Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, predominantly affecting the parotid gland. Despite its benign nature, surgical excision carries significant risks, notably facial nerve injury and postoperative complications such as Frey’s syndrome. This case report discusses the presentation, diagnosis, surgical management, and postoperative challenges of a long-standing parotid tumor in a male patient, emphasizing the delicate balance between complete tumor removal and preservation of facial nerve function. A 58-year-old male, Mr. Toslim Ali, presented with a ten-year history of a slowly enlarging, painless left parotid swelling extending from the preauricular region to the upper neck. Clinical and imaging findings were consistent with a parotid mass. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) suggested a benign lesion. A superficial parotidectomy was performed under general anesthesia. Intraoperative findings revealed a well-encapsulated mass adherent to the parotid fascia but without evidence of deep lobe invasion. Facial nerve branches were carefully dissected and preserved. Histopathology confirmed pleomorphic adenoma. Postoperatively, the patient recovered without major complications, experiencing only mild transient facial weakness that resolved within four weeks. This case underscores the clinical importance of early surgical intervention in pleomorphic adenoma, meticulous intraoperative dissection for facial nerve preservation, and the need for patient counseling regarding potential complications. The discussion integrates literature on surgical approaches, risk factors, and preventive techniques for parotidectomy-related complications such as facial nerve injury and Frey’s syndrome.

Grade III furcation involvement presents a significant periodontal challenge due to complete interradicular bone loss and limited regenerative potential. This case report described the management of a Grade III furcation defect using guided bone regeneration (GBR) and evaluated over a 9-month follow-up period. Following meticulous debridement, the defect was treated with a bone graft and barrier membrane to facilitate selective cell repopulation. Progressive improvement in probing depth, clinical attachment level, and radiographic bone fill was observed. The findings suggested that GBR may offer a predictable regenerative approach for selected Grade III furcation defects when proper case selection and surgical protocols were employed.

Hair loss in women represents a complex clinical challenge with profound psychosocial implications. We present the case of a young woman from Qatar who experienced severe diffuse hair fall for three years despite consulting eight dermatologists across private and public healthcare sectors. She underwent multiple interventions including hair transplantation, topical minoxidil therapy, and experimental exosome injections without adequate diagnostic workup or blood testing. Despite these treatments, her condition showed no improvement, and she experienced significant psychosocial distress compounded by harsh communication from some physicians. Subsequently, she pursued DNA-guided intervention with nutrigenomics through a specialized trichologist, representing a paradigm shift toward precision medicine in hair loss management. This case highlights critical gaps in conventional diagnostic approaches, the importance of comprehensive metabolic and genetic assessment, and the potential of personalized genomic-guided interventions in chronic hair loss. The case underscores the necessity of patient-centered care, multidisciplinary collaboration, and compassionate communication in managing conditions with significant psychological burden.

Tooth brushing is the most common mechanical measure amongst the recommended contemporary oral hygiene procedures engaged in preventive dental therapy. This is to determine the prevalence of toothbrushing habits and their efficacy in the removal of tooth deposits and resultant clinical periodontal health of the participants. This study, involved 250 first-time patients the Family Medicine Department at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Lagos. Data collection was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire to obtain the sociodemographic data and the participants' toothbrushing habits. The efficacy of toothbrushing was assessed by evaluating the Oral hygiene index (OHI) and the periodontal status of the participants. Appropriate descriptive statistics were carried out. Pearson’s chi-square analysis was done to determine the bivariate relationship of the covariates and their efficacy, while regression analysis was done to assess the multivariate relationship. Statistical significance was determined at p≤ 0.05. The mean age of the participants was 40.1 ± 18.4 years; the 20-29-year-olds had the highest percentage with good oral hygiene, 20(30.3%). Those who brush their teeth more than twice daily had the highest percentage with good oral hygiene,4(66.7%) (p=0.002) and healthy periodontium, 4(66.7%) (p=0.03). Toothbrushing duration was significantly associated with the oral hygiene status (p=0.001). Those who brush their teeth >120 seconds had the highest percentage with good oral hygiene, 44(65.7%), and healthy periodontium, 39(58.2%) (p=0.001). Toothbrushing duration was the only habit that was independently associated with the oral hygiene status (p=0.001). Toothbrushing duration, age groups and male sex were independently associated with the periodontal status (p<0.05). Oral health education and counselling have to be holistic, as many of the factors and habits operate jointly in the provision of healthy oral hygiene and periodontal health. Brushing for up to 3 minutes will be more beneficial for the overall health of individuals.

