An interrogation of the autobiographies by leaders who write from the margins of power show that subaltern political autobiographies inhabit a privileged position that enable one to see the effect of power on subaltern subjects. Their writings, thus, resist and mount a challenge to hegemonic structures that encroach and sustain the materiality of domination. In this regard, their political autobiographies can be said to be engaged in the quest for dismantling the silence of being the “Other.” This paper contends that the Kenyan subaltern political autobiographies are not merely literary but political acts, and examining these texts will lead to a better understanding of the current political frameworks that help in the conceptualizing the Kenyan nation. The unit of analysis will be two Kenyan political autobiographies, particularly Jaramogi Odinga‟s Not Yet Uhuru and Raila Odinga‟s The Flame of Freedom. Biographical method of analysis will be employed. The perspectives and experiences of Jaramogi and Raila are used as the basis for a critique of the dominant discourse of the post-independence political elites. In particular, the emergence of these autobiographical works is interrogated here as counter- narratives of Kenyan politics and society, alongside the persisting elite structures of politics and culture extending from the colonial through to the postcolonial eras. The analysis of the autobiographical reflections of Jaramogi and Raila demonstrate levels of resistance which have not been recognised until now.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of roles played by student councils on curbing the frequency of student unrests in Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools in Elgon Sub-county, Kenya. The study was based on Social Systems Theory. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. There are only 3 Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools. Therefore, the census method was used to sample the three secondary schools. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample respondents from the categories of students and members of student councils. The target population for students was 750 while that of members of student councils was 78. The study used Likert type Students' Questionnaire and Questionnaire for Members of Student Councils as research instruments. Descriptive statistics namely, means, frequencies and percentages were computed. The study reported a negative and statistically significant relationship between communication roles by student councils and the frequency of student unrests (r= -0.848**; p<0.01. It can be concluded that if student councils participate in communicating student problems to school management, frequency of student unrests will be curbed in Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools in Elgon Sub-county. The study recommends that student councils be thoroughly prepared in their roles through seminars, workshops and regular meetings with the principals.

The study objective was to establish Relationship between Provision of Classroom Teaching Resources and teachers’ performance of instructional roles in secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted correlational research design. Data collection tool was teachers’ questionnaire. Reliability of the instrument was tested using test re-test method. It was validated by experts. The target population was secondary school teachers while the accessible population was the 192 teachers teaching in the 30 secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County. The study used proportionate sampling to categorize respondents into female and male teachers, boarding and day schools. Proportionate sampling was used to apportion respondents from various schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to sample the actual respondents. The Sample size was 127 teachers in the 30 sampled schools determined by using Krejcie and Morgan table of Sample size determination. The study established that there was a positive and a statistically significant relationship between provision of classroom teaching resources and performance of instructional roles. It was concluded that teachers in most of the schools were ineffective in preparing curriculum support materials, supervising students as they study, explaining concepts in class, and in using audio-visual equipment during lesson delivery. It was further established that majority of the schools had not provided ICT resources for use by teachers in performance of instructional roles. Similarly, provision of laboratory chemicals to be used during teaching of practical subjects was found to be insufficiently provided. The researcher recommends that teachers should be provided with necessary, relevant and adequate teaching and learning resources to be used during performance of instructional roles. Additionally, Teachers Service Commission (TSC) of Kenya to urgently implement Teacher Professional Development programs to address the weaknesses of teachers’ inability to explain concepts in class and encourage them to use ICT resources in teaching and evaluation.

