes each. One mark was given for correct performance of each step mentioned in the checklist. The maximum marks obtainable were 20 marks - 10 marks each for testing near vision and distant vision. The difference in the overall mean TPE and OSPE scores was highly significant (Z=11.79; p<0.00001). However, the gender difference in mean scores in both TPE and OSPE was not significant. While testing near vision, 69.35% students ensured adequate lighting in the room while 79.03% students tested visual acuity both with and without glasses for subjects who wear glasses. While testing for distant vision, only 24.19% students enquired whether the subject had been prescribed glasses earlier. Thus, for these three OSPE steps, the difference in scores while testing for near and distant vision was statistically significant. Students obtaining relatively lower scores would require remedial training. A larger study would be necessary in order to generalize the results.

Majority of the drugs used for the treatment of various diseases are administered by oral route using conventional delivery. The major drawback of the oral administration is the poor bioavailability due to the poor water solubility, chemical stability and pre-systemic metabolism. Numerous researches are going on for the improvement of oral bioavailability of drugs using novel drug delivery systems as an alternative to conventional delivery systems. Majority of the novel delivery system includes; solid dispersion, sustained, controlled buccal, gastro retentive, nano carrier delivery systems such as lipid nanoparticles, and self-emulsifying systems. The oral bioavailability improvement by these delivery systems might be due to the increased particle size, improved dissolution and/or permeation and subsequently bioavailability of the drugs. In this review, we attempt to discuss the various novel delivery systems developed for the enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble therapeutics.

This study aims to analyze financial performance of PT. Bank Bukopin Tbk, before and after conducting “Laku Pandai” (branchless banking), while the long-term goal is modeling the assessment of financial performance strategy of branchless banking in Indonesia. The method used in this research is RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning, Capital). The assessment financial performance of PT. Bank Bukopin Tbk before and after the application of branchless banking is not difference and not significant, but is not fixed value

Lip prints are normal lines and fissures in the forms of wrinkles and grooves present in the zone of transition of human lip, between the inner labial mucosa and outer skin. Examination of this lip prints is known as cheiloscopy. Some authors have worked on lip print in the past and made some striking points on its application in forensic studies and human identification. The study was carried out to identify and compare the lip prints patterns among the Igbos. The study was done to investigate and document the characteristic cheiloscopic pattern of Igbos and to assess the distribution of lip print patterns among males and females. A total of 300 subjects were used for the study. 150 were males, 150 were females, all of which were normal subjects. Subjects were selected and identified based on an oral interview. These subjects were selected through purposive convenient sampling method. The males and females had their highest percentage distribution in type I (35.73%) and (30.53%) respectively; the least percentage was in type IV (9.33 %) for the males and type I’ (7.80%) for the females. this study has been able to establish the cheiloscopic patterns for the Igbo ethnic group in Nigeria. The dominant pattern of the population was type I followed by type II and the least was type I’. It also revealed sexual dimorphism in the patterns and frequency of distribution of lip prints.

Shisha/ Waterpipe smoking has become a global epidemic, especially among youth. Health effects of WTS have not been studied extensively like the cigarette smoking. There is a dire need to study and document health effects of water pipe smoking in general and specifically on the oral cavity. 100 subjects under each category were studied: Exclusively Shisha smokers, Exclusively Cigarette smokers, Cigarette and shisha smokers and non-smokers. Along with the Arab population, Indian populations residing in UAE were also studied. After a brief explanation of the study, and obtaining a written consent signed from the study participants, a questionnaire was administered to collect data. A detailed case history was taken. Oral examination included soft tissue and hard tissue examination. Simplified oral hygiene was calculated. Respiratory problems and Sleep disturbance were mainly reported among shisha subjects. Moderate to mild stains and calculus along with periodontitis was recorded. Complains of bad breath and dry mouth was reported. One case of mixed white and red patches was noted in shisha smoker. The finding of our study could be substantial evidence that WTS alone has the potential to cause deleterious oral health effects and could even lead to pre-malignant lesions.