Proteobacterial Antimicrobial Compound Efflux (PACE) family proteins are one of seven types of multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. PACE proteins can actively efflux synthetic biocides, including the antiseptic chlorhexidine, whilst their physiological substrates are polyamines. PACE proteins contain four putative transmembrane-spanning alpha-helices, and experimental evidence suggests that they mainly exist and function in a dimeric state, but the high-resolution structural organisation and molecular mechanism of PACE proteins are yet to be elucidated experimentally. As an essential first step to achieve this, we employed a strategy for gene cloning, expression screening and large-scale purification of representative PACE proteins. The genes of 24 proteins were successfully cloned into IPTG-inducible plasmid pTTQ18 directly upstream from a His6-tag coding sequence and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. Small-scale expression tests identified seven proteins amplified at a sufficient level for larger-scale cultures and purification. Based on results from 30-litre fermentor cultures and inner membrane preparations, four proteins (A1S_2063, Fbal_3166, STY_3166, Tmarg_opt) representing distinct phylogenetic groups of the PACE family, were progressed to detergent solubilisation and purification. These proteins had purities of 86, 84, 80 and 78%, and purification yields of 1.1, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.0 mg/litre cell culture, respectively. The detergent-solubilised purified proteins had far-UV circular dichroism spectra consistent with alpha-helical secondary structure, producing melting temperatures of 46.7, 34.2, 32.6 and 37.6 C, respectively. A1S_2063 was most stable and might be best for structure elucidation. Secondary structure in all purified proteins appeared reasonably stable for performing biochemical and biophysical experiments up to 25 C.

Background: Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm birth and impaired neurodevelopment. Physiological changes in gestation necessitate trimester-specific assessment, yet data from Bangladesh remain limited. Early identification through antenatal screening may reduce preventable complications. This study aimed to determine the trimester-specific distribution of thyroid disorders detected through routine antenatal screening and to assess associated demographic and obstetric factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital, Dhaka, from September 2014 to February 2015. Sixty-two pregnant women up to 36 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancies were enrolled using purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, clinical examination and thyroid function testing. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17. Results: Nineteen of 62 participants (30.6%) had abnormal thyroid function. Thyroid dysfunction was observed across all trimesters, with a higher proportion detected in the third trimester. Significant associations were found between thyroid dysfunction and maternal age (p = 0.039), menstrual irregularity (p = 0.042), parity (p = 0.025), history of subfertility (p = 0.004) and prior abortion (p < 0.001). Socioeconomic status and gestational age were not significantly associated. Conclusion: A considerable burden of thyroid dysfunction was detected during routine antenatal care. The findings support the implementation of structured thyroid screening strategies during pregnancy to enhance maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Studies have shown that ear shape and size differ significantly among populations, making it a valuable trait for anthropological and forensic. Was a descriptive and cross-sectional study where 400 participants (219 males and181 females) aged 16-45 were used. Camera was used to take photographs with a 2cm graph sheet placed behind the ear horizontally and vertically to take reading from the photograph using a computer. The length of the right and left concha was 2.56 ± 0.31 cm and 1.8 ± 0.28 cm, respectively. The breadth of the right and left concha was 1.63 ± 0.32 cm and 2.45 ± 0.24 cm, respectively. The length of the right concha of males and females was 2.43 ± 0.22 cm and 2.6 ± 0.3 cm, respectively. There was a significant difference (p=0.045) in the length of the right concha between males and females. The length of the left concha of males and females was 2.48 ± 0.2 cm and 2.45 ± 0.2 cm, respectively. There was a significant difference (p=0.039) in the length of the left concha between males and females. The breadth of the right concha of males and females was 2.38 ± 0.4 cm and 2.24 ± 0.32 cm, respectively, there was no significant difference in the breadth of the right concha between males and females. The breadth of the left concha of males and females was 1.75 ± 0.31 cm and 1.53 ± 0.3 cm, respectively, there was no significant difference (p=0.102) in the breadth of the left concha between males and females. The length of the right concha of subjects within the ages of 16–25, 26–35, and 36–45 was 2.55 ± 0.34 cm, 2.63 ± 0.3 cm, and 2.84 ± 0.53 cm, respectively. There was a significant difference (p=0.03) in the length of the right concha among the age groups. The length of the left concha of subjects within the ages of 16–25, 26–35, and 36–45 was 2.52 ± 0.31 cm, 2.62 ± 0.32 cm, and 2.46 ± 0.25 cm, respectively. There was a significant difference (p=0.04) in the length of the left concha among the age groups. The breadth of the right concha of subjects within the ages of 16–25, 26–35, and 36–45 was 2.18 ± 0.47 cm, 2.25 ± 0.52 cm, and 1.94 ± 0.48 cm, respectively. There was no significant difference (p=0.263) in the breadth of the right concha among the age groups. The breadth of the left concha of subjects within the ages of 16–25, 26–35, and 36–45 was 1.64 ± 0.32 cm, 1.65 ± 0.32 cm, and 1.57 ± 0.31 cm, respectively. There was no significant difference (p=0.832) in the breadth of the left concha among the age groups. Morphology of the helix on the studied population showed that 103 (25.8%) of the subjects had a concave marginal helix, 83 (20.8%) had a round helix, and 97 (24.1%) had a flat helix. The study provides a comprehensive morphometric and morphology profile of the concha and helix within this population. These findings could be useful in fields such as anthropology, forensics, and plastic surgery.