TVET is very cardinal to any economic development of the country. It serves to prepare learners with the skills they need to succeed in the workforce and is the candle of hope lighting the darkness of political inefficiency, poverty and human degradation. Therefore, the development of curricula content and their implementation is one of the key competences of instructors in the area of educational planning and practical training for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions in Kenya. The TVET sub-sector continues to be challenged by inflexible and outdated TVET curriculum, mismatch between the skills learned and the skills demanded by industries, inadequate mechanism for quality assurance, Low participation of private sector in the curriculum design and development. Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the role of public-private partnership in enhancing curriculum development in TVET institutions within Rift Valley and Western Kenya Regions. Multiple case-study design was adopted for the study. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were applied to select TVET and enterprise officials respectively. Questionnaires and interview guides were used in data collection. Data collected was analyzed using Multiple Attribute Utility Theory, (MAUT) and results presented in tabular and graphical forms. It was found out industry players were not involved in the reviews and curriculum reviews was reported to be too. The frequency at which curriculum reviews were carried out was reported to be very low at 5 representing 12.5 %. The use of resource persons from enterprise in curriculum instruction is also very low at a frequency. The study also reported low donation of instructional materials from enterprises. Therefore, curriculum planners should review curriculum at regular intervals in the light of needed skills in modern industries.

The pace of life is closely related to people’s health, especially chronic diseases. This paper takes the life behaviors of college students as the research object and carries out an investigation and analysis based on the network. The results showed that the sleep regularity of college students on weekdays was poor, and 21.01% of them had irregular sleep habits. On weekends, even 55.07% of the students sleep very irregularly. For the regularity of students’ getting up, they can get up regularly on weekdays, but very irregularly on weekends. Usually, although college students have a wide range of contacts, still about 10% of the people interact with relatively fixed objects, speculating that these students may even have communication problems. College students eat regularly on weekdays, but on weekends, the proportion of irregular can even reach 41.30% of them.

Correct body positioning is a major nursing intervention to prevent respiratory problem and reduce complication. The important causes of neonatal deaths is birth asphyxia and along with serious infections results in more than 50% of all neonatal deaths.The study was conducted to assess the effect of positioning on physiological parameters of neonates admitted with respiratory problem and find out the difference among positions. The conceptual frame work of the study was based on Stuffle Beams evaluation model provides a framework for evaluation of an innovative intervention .The research design adopted was quasi experimental with one group post test design. The experiment was done by taking 60 neonates admitted for respiratory problem. The level of significance was found using “Z’’ test & ANOVA.The mean heart rate in prone position is 132.4  15.26 less than mean heart rate in lateral position is 137.8  9.82 and in supine position is 141.6  9.75. The mean oxygen saturation in prone position is 95.9  2.87 is higher than the mean oxygen saturation in lateral position is 88.9  2.49 and in supine position is 91.2  2.54. The mean respiration rate in prone position is 43.8  3.18 is less than in lateral position 51.4  4.33 and supine position is 52.2  1.9. The mean arterial pressure in supine position is 49.1  8.27 is same as in prone position is 49.1  8.12 and in lateral position is 48.56  7.57.The mean of oxygen saturation, respiration rate, heart rate in prone position is clinically effective. Prone position improves oxygen saturation and decrease respiratory distress in compared to supine and lateral position in neonates having respiratory problems.

To assess the clinical outcome of oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients with generalised chronic adult Periodontitis. A total of 92 subjects, comprising 46 in non diabetic and 46 in diabetic group were enrolled in the clinical trial according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Periodontal clinical parameter, Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) was assessed at baseline. Following initial examination Scaling and root planing was completed for all the subjects enrolled in the study and by cluster randomization first 25 subject subjects from each group were supplemented with oral vitamin D3 granules of 60,000IU once a week for 8 weeks following SRP. At the end of the study after 8 weeks, Probing Pocket Depth was reassessed. Significant improvement was seen in both interventions namely SRP +VITAMIN D and SRP alone .But marked reduction in PPD was seen in SRP+vitamin D supplemented group. Reduction in PPD was more for Non diabetic subjects when compared to Diabetic subjects. Vitamin D supplementation can be used as an adjunct to SRP for both diabetic and non diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis in vitamin D deficient subjects.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of the neck and back pain among students and staff of the Dental centre, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). This study was conducted among one hundred subjects, comprising of ten consultants, eight residents, fourteen house officers, fortythree dental students, fifteen dental surgery assistants, four therapists and six technologists. Evaluation of the subjects with self-administered questionnaires was done, which comprised subjects’ biodata, posture during work, rest period at work, exercise during rest and location of pain. Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (0 -10) pain scores. Fifty-eight percent of the participants were female, with male to female ratio of 1:1.34 and mean age was 30.23±8.49years. Seventy-six percent (76%) had experienced back pain with neck pain predominating in 38.2% followed by upper back pain (31.6%). There was no statistical difference between the percentage of males (76.2%) and females (75.9%) that have experienced musculoskeletal pain. According to the cadre of the respondents; 100% of residents, 90% of consultants, 86.7% of DSA and 83.3% of dental technologist have experienced musculoskeletal pain in their practice. Only 14.5% of the respondents had missed practice due to pain. Majority (49.0%) compromised their posture while working and only 9% do any form of exercise during rest period. There is a high prevalence of neck and back pain among dental professionals in this study. Years of practice, number of patients seen per day and posture plays a vital role. Hence, a review of the practice of dentistry is needed.