Oral cancer ranks in the top three of all cancers in India, which accounts for over thirty percent of all cancers reported in the Country and oral cancer control is quickly becoming a global health priority [1]. Two-thirds of the global incidence of oral cancer occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); half of those cases are in South Asia. India alone accounts for one-fifth of all oral cancer cases and one-fourth of all oral cancer deaths [5]. Since oral screening and early diagnosis plays an important role in oral cancer prognosis, a dentist ability to recognize the clinical signs and symptoms is crucial [21].

Ulcers on the tongue in teens are not a rarity, they commonly occur due to trauma, as a manifestation of recurrent aphthous ulcers, infection and rarely due to malignancy like squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the common malignancy involving oral cavity but usually affects elderly males. This case report presents an uncommon case of squamous cell carcinoma in 17-year old female occurring on lateral border of tongue. There was absence of deleterious habits. Exfoliative cytology procedure gave a hint about dysplastic epithelial cells and biopsy was done to prove the suspicion of malignancy. A brief review of literature regarding occurrence of SCC in young individuals is also included.

This article applies a „natural language processing framework‟ and examines the usage of „select keywords‟ in the annual State of the Union Addresses by the U.S. Presidents and the National Security Strategy (NSS) documents published under their seal by the White House since 1991. It simply counts the usage of the select keywords and demonyms in both the mentioned sources and examines the context/problematic in which they were used – thus attempting to locate Central Asia in the U.S. foreign policy from an „alternate perspective‟. It is assumed that the institutions and intellectuals of the statecraft produce American „national interest‟ differently – looking beyond the state-centric geopolitical vision of one‟s foreign policy through an „alternate perspective‟ becomes pertinent. As the identified sources merely give a broader picture in the form of a synopsis and not a detailed account, the article briefly records the „popular‟ U.S. foreign policy in Central Asia in the very beginning. The study finds out that the U.S. policy for Central Asia, largely, is a subset of the wider American policies practised around the region. The Central Asian problematic is thus determined by “security” of the U.S. national interests in the region which continue and change. Considering the State of the Union addresses and the NSS documents, the article submits that the significance of Central Asia for the U.S. foreign policy is vital yet relatively limited. And in the absence of any concrete Central Asian policy the security-based „problematic‟ will continue to exist.

This study investigated the effect of long hour shift on hospital nurses’, increase risk of committing errors, patients’ outcomes and satisfaction. A descriptive research design was utilized in this study to investigate the effect of long hour shift on female hospital nurses’ and patients’ care outcome and satisfaction Questionnaire was systematically distributed to nurses in each of the twenty eight wards and units of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. One hundred and ninety four respondents returned the questionnaire. The study revealed that long hour shift affects the nurses’ wellbeing and the care they provide to their patients. The study also revealed that it affects their social life. This study therefore recommends eight to ten hour shift to reduce the burden on the nurses so as to provide positive patient care outcomes.

The culture of spending time at lapau (hanging out at a small tavern) is one of the traditions owned by Minangkabau people to talk about numerous things, from discussing the nation’s current affairs, problems at workplace, or any topics suitable to bring upon. There is an anecdote “apopun masalahnyo bisa disalasaian di lapau” (every problems can be solved in small tavern) which is very common in Minangkabau society. This paper will describe about melapau tradition: the persistence of Minangkabau custom in Medan. Taking qualitative approach along with descriptive method, this paper will explain the tradition of melapau as cultural reproduction from the hometown to the migration area abroad in the Minangkabau society. Furthermore, cultural sociological perspectives are used to reveal how the existence of melapau done by Minangkabau people in Medan, especially in Bromo, Kotamatsum, Sukaramai and Denai. This paper shows that melapau is a tradition still manifested in the hometown as well as abroad. This demonstrates a process of reproduction of Minangkabau culture in migration area/abroad. Various ideas, activities, and other habits that exist in the hometown are enacted again by the immigrants and Minangkabau men who were born in the City of Medan in different contexts. Melapau becomes a habitus for Minangkabau emigrants, therefore the emigrants reinvent the tradition of melapau and the ideas and activities involved in it. Lapau is an arena for fulfilling melapau habitus.