This study examined the morphometry and morphological variations of the external ear among the Omuma population. Specifically, measured the length of the tragus, breadth of the ear below the tragus, and presence of Darwin's tubercle. The aim is to document and analyze these variations to provide a comprehensive understanding of the external ear morphology within this specific population among omuma group. The study adopted a cross-sectional design, 400 participants aged 16-45 were used using simple random sampling method. For data collection a camera was used to take photographs with a 2cm graph sheet placed behind the ear horizontally and vertically to take reading from the photograph using a computer. Data were analyzed using SPSS version and descriptive studies of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used Data analysis. The result of the analysis revealed that majority of the participants were female (227, 56.8%) while male was 173(43.3%) and majority fell between the age of 26-35 years. Further findings showed that the mean length ear of the tragus was 1.42±0.26, while mean breadth of just below the tragus was 3.30±0.53cm and 3.27±0.53cm for left and right ear respectively. This study on ear morphometry in the Omuma population has provided data on the length of the tragus, the breadth of the ear below the tragus, and the prevalence of Darwin’s tubercle. It was recommended that ear morphometric and morphological data gotten from the present study should be utilized in forensic studies for identification purposes. Data will contribute to anthropological research and may have implications for clinical practices related to ear morphology

The rapid expansion of global patent filings has increased the complexity of prior art searches and intensified pressure on patent offices to maintain examination quality. Within the Organisation African Intellectual Property Organisation known by its French acronym (OAPI), the 2015 revision of Annex I to the Bangui Agreement strengthened substantive examination procedures, including prior art search obligations. However, structural and technological constraints may limit the effective implementation of these reforms. This article examines the opportunities and challenges of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into prior art search within the OAPI system. Using a doctrinal analysis of Annex I, combined with a comparative examination of the use of AI in major patent offices, it argues that AI can enhance semantic search capabilities, improve efficiency, and strengthen patent quality across OAPI Member States. Yet uncritical adoption risks technological dependency, algorithmic opacity, and weakened institutional autonomy. The article proposes a calibrated integration model grounded in phased adoption, human oversight, capacity-building, and transparency safeguards to ensure modernization without compromising legal legitimacy.

The development of digital technology has changed the way consumers make purchasing decisions, especially on e-commerce platforms. This study aims to analyze the influence of online reviews, the use of chatbots, and social media interactions on consumer purchasing behavior in the digital realm. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach. The research respondents totaled 100 people. Data analysis was carried out using SmartPLS. The results showed that the three variables had a significant influence on purchasing decisions. Online reviews provide additional trust and become the main reference before the transaction. Chatbots make communication easier and provide quick responses that improve user experience. Meanwhile, active interaction on social media is able to build emotional closeness and increase consumer engagement with brands. These findings confirm the importance of an integrated digital strategy in shaping consumer behavior in the e-commerce era.

International law was created to establish world peace, security and justice to make this international law effective, the United Nations was established, and at the heart of the United Nations stands the United Nations Security Council, reality is that while the primary objective of the Security Council is to maintain global peace and security, the veto power often creates unrest and poses serious threats in that very arena. The United Nations Security Council is like a kite- it appears capable of passing urgent and necessary resolutions, but the string that controls that kite is that veto. In other words no matter how important a proposal may be, if it conflicts with the interests of the permanent members, it will be rejected. This is in essence, the power to say no. It is these five permanent (P5) members who possess the power of Veto. This power can hold a state’s highly important decisions and even reject appeals to the likes of certain populations. This research paper shows how instead of using the veto power to establish peace and justice, it has often supported injustice and inhumanity, prioritizing the political interests of a few over the protection of global populations.