The paper dwells on the concept of Barakah (blessing) reiterating its origin and the position of the Prophet as the most blessed of all the creations. The concept of Barakah as explored in the paper belongs to Allah who allots it to His creatures according to His will and mercy. The paper focuses mainly on how the companions of the Prophet acquired the Barakah of the Prophet. Reference is made to authentic Prophetic traditions on how the companions of the Prophet yearned for the blessing in his hair and in the fragrance of his sweat. The companions had also contested for leftover water of his ablution in order to gain Barakah. It is in the light of this that that the paper discusses the emphasis of the Glorious Qur’an and the Sunnah on the relevance of the barakah of the Prophet in averting the wrath of Allah as well as the effect of the blessings of the Prophet on food and water. As states in the paper, strict compliance with the teachings of the Prophet accorded the companions of the Prophet his blessings. The paper recommends to the Muslims the need to believe that the Prophet is a mercy to mankind and his blessing could be acquired through invocation of blessing on him and compliance with his teachings.

Choice of science based careers by female students in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutes and particularly Technical and Training Institutes (TTIs) has attracted a lot of attention of education planners, economists and administrators the world over. Female students choosing careers in TVET science programmes are still few and especially in Siaya County, Kenya. The study was based on social Cognitive. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The research instruments were questionnaires the sample size was 316 female students sampled using census method. Tools in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used to analyze data. Frequencies, percentages and means were computed. Inferential statistics such as regression coefficients, T-statistics, F-statistics, correlation of coefficients shall were derived. Charts, graphs and tables were used to present the findings. It was found out that there exists a negative and statistically significant relationship between socio-cultural factors and female students‟ choice of career in science TVET Programmes (r=-0.546**; p<0.01). The significance of this study is that the findings could be used to come up with policies on how to increase the number of female students choosing careers in TVET. This could guarantee employment opportunities for women in the country which in turn could raise their standard of living.

This paper examines the History of Manyani Detention Camp from 1952 to 1963. From 1952 onwards, the British government established detention camps where suspected Mau Mau fighters and their sympathizers were incarcerated. Manyani was started as a holding camp for “hard core” Mau Mau fighters. Manyani held Mau Mau fighters from 1952 to 1963. The colonial government preferred Manyani detention camp because of its harsh environment that was expected to exert maximum physical torture on the detainees so that they could plead guilty and assist in ending the Mau Mau uprising. The paper shows Manyani detention camps as an institution of political domination and control during the state Emergency in Kenya. The paper is a contribution to the historiography of prisons in Kenya.

This paper aims to focus, to bring the existing misperception of the letters „p‟ and „b‟ in panoramic view, to make the readers understand that there is nothing defective on the side of the speakers‟ in comprehending the sounds of the letters /p/ and /b/ when they listen to, alike other phonemic sounds. Further, it is to exercise the spectrographic picturization of the aforementioned letters for the scientific development, the theories involved in, and to bring out the linguistic phenomenon spread over the pronunciation of /p/ and /b/ phonemes.

The present study is planned to analyze radiographically examined success and failure of endodontically treated teeth among the patients who came at Taibah dental clinics, Saudi Arabia. One hundred (N=100) endodontically treated teeth were clinically examined by using dental mirror, dental explorer and periodontal probe. The periapical radiographs of these teeth were radiographically examined. Several reasons including defective restoration, periodontal disease, recurrent caries, under filling, poor density obturation, over filling and many others of each root filled canal were recorded in the patient data sheets. Chi square test was applied to determine statistical significance if any. Our study demonstrates 20% success rate of endodontic treatment while failure was recorded in 65% and potential failure in 15% of cases. Clinical data revealed defective restoration in 84% followed by periodontal disease (62%), recurrent caries (52%). When endodontic treatment was radiographically evaluated, periodontal lesion was observed in 74% followed by recurrent caries (73%), under obturation (50%), poor density obturation in (48%) of the cases. Defective restoration, poor density obturation, under obturation and periodontal diseases were significantly (p=0.001) associated with endodontic failure while periodontal disease is posing significantly higher risk of potential failure in this study. The success rate of endodontic treatment was found only in 20% and the most common cause of its failure was defective restoration followed by periodontal lesion, recurrent caries, under filling, poor density obturation etc.

In the food industry, some additives such as carob bean gum are highly sought after thanks to their power to present, even at low concentrations, a particular texture, guaranteeing stability, attending sanitary quality, and improving the taste and appearance of food. The main problem in the valorization of such seeds is the presence of shrinkage phenomenon issued from the airflow drying, which would lead to altering the functional quality. It would be also possible to meet among the problems, the risks of contamination by microbes, insects and larvae. It is obvious that an adequate intensification of the drying should address such issues while preserving the functional quality. The current work aimed at identifying the ability of DIC (instant controlled pressure-drop) processing to confer the seeds higher porosity, better tortuosity, greater exchange surface, that they get better aptitude to dry, to allow an effective decontamination that it can even reach a sterilization level of these seeds, while, by instant cooling, to preserve even improve their own functional (rheological) quality. The kinetic of DIC-assisted airflow drying was analyzed using the phenomenological Coupled Washing/Diffusion (CWD) model. Since DIC is a perfectly controlled hightemperature/short-time process, an adequate Design of Experiment DoE was used through operating parameters of saturated steam pressure (P), processing time (t), and number of cycles (c), to measure the washing starting accessibility and the effective diffusivity. It, also, was possible to assess the functional properties and rheological attributes, for systematically performing the statistical calculation of the DoE using Statgraphics software.

Periodontal disease, caused mainly by bacteria, is characterized by inflammation and destruction of the attachment apparatus of the teeth. Periodontitis is a multi-factorial disease with microbial dental plaque as the initiator of periodontal disease. Studies indicate that the periodontal lesion is not strictly a localized process but may lead to systemic alterations in the immune function. The present study intends to evaluate the correlation of clinical attachment level and C-reactive protein levels in smoker and non-smoker patients with chronic generalized periodontitis. A total of fifty patients were included in the study, and they were divided into two group. Group A consisting of 25 patients who are smokers and they are having chronic generalized periodontitis, while Group B consist of 25 patients who are nonsmokers and having chronic generalized periodontitis. In the study clinical parameters we checked were Oral hygiene index – Simplified (OHI-S), Gingival Index (GI), Probing pocket depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment level (CAL). Furthermore, CRP was evaluated as well between Group-A (Smokers with chronic generalized periodontitis) and Group-B (Nonsmokers with chronic generalized periodontitis). The results showed higher OHI – S, PPD, CAL and CRP levels in Group - A (Smokers having chronic generalized periodontitis) than Group - B (Nonsmokers having chronic generalized periodontitis). GI score was higher in Group - B as compared to Group - A. Increased levels of clinical attachment level (CAL) were seen in smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis. Significantly an increased level of C - reactive protein (CRP) was seen in smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis. Correlation between Clinical attachment level (CAL) and Creactive protein levels (CRP) was very strongly positive and significant. Suggesting, as value of CAL increases, CRP also increases.