Since ancient times Odisha or Kalinga as known in that era, the state in eastern part of the nation is a rice eating state. Rice is the staple food as it is cultivated as the main cereal. Further, the healthy technique of boiling the rice partially is also age old. In common parlance, it is called as the brown rice as it looks brown in color. The brown color is because of the coating of the rice bran that comes out from the paddy when it is boiled. The process involves boiling the rice twice. First the paddy is boiled and dried in the sun after spreading out in the open. After drying once, the paddy is boiled again and dried again. Thereafter, the twice boiled & dried paddy is de-husked & the final product is obtained in the form of brown rice or par boiled rice. The article focuses on celebration of this rice in the state of Odisha of India. The literature review cites studies related to the Fermented Rice Water (FRW) that links its benefits to gut health & its related issues. The study emphasizes on fermenting in earthen pots overnight for optimal benefits. The article links the gut bacteria related to the article to the Bowel Nosodes of Homoeopathy that are a group of medicines prepared from the gut bacteria. There after it further links ‘Butyrate’ a product of soaking the Fermented Rice Water to Homoeopathy. In the last section, it reinforces the integration of homoeopathy on a large scale to deal with gut related issues that affect both mental and physical levels.

Environmental accounting disclosure has become a central issue in contemporary accounting, sustainability, and corporate governance discourse due to escalating environmental degradation, climate change risks, and stakeholder demand for transparency. Despite increasing regulatory attention and global sustainability initiatives, environmental accounting disclosure remains conceptually fragmented and unevenly implemented across jurisdictions, particularly in developing economies. This paper adopts a qualitative conceptual research design to critically examine the evolution, conceptual foundations, theoretical underpinnings, measurement challenges, empirical insights, and policy implications of environmental accounting disclosure. Drawing on extant scholarly literature, international reporting frameworks, and institutional policy documents, the paper integrates stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and sustainable development theory to explain disclosure behaviour and outcomes. The discussion reveals that while environmental accounting disclosure enhances corporate transparency, legitimacy, and sustainability orientation, its effectiveness is constrained by voluntary disclosure regimes, lack of standardized valuation methodologies, institutional weaknesses, and contextual differences. The paper concludes by proposing policy recommendations and a structured future research agenda aimed at strengthening environmental accounting disclosure as a strategic governance and sustainability mechanism.

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age and is characterized by metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in women with PCOS and has been associated with insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Understanding this association may help refine management strategies for PCOS. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate to identify peer-reviewed human studies published between January 2015 and July 2024. Studies examining clinical, molecular, genetic, and therapeutic aspects of vitamin D in PCOS were included, while animal studies and articles unrelated to PCOS were excluded. Results: Evidence from observational studies and meta-analyses indicates that vitamin D deficiency is common in women with PCOS and correlates with increased insulin resistance, elevated androgen levels, and inflammatory markers. A pooled analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials (n=1961) demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation was associated with improvements in ovulation and pregnancy rates, reductions in early miscarriage risk, and favorable changes in androgen levels and metabolic parameters. Proposed mechanisms include modulation of insulin signaling, steroidogenesis, inflammatory pathways, and vitamin D receptor–mediated gene expression. However, heterogeneity in dosing regimens and treatment duration limits definitive clinical recommendations. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency appears to contribute to metabolic and reproductive dysfunction in PCOS. Supplementation shows potential benefits, particularly in women with documented deficiency, but standardized dosing strategies and long-term outcome data are needed. Addressing vitamin D status may represent an adjunctive component of comprehensive PCOS management.

For large enterprises, managing multiple file repositories across the company can lead to confusion, difficulty in maintaining accurate files, and time-consuming auditing processes. As such, FMS will transform the unorganized storage environment into a centralized control plane capable of supporting scalability and an API-first method of doing business. FMS will develop a Federated Governance Framework to provide a balanced approach to how each domain operates autonomously, while at the same time meeting the corporate requirements and guidelines. The system is built with Open-lineage capability which allows users to track file lineage and provide audit proof through robust events through audit trails. The storage layer is built with a pluggable abstraction that reduces TCO for companies’ use of multiple backend storage providers. There is a policy-specific language to manage legal hold and retention policies. The FMS system has realized significant ROI, including $33 million in the first year, a fast payback, and high performance while meeting compliance requirements across multiple storage backends. FMS will develop future versions of the product with capabilities such as blockchain technology for providing proof of deletion, artificial intelligence (AI) for automated tiering of data, and quantum-safe cryptography. Consequently, FMS enables organizations within regulated industries, like Financial Services and Healthcare, to position themselves as thought leaders and innovators of governance, thereby providing a competitive advantage and a solution to a $100 million-per-year governance crisis.